The geomorphology of Lebanon consists of the coastal plain, the western mountain range (Mount Lebanon), an interior valley (the Beqaa Valley), and the eastern mountain range (the Anti-Lebanon).[1][2] Lebanese mountains exceeding elevations of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level constitute 22% of the country's total land area.[3] The Mount Lebanon range stretches from the northern region of Jabal Akkar southward, reaching elevations of 3,088 m (10,131 ft) at Qurnat as Sawda, Mount Makmel's highest peak, down to 1,091 m (3,579 ft) in Jabal Niha. The hills of Jabal Amel begin after Jabal Niha.[4] This total length of the Mount Lebanon range is 160 km (99 mi) with a width ranging from 45 km (28 mi) in its northern section, and 25 km (16 mi) in its central part. Numerous smaller hills create a transitional zone between the sea and the peaks. The western face of the Mount Lebanon range features a series of narrow valleys that run parallel to each other, sloping westward towards the sea, and channeling various watercourses. The eastern slopes descend toward the Beqaa Valley and are steeper compared to their western counterparts. During winter, seasonal rivers emerge from the eastern face snowmelt.[1][2]
The Anti-Lebanon mountain range begins in Yanta and ends in Shebaa, and measure more than 100 km (62 mi) long and 30 km (19 mi) wide. Unlike Mount Lebanon, the Anti-Lebanon is devoid of deep valleys.[1] This page contains a sortable table listing mountains of Lebanon in both the eastern and western mountain ranges.
Abuzayd, Shafiq (2003). "Mlikh" [Mlikh: A Preliminary Historical Study]. ARAM Periodical (in French). 15. Oxford: ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies: 275–286. doi:10.2143/ARAM.15.0.504540. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023.
Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1987). Lebanon : a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Archived(pdf) from the original on 4 April 2023.
Machaka-Houri, Nisrine; Houri, Ahmad (2012). "Impact of global warming on Eastern Mediterranean high altitude plant biodiversity". In Efe, Recep; Ghazanfar, Shahina; Ozturk, Munir (eds.). Environment and Ecology in the Mediterranean Region. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN978-1-4438-3803-0.
