PROFILPELAJAR.COM

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity

Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens^[1]^: 2
Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician^[2]^: 39
Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician^[3]
Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"^[4]^: 99^[5]
Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher^[2]^: 397
Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician^[2]^: 436
Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt^[1]^: 137
Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife^[2]^: 735^[6]
Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun^[2]^: 828
Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer^[2]^: 841
Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist^[4]^: 128
Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician ^[3]
Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife^[2]^: 962
Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer^[2]^: 965
Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist^[2]^: 978
Paula of Rome (347–404 CE), Roman healer^[2]^: 990
Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon^[3]
Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician^[3]
Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician ^[3]
Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician^[2]^{: 1217–18}
Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process^[7]
Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician^[3]
Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
Thelka, Iranian^[2]^: 1278
Theosebeia, correspondent of the alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis^[2]^: 1278
Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Middle Ages

Abella (14th century), Italian physician^[8]
Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician
Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician
Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse
Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician^[8]
Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician^[8]
Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon^[8]
Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician^[8]
Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher^[1]^: 126
Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes^[8]
Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist
Constanza, Italian surgeon,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]
Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon^[8]
Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician^[11]
Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine^[8]
Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye^[12]^[9]
Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician^[8]
Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician^[8]
Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon^[8]
Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician^[8]
Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician^[8]
Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician ^[13]
Katherine Briçonnet (c. 1494–1526) French architect ^[14]
Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon^[8]
Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]
Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]
Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician^[8]
Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher^[8]
Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician^[12]^[9]
Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]
Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician^[8]
Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician^[8]
Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician^[8]
Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist
Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist
Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician^[8]
Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon^[8]
Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician,^[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.^[10]
Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main^[8]
Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon^[12]
Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician^[8]
Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon^[8]
Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician^[8]
Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon^[8]
Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician^[8]
Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician^[8]
Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician^[8]
Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist
Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist
Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon^[8]
Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon^[8]
Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician^[8]
Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon^[8]
Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon,^[8] who studied at the University of Salerno^[15] She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.^[10]
Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician^[8]
Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

16th century

Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist
Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist
Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
Plautilla Bricci (1616–1690) Italian architect.^[16]
Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist
Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist
Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist
Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon^[17]
Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher
Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician
Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon
Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician
Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist^[18]
Lady Elizabeth Wilbraham (1632–1705) British architect ^[19]
Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician

17th century

Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist
Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher
Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work
Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist
Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist
Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician
Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet
Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer
Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer
Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer
Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist
Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer
Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist^[1]^: 206
Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist
Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher
Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician
Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician
Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist
Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

18th century

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician^[1]^: 1
Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist
Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713– fl. 1740) French dentist.
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer
Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist
Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector
Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator
Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist
Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist^[1]^: 20
Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist
Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher
Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor
Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher
Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist
Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist
Madeleine-Françoise Calais (1713 or 1714 - fl. 1740) was a French dentist
María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician
Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist^[1]^: 52
Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician
Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist
Rosalie de Constant [fr] (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist
Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife
Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist
Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist
Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies
Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician
Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian
Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist
Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician
Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory^[1]^: 105
Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist
Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor
Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist
Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer^[1]^: 124
Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist
Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer
Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer
Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer^[1]^: 157
Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife
Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer
Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator
Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer
Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist
Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist
Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer
Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist
Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist
Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist
Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist
Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill
Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist
Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician
Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician
Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist
Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer
Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician
Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist
Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician
Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher
Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician
Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic
Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist
Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

19th century

Anthropology

Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology

Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy

Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer^[1]^: 47
Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer^[1]^: 89
Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England
Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer^[1]^: 170
Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer^[1]^: 195
Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer^[1]^: 209
Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist^[20]
Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history

Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian^[1]^: 9
Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
Eunice P. Cutter (1819–1898), American author of anatomy textbooks
Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist^[1]^: 77
Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist
Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist
Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist^[1]^: 135
Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist
Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist
Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist
Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist
Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
Maria Louisa Pike (d. 1892), American naturalist
Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist
Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist^[1]^: 284
Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms
Mary Pirie (1822–1885), Scottish botanist

Chemistry

Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist^[21]^: 64
Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom^[21]^: 59–60
Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry^[22]
Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist^[21]^: 61–64
Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist ^[21]^: 57–58
Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist ^[21]^: 55–56
Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist^[1]^: 254^[21]^: 51–54
Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy
Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

Engineers

Mary Dicas (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments
Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer

Geology

Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist^[1]^: 18
Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors

Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker
Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor
Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor
Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.
Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent
Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

Mathematics

Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)^[1]^: 162
Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician^[1]^: 180
Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology

Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine

Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician ^[1]^: 7
Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician ^[1]^: 31
Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician
Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist
Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician
Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician
Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist
Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology
Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist
Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
Thora Wigardh (1860–1933), Swedish physician
Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829–1902), Polish-American physician

Nuclear physics

Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics

Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist^[1]^: 14
Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath^[1]^: 280
Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels could impact climate ^[23]^[24]

Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist^[1]^: 167
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education

Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

Sociology

Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Yount 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
^ ^a ^b Ogilvie 1986
^ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81–84. Irby-Massie, 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
^ Gabriele Kass-Simon; Patricia Farnes; Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Howard 2006
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zahm, J.A. (1913). Woman in Science.
^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
^ ^a ^b ^c Walsh 2008, p. 142
^ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine»
^ M. E. Aubry-Vitet, "Chenonceau", in Revue des deux mondes, no. 69 (1867), p. 855. (in French)
^ Howard, Sethanne (2007). "SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 1–15. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536249.
^ Waters, Clara Erskine Clement (1904). Women in the Fine Arts: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D. (Public domain ed.). Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 63–.
^ Picard, Liza. Elizabeth's London (2003), Weidenfeld & Nicolson
^ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.
^ John Millar The first woman architect, The Architects' Journal, 11 November 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
^ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.
^ Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". climate.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
^ Schwartz, John (21 April 2020). "Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History". The New York Times.

References

Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9.
Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762.
Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7.
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422.
Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277.
Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434.
Walsh, James J. (2008) [1911 (Fordham University Press)]. "Medieval Women Physicians". Old Time Makers of Medicine: The Story of the Students and Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages. Lethe Press. pp. 135–150.
Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950.^{[unreliable source?]}

External links

4000 Years of Women in Science
Most influential British women in the history of science (selected by Royal Society panel)

[Yount-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Yount 2007

[:0-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.

[ReferenceA-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women

[Ogilvie-4] Ogilvie 1986

[5] Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.

[6] Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81–84. Irby-Massie, 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366

[7] Gabriele Kass-Simon; Patricia Farnes; Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.

[books.google.com-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800

[Howard-9] Howard 2006

[Zahm_1913-10] Zahm, J.A. (1913). Woman in Science.

[11] Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.

[Walsh-12] Walsh 2008, p. 142

[13] «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine»

[14] M. E. Aubry-Vitet, "Chenonceau", in Revue des deux mondes, no. 69 (1867), p. 855. (in French)

[Howard2-15] Howard, Sethanne (2007). "SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 1–15. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536249.

[Waters1904-16] Waters, Clara Erskine Clement (1904). Women in the Fine Arts: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D. (Public domain ed.). Houghton, Mifflin. pp. 63–.

[17] Picard, Liza. Elizabeth's London (2003), Weidenfeld & Nicolson

[18] Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.

[19] John Millar The first woman architect, The Architects' Journal, 11 November 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

[20] "Sarah Whiting". CWP.

[WIC-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001

[cw2009-22] Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.

[23] Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". climate.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

[24] Schwartz, John (21 April 2020). "Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History". The New York Times.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

List of female scientists before the 20th century

Antiquity

Middle Ages

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

Anthropology

Archeology

Astronomy

Biology or natural history

Chemistry

Engineers

Geology

Inventors

Mathematics

Microbiology

Medicine

Nuclear physics

Physics

Psychology

Science education

Sociology

See also

Notes

References

External links

Read other articles: