List of oral repositories

Examples of oral repositories
Five sangomas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Seán Ó hEinirí, seanchaí from Mayo, Ireland
Mandinka jeli Al-Haji Papa Susso performing songs on the kora from the oral tradition of the Gambia
A manaschi performing the Epic of Manas in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

Oral repositories are people who have been trusted with mentally recording information constituting oral tradition within a society. They serve an important role in oral cultures and illiterate societies as repositories of their culture's traditional knowledge, values, and morals.[1][2][3][4]

Roles

People termed as "oral repositories" have been likened to "walking libraries", leading to the saying "whenever an old man dies, it is as though a library were burning down".[5][6][7] Roles vary, and can be titular, formal or informal, some professional specialists such as the Caucasian ashik, or more commonly amateurs and knowledgeable generalists such as the bulaam of the Kuba people.[8]: 36–39 

Types of information held by oral repositories includes lineages, oral law, mythology, oral literature and oral poetry (of which oral history is often entwined), folk songs and aural tradition, and traditional knowledge. In many indigenous societies, such as Native American and San, these roles are fulfilled in a general sense by elders.[9][10] In some societies anyone could become a generalist or traditionalist regardless of their social class, and acquisition depends solely on individual aptitude, while in others the roles are hereditary and dependent on class or caste.[11]: 192–193 

These people usually hold authority within their respective societies, although musicians sometimes constitute a low caste/class. They can be religious figures playing roles in rituals and ceremonies.[12] With regard to narrative traditions, they usually perform from their repertoire and apply their distinct style while innovating on a well-known tale or work, seeking to create an experience by leading, involving, and responding to the audience.[8]: 34  Some participate in improvised poetry competitions such as the Central Asian aytysh, the North African Kabyle people's amusnaw, the Spanish repentismo [es], or the African Ewe people's halo.[13][14] In parts of the world they remain as custodians of culture despite rising literacy rates.[15]

Africa

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Abacurabwenge Genealogy Rwandan [16][17]
Abasizi Poetry/panegyrics Rwandan [16][17]
Abateekerezi Royal memoirs Rwandan [16][17]
Abiru Code of kingship Rwandan [16][17]
Akewi Poetry, eg. oríkì Yoruba To present [18][19]
Akomfo Religious lore Akan To present [20][21]
Arókin (griot) General Yoruba To present [22]
Amdyaz Poetry Berber To present [23][24]
Amusnaw General, eg. asefru Kabyle [25]
Anechchad Songs Berber To present [26]
Azmari Poetry and songs Amharic [27]
Babalawo Religious lore Yoruba To present [28]
Bambudye/Mbudye General Luba To present [29]
Bulaam History, literature, and poetry Kuba To present [30]: 17 
Debtera Religious lore Ethiopian and Eritrean [31][32]
Gawlo (griot) General Fula and Toucouleur To present [33]
Gesere/Jaare (griot) General Soninke To present [34][35]
Géwël (griot) General Wolof and Serer To present [36]
Halaiqui Literature Moroccan To present [37][38]
Iggiw/Ighyuwn/Iggawen (griot) General Hassaniya To present [39]
Imbongi Poetry Southern African, eg. Xhosa and Zulu To present [40]
Jèli/Jali General Mandinka, Dyula, Mossi, and Bambara To present [41]
Hogon Religious lore Dogon To present [42]
Maalem Songs, religious lore Moroccan To present [43]
Mahosi [ve] General Venda To present [44]
Maroka (griot) General Hausa To present [45]
Mbomo mvet Songs and literature Fang To present [46][47]
Mganga Religious lore Swahili [48]
Mmoki Poetry Tswana To present [49]
Moaridi History Kuba [50]
Moreti Poetry Bapedi To present [51]
Mpikabary Public speaking Merina To present [52]
Mukhodi Poetry Venda To present [53]
Muphati Poetry Tsonga To present [54]
N'anga Religious lore Shona To present [55]
Nganga Religious lore Kongo To present [56]
Oday General, law Somali To present [57]
Ogbu Avu General Igbo To present [58][59]
Okyeame General Akan [60]
Omwevugi General, eg poetry Banyankore and Bahima To present [61]
Sangoma Religious lore, general Nguni, Sotho, and Tsonga To present [62]
Sarungano Literature Shona To present [63]
Seroki Poetry, genealogies Sotho To present [64]
Ughoro General Edo [65]
Ugogo Literature (ntsomi or izinganekwane [zu]) Xhosa and Zulu To present [66]

Asia

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Aqyn Poetry and songs Kazakh and Kyrgyz [67]
Ashik/Ashugh Poetry and songs Azerbaijani, Turkish, Georgian, and Armenian [68][69][70]
Babaylan Religious lore Filipino Until 20th century [71]
Bagshy Literature Turkmen To present [72]
Baxshi [uz] Poetry Uzbek To present [73]
Bhanaka Religious texts Asian (Buddhist) Until 1st century BCE [74]
Bhāts Genealogy, sometimes poetry and storytelling Indian [75]
Bobohizan Religious knowledge Kadazan-Dusun (Malay) To present [76]
Bomoh Religious knowledge Malay and Sumatran To present [77]
Charan General, eg. Rajasthani and Gujarati literature Rajasthani, Gujurati, Baloch, and Sindhi [78][79]
Dalang Literature Indonesian To present[80]
Dastango Literature Pakistani Until 20th century (revived) [81]
Dengbêj Literature and songs Kurdish [82]
Dukun Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [83]
Gusans Poetry Armenian [84][85]
Hakawati Literature Arab To present [86]
Kamishibaiya Literature Japanese To present [87]
Kathakar Literature Indian To present [88]
Maggid Religious lore, literature Jewish [89]
Manaschi Literature Kyrgyz To present [90]
Manganiar Songs and music Rajasthani (Indian) To present [91][92]
Meddah Literature Turkish Until 20th century [93]
Mo phi Religious knowledge Thai [94]
Naqqal Literature Iranian To present [95]
Pawang Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [96]
Qawwāl Religious songs Asian (Sufi) To present [97]
Rāwī Poetry, literature, and religious texts Arabic Until 8th century CE [98]
Sėsėn Literature Bashkir To present [99]
Sorikkun Pansori Korean [100]
Tuulchi Literature Mongolian To present [101]
Wu Religious lore Chinese Until ? [102]
Zajjalin Poetry Andalusian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian,
Jordanian, Moroccan, and Algerian		 To present [103]
Zhyrau Poetry, eg. Kazakh literature Turkic, eg. Kazakh To present [104][105]

Europe

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Aoidos Poetry and songs Ancient Greek Until ? [106]
Aois-dàna Genealogy Scottish Highlander Until 17th century [107]
Bard General Scottish, Irish, and Welsh Until ? [108]
Bertsolaris Poetry Basque To present [109]
Cuntisti Literature Sicilian (Italian) [110][111]
Druid Religious lore Celtic Until ? [112]
Drut'syla Literature Jewish To present [113]
Dziady Songs Slavic eg. Polish [114]
Filí Poetry Irish and Scottish Until 15th century [115]
Fulesta [it] Literature Romagnol (Italian) To present? [116]
Kobzar Songs Ukrainian Until 20th century (revived) .[117][118]
Lahutar Poetry Albanian [119]
Lăutari Songs Romanian and Romani To present [120]
Lirnyk Literature and songs Ukrainian Until 20th century [121]
Klezmer Songs Jewish [122]
Makar General Scottish [123]
Minstrel Songs European Until 19th century [124]
Ollam General Irish Until ? [125]
Piitárides Songs Cypriot [126]
Rhapsode Poetry Ancient Greek Until ? [127]
Rimadóri Songs Cretan (Greek) [126]
Seanchai Literature and history Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlander To present [128]
Scop Poetry English Until ? [129]
Skald Poetry Scandinavian Until 16th century [130]
Skomorokh Songs Russian Until 18th century [131]
Spelman Songs Swedish [132]
Spielmann Songs German [133]
Thyle General Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon Until 7th century [134][135]
Tietäjä General, Poetry Finnish Until 20th century [136]

North America

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Calypsonian Songs Trinidadian [137]
Iyalawo Religious knowledge Afro-Cuban To present [138]
Medicine man Religious knowledge Native American To present [139]
North American Indigenous elder General North American Indigenous To present [140]
Oungan and Manbo Religious lore Afro-Haitian To present [141][142]
Paleros Religious lore Afro-Cuban [143]

South America

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Amauta General Incan Until ? [144]
Yatiri Religious knowledge Aymara To present [145]

Oceania

Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period Sources
Australian Aboriginal elder General Australian Aboriginal To present [146][147]
Fāgogo Literature Samoan To present [148]
Ha'atufunga Royal rituals Tongan To present [149][150]
Haku mo'olelo Literature Hawaiian [151]
Kahuna Religious lore Polynesian, eg. Hawaiian [152]
Mea hula Literature Hawaiian To present [153]
Tulafale General Samoan To present [154]
Wānanga General Māori To present [155]

See also

References

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