List of leaders of the Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

List of the commanders and leaders of the Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

Participants

The Great Seljuk Empire at its greatest extent

The conflicts were more complex than a simple Nizari vs Seljuk one. Even the Ismailis themselves were not unified; e.g. the Ismailis in Isfahan did not recognize the authority of Hassan-i Sabbah in Alamut. Sometimes the actual anti-Ismailism came from the local Sunni population rather than the Seljuk government, such as the massacre of the Ismailis in Isfahan in 1101. In the Seljuk dynastic conflicts, all sides were relying on Ismaili soldiers, and some Seljuk elites are known to be Ismaili converts (e.g. Iranshah ibn Turanshah) or at least to have Nizari sympathies at times (e.g. Barkiyaruq and Ridwan ibn Tutush).[1]

Nizari Ismailis

Hassan-i Sabbah

Unlike the Fatimids who mostly produced learned scholars, the Nizaris of Alamut were mostly preoccupied with survival in their extremely hostile environment, and naturally produced, or acquired the alliance of, good military leaders. Many of these commanders are both military leaders and religious preachers (da'i) at the same time.[2]

Coin of Hassan II of Alamut

Allies and sympathizers

Nizari enemies

Great Seljuk Empire

Assassination of Nizam al-Mulk
Sultan Muhammad I Tapar
Sultan Sanjar, Persian miniature
Dinar of Sultan Mahmud II

Abbasid Caliphate

Coin minted with the names of Caliph al-Mustazhir and the Seljuk sultan Muhammad Tapar

Fatimid Caliphate

Coin of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah

Ayyubid Sultanate

  • Saladin, sultan of Syria and Egypt

Crusaders

Map of the Crusader states
Principality of Antioch
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller

Other (semi)-independent leaders

See also

References

  1. ^ Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7486-9807-3.
  2. ^ Daftary, Farhad (22 February 2001). Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-521-00310-0.
  3. ^ عبدالملک بن عطاش
  4. ^ طاهر
  5. ^ Lewis, Bernard (2011). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Orion. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-297-86333-5.
  6. ^ دهدار ابو علی اردستانی
  7. ^ حسین قائنی
  8. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 314–316
  9. ^ کیا مظفر
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao رشیدالدین فضل‌الله همدانی 1381.
  11. ^ حسام الدين بن دملاج
  12. ^ إبراهيم العجمي
  13. ^ داعی اسماعیل
  14. ^ مؤیدالدین مظفر بن احمد مستوفی
  15. ^ Succeeded as Girdkuh's commandant by his son Sharaf al-Din Muhammad (شرف الدین محمد) after "a long time".
  16. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 320–321
  17. ^ Daftary, Farhad. "GERDKŪH – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  18. ^ ابو حمزه
  19. ^ a b Daftary 2007, p. 321
  20. ^ کیا ابو جعفر
  21. ^ a b c d e f Daftary 2007, p. 324
  22. ^ کیا ابو علی
  23. ^ کیا گرشاسب
  24. ^ کیقباد دیلمی
  25. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 321–324
  26. ^ احمد بن عبدالملک بن عطاش
  27. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 329–330
  28. ^ a b روشن 1387, p. 111
  29. ^ خواجه محمد ناصحی شهرستانی
  30. ^ کیا محمد بن علی خسرو فیروز
  31. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 355–356
  32. ^ کیا علی بن بزرگ امید
  33. ^ علي بن وفاء
  34. ^ مجدالملک البلاسانی
  35. ^ امیرداد حبشی
  36. ^ Osman Aziz Basan, p.184
  37. ^ Osman Aziz Basan, p.196
  38. ^ أبو علي طاهر بن سعد المزدقاني
  39. ^ a b c Mirza, Nasseh Ahmad (1997). Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, AD 1100-1260. Psychology Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7007-0505-4.
  40. ^ a b Daftary 2007, p. 344
  41. ^ العمید بن منصور (مسعود؟)
  42. ^ a b c d Daftary 2007, p. 357
  43. ^ The Nizaris often infiltrated into the Seljuk military; Symposium, Comité international d'études pré-ottomanes et ottomanes (1998). Essays on Ottoman civilization. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. p. 176.
  44. ^ ابو مسلم
  45. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 314
  46. ^ امیر یورنتاش. Misspelled as Turun-Tash. In Turkish: Yorun-Tash
  47. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 318
  48. ^ Basan, Osman Aziz (24 June 2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. ISBN 9781136953927.
  49. ^ امیر ارسلان تاش
  50. ^ a b Daftary 2007, p. 319
  51. ^ امیر قزل سارغ
  52. ^ انوشتگین
  53. ^ ابو محمد زعفرانی
  54. ^ اسکندر صوفی قزوینی
  55. ^ فخرالدوله چاولی
  56. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 337
  57. ^ انوشتگین شیرگیر
  58. ^ Mirza, Nasseh Ahmad (1997). Syrian Ismailism: The Ever Living Line of the Imamate, AD 1100-1260. Psychology Press. pp. 8–12. ISBN 9780700705054.
  59. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 334
  60. ^ Gibb, N. A. R., Editor (1932), The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Extracted and translated from the Chronicle of ibn al-Qalānisi,  Luzac & Company, London, pp.174-177, 179-180, 187-191
  61. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 349
  62. ^ رازنهان, محمدحسن; خلیلی, مهدی. "تحلیلی بر روابط سیاسی اسماعیلیان نزاری با خلافت عباسی" (PDF). نشریه مطالعات تقریبی مذاهب اسلامی (فروغ وحدت) (in Persian) (32): 26. ISSN 2252-0678.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Cook, David (1 January 2012). "Were the Ismāʿīlī Assassins the First Suicide Attackers? An Examination of Their Recorded Assassinations". The Lineaments of Islam: 97–117. doi:10.1163/9789004231948_007. ISBN 9789004218857.
  64. ^ Hanne, Eric J. (2007). Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-8386-4113-2.
  65. ^ بزغش
  66. ^ امیر قجق
  67. ^ محمد بن انز
  68. ^ علاءالدین محمود
  69. ^ طمورطغان or تمور طغان (Temur Tughan) or تمور طغیان (Temur Tughyan)
  70. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 345
  71. ^ یرنقش بازدار
  72. ^ اصیل
  73. ^ صاعد بن بديع
  74. ^ مفرج بن الحسن بن الصوفي
  75. ^ يوسف بن فيروز
  76. ^ Daftary 2007, pp. 347–348
  77. ^ a b c Daftary 2007, pp. 333–334
  78. ^ مصعب بن ملاعب
  79. ^ Porter, Whitworth (1858). A History of the Knights of Malta: Or The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 92.
  80. ^ مهدی
  81. ^ رساموج
  82. ^ a b Daftary 2007, pp. 344–345
  83. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 346

Sources