A dwarf: Dietrich von Bern saves him from a wild man and in return Baldung gives him a magical jewel that protects against hunger, thirst, and snakes.[2]
From PGmc *balda ("brave, strong"),[3] and OHG hraban ("raven"),[4] from PGmc *χrabnaz ("raven").[5]
One of Attila's vassals, in the German legends he aids Dietrich in his fight against Ermanarich and fights Volker at Raben (Ravenna). In the Þiðreks saga, he is lord of Fenedi (Venice), brother of Reginbaldr and Hildebrand1's uncle. Hildebrand1 uses his name in his first encounter with Vithga (Widege).[6]
Beigr means "fear" and Beiguðr means "an athlete, one who inspires fear(?)",[19] while Beigaðr means "terrifier".[20]
In Skáldskaparmál, Beiguðr is one of the twelve berserkers sent by Hrólfr kraki to help the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils) in the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern. Hvítserkr1 and Svipdag are also mentioned among the champions but only Svipdag as his brother.[21] In Hrólfs saga kraka, Beigaðr is the brother of Svipdag and Hvítserkr1[22] and when Hrólfr Kraki and his champions escape the Swedish king with the stolen gold over the Fýrisvellir, it is Beigaðr who is carrying the horn full of gold before Hrólfr takes it and spreads the gold after them.[23] In the saga, he and his brothers also take part in Hrólf's last battle.[24] A warrior named Beigaðr also appears among the participants of the Battle of Brávellir in Sögubrot and Gesta Danorum.[25]
The name appears as the name of a sea-king in the sense "who steers against the wind", but in this case it may be based on the meaning "pasturage".[26]
In the eddic poem Atlamál, the steward of Atli (Attila) who suggests that instead of cutting out the heart of the brave hero Högni2, they cut out the heart of the useless thrall Hjalli.[27]
Bekk means "bench" (as in a Viking lord's hall) and hildr meant "battle" in poetry and was used in female names.[28]
In Völsunga saga, Bekkhild is Brynhild's sister and married to Brynhild's foster-father Heimir2, with whom she has the son Alsvid. While Brynhild had taken up weapons, Bekkhild had learnt feminine skills.[29]
The name means "grain", "barley" or "harvest".[16]
In the epic poem Beowulf, Beo(wulf) is the son of Scyld, the founder of the Scylding dynasty, and the father of Healfdene (and thus the grandfather of Hrothgar). In the manuscript he appears as Beowulf, but scholars generally agree that it is a misspelling of Beow. However, publishers of scholarly editions tend not to correct it. He is also mentioned as Beaw/Beo together with Scef/Sceafa and Scyld/Sceldwa, as a Danish ancestor for the West Saxon royal dynasty in three chronicles. A Beaf appears in ON Langfeðatal and in the prologue to the Prose Edda, but this is a borrowing from Anglo-Saxon sources. The name corresponds to ON Byggvir, who was one of the Norse god Freyr's servants in Lokasenna.[30]
Beowulf (lines 18 and 53), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (A.D. 855), Asser's Life of King Alfred (892) and Æthelweard's Chronicon (855.3)
Various proposed etymologies, Wilhelm Grimm proposed a compound "bee-wolf" meaning "bear".[32]
Beowulf's father was Ecgþeow who probably belonged to the ruling Swedish Scylfing dynasty, and his mother was the only daughter of the Geatish king Hreðel. The Geatish king was his foster-father from the age of seven.[33] He has a warm relationship with his maternal uncle Hygelac.[34] During Hygelac's historic raid into Frisia, Hygelac is killed and Beowulf avenges him by crushing Dæghrefn to death with his bare hands.[35] As the Danish king Hrothgar and his warriors cower in fear every night for Grendel, Beowulf arrives at the Danish court and liberates them from both Grendel and Grendel's mother.[36] Hygelac's successor Heardred offers sanctuary to the renegade Swedish princes Eadgils (Aðils) and Eanmund after their uncle Onela (Áli) becomes the king of Sweden. This incurs the wrath of Onela who attacks the Geats and both Heardred and Eanmund are killed. Onela leaves Beowulf as the king of the Geats, who however avenges Heardred by supporting Eadgils in the Battle on the Ice.[37] He has to kill a dragon as an old man and dies in the process.[38]
Bera was a queen of Sweden, whose husband Alfr1 ruled together with his brother Yngvi1, who often was away pillaging. She was beautiful, impressive and cheerful and Alfr was timid and sullen. Bera preferred the manly and outgoing Yngve and she did not hide it. One evening when Alfr saw Yngvi1 converse with Bera, he unexpectedly pulled his sword and killed his brother with it, but before dying, Yngvi1 did the same with Alfr.[41]
A freeholder's daughter and the lover of Björn1. Björn's father king Hring had captured a Saami princess who wanted to seduce him, but Björn spurned her advances and she turned him into a bear. Bera is forced by Hvit to eat some of Björn's flesh, and after that she bears three children for him who are born after he has been killed, Bödvar Bjarki, Elk-Frodi and Thorir. Later, she tells her Bödvar and Hring of what had happened, and shows them Björn's ring as proof. She marries the jarl Valsleyt.[42] In Bjarkarímur, her name has been changed to Hildr.[43]
The Gothic legend of a migration of a smaller group of settlers from Scandinavia under king Berig finds support in archaeological remains from the 1st c. in Eastern Pomerania and in comparative studies of similar elite conquests.[48]
According to a Gothic legend told by Jordanes, he brought his people on three ships from Scandinavia and settled in Gothiscandza, in what is today northern Poland.[48]
The name is shared by the mother, sister, and daughter of Charlemagne, as well as the sister-in-law of Rother in the minstrel epicKönig Rother, a similar story of abduction to that in the Þiðreks saga. In Rother Berte is the wife of Pippin and mother of Charlemagne.[46]
Based on Gmc *bil ("miraculous power"), but as a common noun MHG billunc means "spite, spiteful person," probably based on the character of dwarfs.[46]
A dwarf who abducts Wolfdietrich's wife Liebgart and is killed by Wolfdietrich.[46]
Possibly an alteration of an earlier *Patirolf, first element *badu- ("battle"), second element *-wolf ("wolf").[54] Originally a nickname meaning "tyrant, choleric person."[55]
The father of Dietleib von Steier. According to Biterolf und Dietleib, he is originally from Toledo, Spain. He goes to serve Attila at his court, at one point going incognito under the name Fruote (see Fróði) and fighting against his son Dietleib. As a reward for his services, Attila grants him Styria as a fief. In Þiðreks saga, he is instead the king of Scania.[56]
Biterolf und Dietleib, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Virginal
A warrior at Hrólfr kraki's court. When the Swedish champion Svipdag arrives at the court, he is told to sit beside him, and Bjalki informs him of the space reserved on the benches for Hrólf's champions.[58]
Bjarm- means "radiance of light",[59] while the second element -arr can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[60]Bjart- means "bright",[59] while -marr means "excellent", "commendable".[61]
According to the U version of Hervarar saga, the Swedish colonial ruler of Aldeigjuborg, on Lake Ladoga.[62] After Hjörvard1 had challenged Hjalmar to a duel on Samsø for the hand of the Swedish princess Ingeborg, at Uppsala, the twelve brothers go to Bjarmarr, for a feast, and Angantýr marries Bjarmar's daughter Sváfa there.[63]
The father of Bodvar Bjarki and the son of the Norwegian king Hringr. He is cursed to become a bear at night when he refuses the sexual advances of Hringr's wife Hvit. He fathers three children with the woman Bera and then is killed by the king's hunters.[65]
As has been generally assumed, he may be the historic king Björn (Bernus) who invited Ansgar in 829 to spread Christianity in Sweden.[67][68]
See Björn.
The Hervarar saga tells that Björn and his brother Anund of Uppsala were the sons of Refil, who was the son of Björn Ironside, the son of Ragnar Lodbrok. They divided the Swedish kingdom between themselves when their uncle Eric died. He settled near a Barrow and was called Björn at the Barrow. Björn and Anund were succeeded by Anund's son Eric.[66] The Prose Edda, Hervarar saga and Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar tell that he was a patron of the skald Bragi Boddason. He is also mentioned in Landnámabók, where Thord Knapp, an early Swedish settler on Iceland was the son of Björn at Haugi's sister. Thormod the Strong, another Swedish settler, had been exiled by king Björn for manslaughter.[68] In Sweden, there appears to have been an independent living tradition of a king Björn who had lived at "the Barrow" (Håga mound) near Uppsala,[69] and he is today intrinsically connected with the Barrow in both scholarly and public perception.[70]
A historical Viking named Berno who was active around the Seine c. 850.[71]
See Björn1.
In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, the second son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug1 after Ivar the Boneless and before Hvitserk and Rognvald,[72] and Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye.[73] He goes with his brothers to attack Hvítabœr and its dangerous bulls that were strengthened through sacrifices,[74] and he takes part in his brothers' expedition to Sweden to avenge their half-brothers Agnar4 and Eric3, where there is an even more dangerous cow, Sibilja.[75] According to Norna-Gests þáttr it is Norna-Gest himself who lies to Björn about how long it is to Rome, and makes the Viking army turn back when it had reached Luna.[76] Björn also takes part in the invasion of England to avenge their father Ragnar.[77] In Ragnarssona Þáttr and Ad catalogum, the same family relations are mentioned, and in the first source, he also takes part in the expedition to Sweden.[78] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, he is said to have a kingdom,[79] and in Ragnarssona Þáttr this is specified as Sweden and the territories subjected to it.[80]Hervarar saga tells of his descendants on the Swedish throne until king Philip in the early 12th c.[81] In Gesta Danorum (IX), he is Ragnar's son by Thora and the brother of Rathbarthus, Dunwatus, Sywardus (Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye), Agnerus4 and Ivarus (Ivar the Boneless).[82]
Probably of Hunnish origin.[55] Alternatively, Bleda may be a short form of Germanic names such as OHG Bladardus,[85] however Kaufmann writes that blad- is only a Romanized form of balda- ("brave").[86]
The brother of Attila. In the Nibelungenlied, Kriemhild encourages him to attack the Burgundians by promising him the hand of Nuodung's widow. He is killed by Dankwart. Elsewhere, he appears among Dietrich von Bern's men. In Þiðreks saga, he is one of Attila's leaders and is killed by Gernot.[55]
An unnamed brother of Atli is killed in Atlamál.[55]
The name means "blind", or in the context "the blinding, deceiving one".[87]
Blind was a typical name of an evil counsellor in Scandinavian legends. When Helgi had spied in the hall of Hunding, he revealed himself on purpose to Hunding's son Heming by telling a shepherd that he was the man they had thought was Hamal, Hagal's son. Helgi was Hamal's foster-son, so Hunding sent a search party to Hamal led by his evil counsellor Blind. Helgi disguised himself as a female thrall and started grinding the quern. When Blind saw him, he commented that the thrall woman had hard eyes. Hagal answered him that the woman was a Valkyrie and a sister of Sigar and Högni that Helgi had taken captive. Helgi escaped, got on a warship and killed Hunding.[88]
According to Hrólfs saga kraka, he is the son of Björn, and the grandson of king Hringr of Oppland. He avenges his father by killing his father's step-mother, the sami princess Hvít, who had turned his father into a bear after spurning her advances.[90] After inheriting the kingdom, he stays for a while with his brother Thorir who had become king of the Geats, but goes to serve Hrolfr Kraki instead. On his way, he promises a couple to look after their son Hött, who serves Hrolfr kraki, but who is being bullied by the other warriors. When he arrives, Bödvar kills some of the bullies.[91] However, the Danes are in great fear because they are terrorized by a troll. During the Yule celebrations, the troll arrives, and the Danes hide in fear in the hall. Bödvar goes out with Hött and kills the troll, makes Hött eat its heart and drink of the blood to get braver, and afterwards he makes it look like it was Hött who killed the troll.[92] After this Hött is called Hjalti. Bödvar serves king Hrólfr until he falls together with him in battle. An almost identical account of the hero killing a beast that terrorizes the Danish court appears in Gesta Danorum, both being based on the heroic poem Bjarkamál.[93]
Förstemann connects the first element Bol- to OE bealo and ON bǫl,[94] from PGmc *balwan ("malice", "misfortune").[95]
Bolfriana is initially the wife of Áki Aurlungatrausti (see Hache). She has an affair with Earl Iron, causing her husband to kill him.[96] After Áki's death, Dietrich arranges for her to be married to Vithga (Widege), causing him to cease to be a vassal of Dietrich and to become a vassal of Ermanaric.[97]
The first element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant"),[98] and the second element -arr, can have three different origins: *-harjaʀ ("war chief, warrior"), *-warjaʀ ("defender") or *-ʒaiʀaʀ ("spear").[60]
He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors. Gesta Danorum tells that he came from the Danish royal seat Lejre together with Beigaðr, Belgi, Hort, Barri and Toli.[99]Sögubrot adds that he gave Starkad a hard fight, but eventually Starkad defeated him.[100] A Borgar is also listed on the Swedish side in Gesta Danorum,[101] cf. Ubbi of Friesland that Saxo, the author of Gesta Danorum, mentions on both sides.
From ON borg ("protection") and hildr ("battle").[102]
In Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, she is the wife of Sigmund and the mother of Helgi Hundingsbane and they live in Brálund.[103] In Frá dauða Sinfjǫtla, Sigmund is a Frank but stays with Borghild1 in Denmark, where they have the son Hámund beside Helgi, and Sigmund's son Sinfjötli. The latter had wanted the same woman was Borghild1's brother and killed him. Although Borghild1 must accept wergild from her stepson, she offers him two horns of poisoned ale that he refused to dring so Sigmund drank them instead. The third horn Sinfjötli drinks, and he dies. Sigmund stays for some time with Borghild1, but later returns to his own kingdom Frankland where he marries Hjördís.[104] The Völsunga saga, tells the same story, but Borghild1's geographic origin is not stated and after her killing Sinfjötli Sigmund divorces her, and she soon dies.[105][102]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Frá dauða Sinfjǫtla, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
In Ragnarssona þáttr, the daughter of Ragnar Lodbrok's viceroy in Sweden, Eysteinn Beli. Ragnar's sons Agnar4 and Eric3 arrived and declared that Eric3 would take over and marry Borghild2. When the Swedes opposed this, they met Eric and Agnar in battle after which Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner. Eysteinn offered him safe conduct and the hand of his daughter but Eric only wanted to be lifted and left to die on raised spears, which was granted. Eric and Agnar's half-brothers Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Björn Ironside, Hvitserk2, Ivar the Boneless and their mother Aslaug1 attack Sweden and kill Eysteinn.[106] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, named Ingebjorg2. The two brothers attacked after their father had cancelled his engagement with Eystein's daughter and the latter had ended the friendship. Agnar and Eric were not only met by the full force of the Swedish army, the king also let loose his sacred cow, Sibilja, which wreaked havoc on their army, and Agnar fell while Eric was captured. Eric was offered the hand of Eysteinn's daughter but the ending is the same, after which Ivar the Boneless attack in revenge killing every living thing until they had slain Eysteinn. [107]Krákumál specifies the location of his death as Ulleråker.[108][109]
The first element is PGmc *-berʒō or *-burʒō ("helper", "assistant"),[98] and the second element from ON nýr ("new").[111]
In the eddic poemOddrúnargrátr, the daughter of Heidrek2,[112] one of the vassals of Atli (Attila).[110] She is in labour and needs the assistance of Oddrun, Attila's sister, who by using magic helps her give birth to a boy and a girl. The father is one of Atilla's warriors, Vilmund, who is revealed by the poem to be the one who killed Högni (by cutting out his heart).[113][114]
The Geatish foster-father of the Swedish king Ingjald's son Olof Trätälja, and who lived in Västergötland. He was also the father of Saxi fletti,[117] and he had previously been the foster-father of Olof's mother, the Swedish queen Gauthild.[118]
The name means "the one with the brow", from brá ("brow").[122]
He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors, and is called the "father of Sækalf". The Shield-maiden Visna, who was holding the Danish banner, challenged Starkad telling him that he was a giant (troll) who was about to go to Hel.[100] Calling him so was not only an insult but also a correct statement, because that is what he was in the Norse legendary tradition.[123] Starkad answered her that she would first drop the Danish banner on the ground, and cut off her left hand that held the banner.[100] This caused Brai to attack Starkad wanting to avenge the shield-maiden, but Starkad pushed his sword right through him, adding Brai to the piles of corpses on the battle field of Bråvalla.[124]
The name Breca may mean "rush" or "storm", or it means "breaker"[125] from PGmc *brekōn (from *brekanan, "to break"), cf. OE wiðer-breca ("adversary") ON breki ("breaker") and OHG hūs-brehho ("burglar").[126]
A legendary chieftain of the Brondings mentioned both in Beowulf and Widsith.[125][127]Unferth asks Beowulf about a swimming competition that he has had with Breca.[128]
His name is derived from "snowdrift" and master's name is Skadi (Skaði means "ski", "snowshoe"), who was also a goddess/giantess, so it has been suggested that the account of Breði is based on a lost Norse myth.[129]
The name is derived from breðafǫnn ("snowdrift"). It was common in the 13th c. to explain words this way.[130]
Bredi was a very able thrall, even more able than some men who were higher in station that he was, who had a master named Skadi. However, Bredi accompanied Odin's son Sigi on a deer hunting trip and when they collected the deer Bredi had killed both more and bigger deer than Sigi. The latter was so upset by being outdone by a lesser man than him that he murdered the thrall and hid him in a snowdrift, after which he claimed that Bredi had disappeared. Skadi did not believe him and after a search they found Bredi in the snow. Sigi was banished for the murder.[131][132]
"Armor-battle", from the equivalents of OHG brunia ("armor, byrnie") and hiltia ("conflict").[135]
The wife of Gunther/Gunnar. In the Norse tradition, a valkyrie, daughter of Buðli1, brother of Attila and lover of Sigurd. In the German tradition, she is a powerful Amazonian queen. In both traditions, Gunther/Gunnar requires Sigurd/Siegfried's help in order to marry Brunhild. Brunhild's anger once she has learned this causes her to agitate for Sigurd/Siegfried's death. In the Norse tradition, she kills herself after this, but in the German tradition she is simply not mentioned afterwards. She also plays a very minor role in several other German epics.[136]
Grípisspá, Brot af Sigurðarkviðu, Guðrúnarkviða I, Guðrúnarkviða II, Helreið Brynhildar, Skáldskaparmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib, Rosengarten zu Worms.
In the massive Battle of Brávellir, Bruni serves as the Danish king Harald Wartooth's commander-in-chief in the battle against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. He is described as the wisest man in the army.[138] Bruni tells Harald that Sigurd has positioned his army in flying wedge (Svinfylking) formation, which disheartens his king because only the god Odin could have informed the Swedish king about the tactic. After a massive loss of lives, the battle ended when Bruni took a club and crushed his king's head.[139][140] The Gesta Danorum also makes Bruni the driver of Harald's chariot, and identifies Bruni with Odin, something that is not stated in the other source, the Icelandic Sögubrot.[123]Wikander has pointed out many similarities between the Danish account and the Kurukshetra War in Mahabharata, and Bruni corresponds in several ways to the Indic character Bhima, suggesting ancient common origins in Proto-Indo-European culture.[141]
Probably from the attested Middle Low German name Brûnstên.[142] The first element is either from PGmc *brunja ("armor, byrnie") or *brûn ("brown");[143] the second element is PGmc *staina ("stone").[144]
The brother of earl Rodgeir, he is killed by Samson.[145]
The father of Attila. In Norse tradition, also the father of Brunhild. In Wolfdietrich, brother-in-law of Hugdietrich. In Ásmundar saga kappabana, grandfather of Hildebrand1 and Asmund. In Gesta Danorum, he is the uncle of Ermanaric.[8] In the Þiðreks saga he is a Frisian and called Osid, a name not found in any other sources.[147]
Völsunga saga, and widely mentioned as Atli's father.
He was a powerful king of Sweden whose wife died, but who had a daughter named Hildr2. Two dwarven smiths arrived named Olíus and Alíus, and he challenged them to make objects, first a knife, then a ring, and they both impressed him. Then he ordered them to make two swords, to which they reluctantly agreed. When he tested their swords, Olíus' sword broke so he ordered him to make a new one. The dwarf returned with a new sword that was the best one so far. The king asked if there were any disadvantages and the dwarf answered that he had cursed it so that it would cause the death of two noble brothers, the king's daughter's sons. In anger the king struck at him, but the dwarves disappeared into the ground. The king had a case of lead made for the sword and sunk it down into lake Mälaren by Agnafit. He later marries his daughter to the Hunnish king Helgi Hildibrandsson, and they have the son Hildibrand1. When Helgi is away, the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Alf4 and his champion Aki1, and they take Hildr2 away.[148]
The name is possibly from OHG gamal ("old, experienced").[149]
The ruler of Metz and a vassal of Gunther. Gunther sends him to the fleeing Walter of Aquitaine to demand the stolen Hunnish treasure that Walter has with him and Walter kills him.[149]
The name has been interpreted as a corruption of Kalew the name of a character in the Finnish Kalevala, but also as the OE cælic ("cup"), and as originating in the Irish name Ceallach (ON Kjallakr).[150]
Mentioned in line 20 in Widsith, as the king of the Finns.[150]
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