List of animals by number of neurons
Brief comparisons of number of whole brain neurons (top) and
cerebral cortex neurons (bottom) among six mammals.
The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system . The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence.[ 1] The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex .[ 2] [ 1]
Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence : the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system leads to the phenomenon of intelligence.[ 3]
Overview
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal 's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects .
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
Name
Neurons in the brain & whole nervous system
Synapses
Details
Image
Source
Sponge
0
[ 4]
Trichoplax
0
Despite no nervous system, it exhibits coordinated feeding and response behaviors.[ 5]
[ 6]
Asplanchna brightwellii (rotifer )
~200
Brain only
[ 7]
Tardigrade
~200
Brain only
[ 8]
Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt )
231
8,617 (central nervous system only)
[ 9]
[ 10]
Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm)
302
~7,500
First organism with its whole connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.[ 11] [ 12] [ 13]
[ 14]
Starfish
~500
ring of neurons surrounding the mouth
[citation needed ]
Jellyfish
5,600
Hydra vulgaris (H. attenuate )
[ 15]
Megaphragma mymaripenne
7,400
[ 16]
Box jellyfish
8,700 –17,500
Adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter) Does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia
[ 17]
Medicinal leech
10,000
[ 18]
Pond snail
11,000
[ 19]
Sea slug
18,000
[ 20]
Amphioxus
20,000
central nervous system only
[ 21]
[ 22]
Larval zebrafish
100,000
[ 23]
Fruit fly
150,000
Another organism with the connectome mapped, 139,255 neurons in the female brain[ 24] and ~150,000 neurons in the ventral nerve cord.
[ 25] [ 26] [ 27]
Wandering spider
100,000
[ 28]
Calliopsis (bee)
234,000
[ 29]
Ant
250,000
Varies per species
[ 30]
Perdita (bee)
275,000
[ 29]
Melissodes
495,000
[ 29]
Bombus impatiens
557,000
[ 29]
Western honey bee
613,000
[ 29]
Honey bee
960,000
~1×10 ^ 9
[ 31]
Cockroach
1,000,000
[ 32]
Coconut crab
>1,000,000
c. 1,000,000 interneurons are dedicated to analysing olfactory input alone.
[ 33]
California carpenter bee
1,180,000
[ 29]
Steudner's dwarf gecko
1,771,000
[ 34]
Brown anole
2,792,000
[ 34]
Mochlus sundevallii
3,049,000
[ 34]
Peloponnese slowworm
3,713,000
[ 34]
Common house gecko
3,988,000
[ 34]
Takydromus sexlineatus
4,021,000
[ 34]
Anolis cristatellus
4,270,000
[ 35]
Papua snake lizard
4,271,000
[ 34]
Guppy
4,300,000
[ 36]
Natal Midlands dwarf chameleon
4,305,000
[ 34]
Acontias percivali
4,340,000
[ 34]
Sand lizard
4,341,000
[ 34]
Ocelot gecko
4,420,000
[ 37]
Darevskia raddei
4,765,000
[ 34]
Anolis evermanni
4,920,000
[ 35]
Echis carinatus
4,951,000
[ 34]
Cerastes cerastes
4,996,000
[ 34]
Tenerife gecko
5,001,000
[ 34]
Draco sumatranus
5,174,000
[ 34]
Blue-throated keeled lizard
5,269,000
[ 34]
Crested gecko
5,417,000
[ 34]
Lacerta strigata
5,529,000
[ 34]
San Francisco garter snake
5,663,000
[ 34]
Red-eyed crocodile skink
5,697,000
[ 34]
Emoia cyanura
5,733,000
[ 34]
East African spiny-tailed lizard
5,756,000
[ 34]
Chalcides ocellatus
5,774,000
[ 34]
Cylindrophis ruffus
5,779,000
[ 34]
Cat gecko
5,964,000
[ 34]
Aspidoscelis deppii
5,968,000
[ 34]
Brown water snake
5,995,000
[ 34]
Aspidelaps lubricus
6,020,000
[ 34]
Scincus scincus
6,284,000
[ 34]
Montivipera xanthina
6,677,000
[ 34]
Hispaniolan curlytail lizard
7,063,000
[ 34]
Sceloporus malachiticus
7,149,000
[ 34]
Crotalus durissus
7,263,000
[ 34]
Agama agama
7,455,000
[ 34]
Agama aculeata
7,631,000
[ 34]
Gekko kuhli
7,659,000
[ 34]
Leopard gecko
8,081,000
[ 34]
Latastia longicaudata
8,099,000
[ 34]
Razor-backed musk turtle
8,389,000
[ 34]
Greek tortoise
8,520,000
[ 34]
Phelsuma grandis
8,623,000
[ 34]
Acanthocercus atricollis
8,650,000
[ 34]
Tokay gecko
8,892,000
[ 34]
Russian tortoise
9,008,000
[ 34]
Marginated tortoise
9,074,000
[ 34]
Psammophis elegans
9,170,000
[ 34]
Xenopeltis unicolor
9,293,000
[ 34]
Zonosaurus Karsteni
9,538,000
[ 34]
Oplurus quadrimaculatus
9,565,000
[ 34]
Malagasy giant chameleon
9,751,000
[ 34]
Ahaetulla prasina
9,767,000
[ 34]
Dasia olivacea
9,785,000
[ 34]
Adult zebrafish
~10,000,000
cells (neurons + other)
[ 38]
Timon tangitanus
10,619,000
[ 34]
Corn snake
10,629,000
[ 34]
Acanthosaura capra
10,724,000
[ 34]
Gallotia galloti
10,903,000
[ 34]
Eutropis multifasciata
10,944,000
[ 34]
Rainbow boa
11,083,000
[ 34]
East African black mud turtle
11,285,000
[ 34]
Indochinese spitting cobra
11,306,000
[ 34]
Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis
11,415,000
[ 34]
Uromastyx ornata
11,438,000
[ 34]
Yellow-throated plated lizard
11,847,000
[ 34]
Meller's chameleon
12,035,000
[ 34]
Twist-necked turtle
12,171,000
[ 34]
Western whiptail
12,269,000
[ 34]
Gehyra vorax
12,388,000
[ 34]
White-lipped mud turtle
12,671,000
[ 34]
Painted wood turtle
12,677,000
[ 34]
Sheltopusik
12,830,000
[ 34]
Standing's day gecko
13,223,000
[ 34]
Common snapping turtle
13,681,000
[ 34]
Painted turtle
14,302,000
[ 34]
Ocellated lizard
14,593,000
[ 34]
Oplurus cuvieri
14,627,000
[ 34]
African spurred tortoise
14,986,000
[ 34]
Boa imperator
15,194,000
[ 34]
Red-eared slider
15,388,000
[ 34]
Plumed basilisk
15,536,000
[ 34]
Red-bellied short-necked turtle
15,787,000
[ 34]
Frog
16,000,000
[ 39]
Corallus hortulana
16,303,000
[ 34]
Blue-tongued skink
16,376,000
[ 34]
Gran Canaria giant lizard
18,038,000
[ 34]
Chinese water dragon
18,301,000
[ 34]
Chlamydosaurus
18,641,000
[ 34]
Northern snake-necked turtle
19,040,000
[ 34]
Spiny-tailed monitor
19,771,000
[ 34]
Boa constrictor
19,781,000
[ 34]
Ameiva ameiva
19,835,000
[ 34]
Chinese softshell turtle
20,697,000
[ 34]
Amboina box turtle
21,440,000
[ 34]
Alligator snapping turtle
22,230,000
[ 34]
Yellow anaconda
23,035,000
[ 34]
Mexican beaded lizard
23,681,000
[ 34]
Major skink
24,155,000
[ 34]
Sudan plated lizard
24,434,000
[ 34]
Mata mata
26,105,000
[ 34]
Naked mole-rat
26,880,000
[ 40]
Weber's sailfin lizard
27,245,000
[ 34]
Green iguana
29,098,000
[ 34]
Argentine black and white tegu
29,251,000
[ 34]
Cyclura nubila
30,820,000
[ 34]
Gold tegu
31,335,000
[ 34]
Varanus macraei
33,091,000
[ 34]
Little free-tailed bat
35,000,000
[ 41]
Smoky shrew
36,000,000
[ 42]
Sand goanna
50,253,000
[ 34]
Short-tailed shrew
52,000,000
[ 42]
Pig-nosed turtle
53,027,000
[ 34]
Common bent-wing bat
56,000,000
[ 41]
African sheath-tailed bat
59,000,000
[ 41]
Hottentot golden mole
65,000,000
[ 43]
Woermann's bat
66,000,000
[ 41]
Zenker's fruit bat
66,000,000
[ 41]
Commerson's roundleaf bat
67,000,000
[ 41]
Rufous trident bat
70,000,000
[ 41]
House mouse
71,000,000
~1×10 ^ 12
[ 44]
Asian water monitor
78,231,000
[ 34]
King quail
80,478,000
[ 34]
Nile crocodile
80,500,000
[ 45]
Heart-nosed bat
81,000,000
Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor ) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya.
[ 41]
Diamond dove
87,879,000
[ 34]
Golden hamster
90,000,000
[ 44]
Short-palated fruit bat
99,000,000
[ 41]
Ansell's mole-rat
103,000,000
[ 46]
Mashona mole-rat
113,000,000
[ 46]
Common quail
117,760,000
[ 34]
Hairy-tailed mole
124,000,000
[ 43]
Eastern rock elephant shrew
129,000,000
[ 43]
Star-nosed mole
131,000,000
[ 42]
Zebra finch
131,000,000
Brain only
[ 47]
African collared dove
139,271,000
[ 34]
Silvery mole-rat
148,000,000
[ 46]
Northern bobwhite
148,399,000
[ 34]
Four-toed elephant shrew
157,000,000
[ 43]
Eurasian blackcap
157,000,000
[ 47]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat
162,000,000
[ 41]
Goldcrest
164,000,000
[ 47]
Cape mole-rat
170,000,000
[ 46]
Grey partridge
170,287,000
[ 34]
Egyptian fruit bat
172,000,000
[ 41]
Mechow's mole-rat
174,000,000
[ 46]
Damaraland mole-rat
178,000,000
[ 46]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat
186,000,000
[ 41]
Brown rat
200,000,000
~4.48×10 ^ 11
[ 48]
Guyenne spiny rat
202,000,000
[ 43]
Eastern mole
204,000,000
[ 42]
Elegant crested tinamou
217,768,000
[ 34]
Red junglefowl
221,000,000
[ 47]
Great tit
226,000,000
[ 47]
Green-rumped parrotlet
227,000,000
[ 47]
Quebracho crested tinamou
235,671,000
[ 34]
Guinea pig
240,000,000
[ 44]
Chilean tinamou
241,374,000
[ 34]
Gray mouse lemur
254,710,000
[ 49]
Common wood pigeon
258,681,000
[ 34]
Common treeshrew
261,000,000
[ 50]
Hammer-headed bat
275,000,000
[ 41]
Wood duck
305,816,000
[ 34]
Pigeon
310,000,000
Brain only
[ 47]
Budgerigar
322,000,000
[ 47]
Pygmy falcon
350,367,000
[ 34]
Cape dune mole-rat
361,000,000
[ 46]
Mallard
367,000,000
[ 34]
Eurasian teal
375,409,000
[ 34]
Common blackbird
379,000,000
[ 47]
Marbled duck
386,920,000
[ 34]
Reeves's pheasant
387,173,000
[ 34]
Eurasian sparrowhawk
401,751,000
[ 34]
Ferret
404,000,000
[ 51]
Cockatiel
453,000,000
[ 47]
Gray squirrel
453,660,000
[ 40]
Banded mongoose
454,000,000
[ 51]
Prairie dog
473,940,000
[ 40]
Red-breasted goose
482,705,000
[ 34]
Common starling
483,000,000
[ 47]
Wild turkey
492,873,000
[ 34]
European rabbit
494,200,000
[ 40]
Octopus
500,000,000
[ 52]
Western tree hyrax
505,000,000
[ 43]
Eurasian pygmy owl
533,263,000
[ 34]
Indian peafowl
570,934,000
[ 34]
Victoria crowned pigeon
578,697,000
[ 34]
Little owl
585,923,000
[ 34]
Common kestrel
624,582,000
[ 34]
Common marmoset
636,000,000
[ 50]
Eastern rosella
642,000,000
[ 47]
Yellow-knobbed curassow
652,989,000
[ 34]
Barn owl
690,000,000
[ 47]
Monk parakeet
697,000,000
[ 47]
Greylag goose
738,232,000
[ 34]
Azure-winged magpie
741,000,000
[ 47]
Rock hyrax
756,000,000
[ 43]
Cat
760,000,000
~1×10 ^ 13
[ 53]
Black-rumped agouti
857,000,000
[ 44]
Magpie
897,000,000
[ 47]
Common hill myna
906,000,000
[ 47]
Northern greater galago
936,000,000
[ 50]
Western jackdaw
968,000,000
[ 47]
Long-eared owl
991,310,000
[ 34]
Mute swan
1.001×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Common buzzard
1.001×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Black vulture
1.009×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Greater rhea
1.03×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Eurasian jay
1.085×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Alexandrine parakeet
1.096×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Raccoon dog
1.16×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Tanimbar corella
1.161×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Saker falcon
1.204×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Emu
1.335×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Three-striped night monkey
1.468×10 ^ 9
[ 50]
Rook
1.509×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Grey parrot
1.566×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Tawny owl
1.58×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Capybara
1.6×10 ^ 9
[ 44]
Common ostrich
1.62×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
White-tailed eagle
1.65×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Jackal
1.73×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Snowy owl
1.807×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Eurasian eagle-owl
1.897×10 ^ 9
[ 34]
Fox
2.11×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo
2.122×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Raccoon
2.148×10 ^ 9
[ 51]
Kea
2.149×10 ^ 9
[ 47]
Raven
2.171×10 ^ 9
Brain only
[ 47]
Domestic pig
2.22×10 ^ 9
[ 55]
Dog
2.253×10 ^ 9
[ 51]
Chihuahua (dog)
2.51×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Dog (Chow Chow)
2.61×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Dog (Yorkshire Terrier)
2.64×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Springbok
2.72×10 ^ 9
[ 55]
Dog (West Highland White Terrier)
2.83×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Blesbok
3.06×10 ^ 9
[ 55]
Blue-and-yellow macaw
3.136×10 ^ 9
Brain only
[ 47]
Common squirrel monkey
3.246×10 ^ 9
[ 50]
Crab-eating macaque
3.44×10 ^ 9
[ 49]
Dog (German Shepherd)
3.53×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Tufted capuchin
3.691×10 ^ 9
[ 50]
Bonnet macaque
3.78×10 ^ 9
[ 49]
Striped hyena
3.885×10 ^ 9
[ 51]
Dog (Komondor)
3.99×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Dog (Transylvanian Hound)
4.39×10 ^ 9
[ 54]
Lion
4.667×10 ^ 9
[ 51]
Greater kudu
4.91×10 ^ 9
[ 55]
Rhesus macaque
6.376×10 ^ 9
[ 50]
Brown bear
9.586×10 ^ 9
[ 51]
Giraffe
1.075×10 ^ 10
[ 55]
Yellow baboon
1.095×10 ^ 10
[ 49]
Chimpanzee
2.8×10 ^ 10
[ 56]
Orangutan
3.26×10 ^ 10
[ 57]
Gorilla
3.34×10 ^ 10
[ 57]
Common minke whale
5.7×10 ^ 10
[ 58]
Human
8.6×10 ^ 10
~1.5×10 ^ 14
Neurons for average adult
[ 59] [ 60] [ 61]
Short-finned pilot whale
1.28×10 ^ 11
[ 58]
African elephant
2.57×10 ^ 11
[ 62] [ 63]
Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only
Proxies for animal intelligence have varied over the centuries. One early suggestion was brain size (or weight, which provides the same ordering.) A second proposal was brain-to-body-mass ratio , and a third was encephalization quotient , sometimes referred to as EQ. The current best predictor is number of neurons in the forebrain, based on Herculano-Houzel's improved neuron counts.[ 1] This accounts for variation in the number of neurons in the rest of the brain, for which no link to intelligence has been established. Elephants, for example, have an exceptionally large cerebellum, while birds make do with a much smaller one.
Differing methods have been used to count neurons, and these may differ in degree of reliability. The primary methods are the optical fractionator, an application of stereology and the isotropic fractionator, a recent methodological innovation. Most numbers in the list are the result of studies using the newer isotropic fractionator.[ 1] [ 40] [ 29] [ 44] [ 45] [ 47] [ 48] [ 49] [ 50] [ 55] [ 56] [ 57] [ 59] [ 60] [ 62] [ 64] A variation of the optical fractionator was responsible for the previous total human brain neuron count of 100,000,000,000 neurons, which has been revised down to 86,000,000,000 by the use of the isotropic fractionator. This is in part why it may be considered to be less reliable. Finally, some numbers are the result of estimations based on correlations observed between number of cortical neurons and brain mass within closely related taxa.
The following table gives information on the number of neurons estimated to be in the sensory-associative structure : the cerebral cortex (aka pallium ) for mammals, the dorsal ventricular ridge ("DVR" or "hypopallium") of the pallium for birds, and the corpora pedunculata ("mushroom bodies") for insects.
Common name
Average number of sensory-associative structure neurons[ a]
Intraspecific variation[ b]
Method[ c]
Sensory-associative structure
Binomial nomenclature
Image
Source
Common fruit fly
2,500*
Optical fractionator
Corpora pedunculata
Drosophila melanogaster
[ 65]
House cricket
50,000*
Optical fractionator
Corpora pedunculata
Acheta domesticus
[ 65]
Honey bee
170,000*
Optical fractionator
Corpora pedunculata
Genus: Apis
[ 65]
Common cockroach
200,000*
Optical fractionator
Corpora pedunculata
Genus: Periplaneta
[ 65]
African sheath-tailed bat
5,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Coleura afra
[ 41]
Rufous trident bat
6,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Triaenops persicus
[ 41]
Naked mole-rat
6,000,000
± 1,065,587[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Heterocephalus glaber
[ 40]
Little free-tailed bat
6,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Chaerephon pumilus
[ 41]
Common bent-wing bat
6,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Miniopterus schreibersii
[ 41]
Commerson's roundleaf bat
8,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Hipposideros commersoni
[ 41]
Heart-nosed bat
10,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Cardioderma cor
Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor ) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya.
[ 41]
Ansell's mole-rat
10,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Fukomys anselli
[ 46]
Smoky shrew
10,000,000
± 352,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Sorex fumeus
[ 43]
Short-palated fruit bat
10,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Casinycteris argynnis
[ 41]
Mashona mole-rat
12,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Fukomys darlingi
[ 46]
Woermann's bat
12,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Megaloglossus woermanni
[ 41]
Northern short-tailed shrew
12,000,000
± 1,569,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Blarina brevicauda
[ 43]
Zenker's fruit bat
13,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Scotonycteris zenkeri
[ 41]
House mouse
14,000,000
± 2,242,257[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Mus musculus
[ 43]
Hairy-tailed mole
16,000,000
± 2,611,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Parascalops breweri
[ 43]
Star-nosed mole
17,000,000
± 3,105,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Condylura cristata
[ 43]
Golden hamster
17,000,000
± 3,619,934[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Mesocricetus auratus
[ 43]
Diamond dove
18,209,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Geopelia cuneata
[ 34]
King quail
20,523,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Synoicus chinensis
[ 34]
Damaraland mole-rat
21,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Fukomys damarensis
[ 46]
Hottentot golden mole
22,000,000
± 2,154,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Amblysomus hottentotus
[ 43]
Gray mouse lemur
22,310,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Microcebus murinus
[ 49]
Common quail
22,568,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Coturnix coturnix
[ 34]
Mechow's mole-rat
23,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Fukomys mechowii
[ 46]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat
23,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Epomops franqueti
[ 41]
Hammer-headed bat
24,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Hypsignathus mostrosus
[ 41]
Hedgehog
24,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Subfamily Erinaceinae, various species
[ 66]
Silvery mole-rat
25,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Heliophobius argenteocinereus
[ 46]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat
26,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Epomophorus wahlbergi
[ 41]
Cape mole-rat
26,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Georychus capensis
[ 46]
Guyenne spiny rat
26,000,000
± 2,155,723[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Proechimys cayennensis
[ 43]
Eastern rock elephant shrew
26,000,000
± 4,020,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Elephantulus myurus
[ 43]
Eastern mole
27,000,000
± 5,113,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Scalopus aquaticus
[ 43]
Opossum
27,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Didelphis virginiana
[ 66]
Egyptian fruit bat
29,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Rousettus aegyptiacus
[ 41]
Brown Rat
31,000,000
+ 3,034,654[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Rattus norvegicus
[ 43]
Four-toed elephant shrew
34,000,000
± 5,840,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Petrodromus tetradactylus
[ 43]
Grey partridge
36,882,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Perdix perdix
[ 34]
Ferret
38,950,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Mustela putorius furo
[ 51]
Northern bobwhite
39,112,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Colinus virginianus
[ 34]
African collared dove
39,997,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Streptopelia roseogrisea
[ 34]
Cape dune mole-rat
43,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Bathyergus suillus
[ 46]
Guinea pig
43,510,000
± 3,169,924[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Cavia porcellus
[ 40]
Quebracho crested tinamou
48,292,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Eudromia formosa
[ 34]
Common wood pigeon
51,325,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Columba palumbus
[ 34]
Elegant crested tinamou
51,384,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Eudromia elegans
[ 34]
Eurasian blackcap
52,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Sylvia atricapilla
[ 47]
Prairie dog
53,770,000
± 6,044,322[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Genus:Cynomys
[ 40]
Zebra finch
55,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Taeniopygia guttata
[ 47]
Chilean tinamou
59,130,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Nothoprocta perdicaria
[ 34]
Common treeshrew
60,000,000
± 26,510,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Tupaia glis
[ 43]
Red junglefowl
61,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Gallus gallus
[ 47]
Goldcrest
64,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Regulus regulus
[ 47]
European rabbit
71,450,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Oryctolagus cuniculus
[ 40]
Rock dove
72,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Columba livia
[ 47]
Eastern gray squirrel
77,330,000
± 2,634,444[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Sciurius carolinensis
[ 40]
Reeves's pheasant
80,688,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Syrmaticus reevesii
[ 34]
Great tit
83,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Parus major
[ 47]
Eurasian sparrowhawk
87,832,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Accipiter nisus
[ 34]
Western tree hyrax
99,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Dendrohyrax dorsalis
[ 43]
Green-rumped parrotlet
103,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Forpus passerinus
[ 47]
Wild turkey
105,654,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Meleagris gallopavo
[ 34]
Mallard
112,255,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Anas platyrhynchos
[ 34]
Black-rumped agouti
113,000,000
± 2,576,768[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Dasyprocta prymnolopha
[ 1]
Banded mongoose
115,770,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Mungos mungo
[ 51]
Victoria crowned pigeon
118,445,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Goura victoria
[ 34]
Yellow-knobbed curassow
124,624,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Crax daubentoni
[ 34]
Indian peafowl
129,621,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Pavo cristatus
[ 34]
Marbled duck
130,142,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Marmaronetta angustirostris
[ 34]
Pygmy falcon
131,898,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Polihierax semitorquatus
[ 34]
Common blackbird
136,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Turdus merula
[ 47]
Wood duck
138,206,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Aix sponsa
[ 34]
Red-breasted goose
148,617,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Branta ruficollis
[ 34]
Budgerigar
149,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Melopsittacus undulatus
[ 47]
Eurasian teal
167,287,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Anas crecca
[ 34]
Rock hyrax
198,000,000
± 29,082,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Procavia capensis
[ 43]
Northern greater galago
226,000,000
± 87,570,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Otolemur garnettii
[ 43]
Common starling
226,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Sturnus vulgaris
[ 47]
Common kestrel
237,903,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Falco tinnunculus
[ 34]
Raccoon dog
240,180,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Nyctereutes procyonoides
[ 54]
Common marmoset
245,000,000
± 81,180,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Callithrix jacchus
[ 43]
House cat
249,830,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Felis catus
[ 51]
Brown bear
250,970,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Ursus arctos
[ 51]
Cockatiel
258,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Nymphicus hollandicus
[ 47]
Greylag goose
258,650,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Anser anser
[ 34]
Capybara
306,500,000
± 62,726,120[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
[ 40]
Tarsius
310,000,000
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Genus: Tarsius , unknown species
[ 67]
Mute swan
323,661,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Cygnus olor
[ 34]
Greater rhea
330,342,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Rhea americana
[ 34]
Eastern rosella
333,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Platycercus eximius
[ 47]
Common buzzard
351,700,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Buteo buteo
[ 34]
Red fox
355,010,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Vulpes vulpes
[ 54]
Goeldi's marmoset
357,130,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Callimico goeldii
[ 49]
Eurasian pygmy owl
364,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Glaucidium passerinum
[ 34]
Western grey kangaroo
370,170,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Macropus fuliginosus
[ 68]
Golden jackal
393,620,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis aureus
[ 54]
Monk parakeet
396,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Myiopsitta monachus
[ 47]
Springbok
396,900,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Antidorcas marsupialis
[ 55]
Black vulture
398,899,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Coragyps atratus
[ 34]
Azure-winged magpie
400,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Cyanopica cyanus
[ 47]
Little owl
400,822,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Athene noctua
[ 34]
Common hill myna
410,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Gracula religiosa
[ 47]
Domesticated pig
425,000,000*
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Sus scrofa domesticus
[ 69]
Barn owl
437,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Tyto alba
[ 47]
Emu
439,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Dromaius novaehollandiae
[ 47]
West Highland White Terrier
440,160,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Three-striped night monkey
442,000,000
± 111,310,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Aotus trivirgatus
[ 1]
Saker falcon
442,946,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Falco cherrug
[ 34]
Eurasian magpie
443,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Pica pica
[ 47]
Raccoon
453,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Procyon lotor
[ 64]
Chow Chow
471,500,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Common ostrich
479,410,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Struthio camelus
[ 34]
Western jackdaw
492,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Coloeus monedula
[ 47]
Striped hyena
495,280,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Hyaena hyaena
[ 51]
Chihuahua
513,330,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Eurasian jay
529,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Garrulus glandarius
[ 47]
White-tailed eagle
542,926,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Haliaeetus albicilla
[ 34]
Lion
545,240,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Panthera leo
[ 51]
Blesbok
570,670,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi
[ 55]
Yorkshire Terrier
572,140,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Alexandrine parakeet
575,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Psittacula eupatria
[ 47]
Tanimbar corella
599,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Cacatua goffiniana
[ 47]
Golden retriever
627,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 51]
Long-eared owl
673,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Asio otus
[ 34]
Transylvanian Hound
725,760,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Greater kudu
762,570,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Tragelaphus strepsiceros
[ 55]
Crab-eating macaque
800,960,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Macaca fascicularis
[ 49]
Rook
820,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Corvus frugilegus
[ 47]
Beagle
844,410,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Grey parrot
850,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Psittacus erithacus
[ 47]
Komondor
883,380,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
German Shepherd
885,460,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Canis lupus familiaris
[ 54]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo
1,135,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Cacatua galerita
[ 47]
Tufted capuchin
1,140,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Sapajus apella
[ 43] [ 1]
Tawny owl
1,153,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Strix aluco
[ 34]
Harp seal
1,168,000,000^
6,100,000,000*
Estimated
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Pagophilus groenlandicus
[ 70] [ 71]
Horse
1,200,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Equus ferus caballus
[ 72]
Raven
1,204,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Corvus corax
[ 47]
Snowy owl
1,270,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Bubo scandiacus
[ 34]
Kea
1,281,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Nestor notabilis
[ 47]
Eurasian eagle-owl
1,328,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Bubo bubo
[ 34]
Common squirrel monkey
1,340,000,000
± 20,000,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Saimiri sciureus
[ 43]
Bonnet macaque
1,660,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Macaca radiata
[ 43]
Rhesus macaque
1,710,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Macaca mulatta
[ 43]
Giraffe
1,731,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Giraffa camelopardalis
[ 55]
Blue and yellow macaw
1,900,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (DVR)
Ara ararauna
[ 47]
Pygmy sperm whale
2,020,000,000*
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Kogia breviceps
[ 73]
Leopard seal
2,386,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Hydrurga leptonyx
[ 70]
Guenon
2,500,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Genus: Cercopithecus , unknown species
[ 67]
Pigtail Macaque
2,531,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Macaca nemestrina
[ 70]
Gelada baboon
2,568,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Theropithecus gelada
[ 70]
Red-and-green macaw
2,646,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (DVR)
Ara chloropterus
[ 70]
Harbor porpoise
2,750,000,000*
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Phocoena phocoena
[ 70] [ 71]
Yellow baboon
2,880,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Papio cynocephalus
[ 49]
Hyacinth macaw
2,944,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (DVR)
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
[ 70]
Hamadryas baboon
2,990,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Papio hamadryas
[ 70]
Mandrill
3,102,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Mandrillus sphinx
[ 70]
Common minke whale
3,134,000,000
12,800,000,000*
Isotropic fractionator
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
[ 58] [ 74]
Walrus
3,929,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Odobenus rosmarus
[ 70]
Southern elephant seal
3,994,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Mirounga leonina
[ 70]
Fin whale
5,000,000,000^
15,000,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Balaenoptera physalus
[ 70] [ 75]
Blue whale
5,000,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Balaenoptera musculus
[ 70]
African elephant
5,600,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Loxodonta africana
[ 62]
Pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo
6,250,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Pan paniscus
[ 70]
Short-beaked common dolphin
6,700,000,000*
4,800,000,000^
Optical fractionator
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Delphinus delphis
[ 70] [ 73] [ 58]
Asian elephant
6,775,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Elephas maximus
[ 70]
Chimpanzee
7,400,000,000*
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Pan troglodytes
[ 76]
Orangutan
7,704,000,000^ - 8,900,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Genus: Pongo
[ 70] [ 57]
Western gorilla
9,100,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Gorilla gorilla
[ 70] [ 57]
Cuvier's beaked whale
9,100,000,000*
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Ziphius cavirostris
[ 73]
Beluga whale
10,000,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Delphinapterus leucas
[ 70] [ 58]
Risso's dolphin
10,000,000,000^
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Grampus griseus
[ 70] [ 58]
Short-finned pilot whale
11,850,000,000
Isotropic fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Globicephala macrorhynchus
[ 70] [ 58]
Bottlenose dolphin
12,700,000,000*
8,700,000,000^
Optical fractionator
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Tursiops truncatus
[ 70] [ 73] [ 58]
Long-finned pilot whale
13,966,000,000^
37,200,000,000*
Estimated
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Globicephala melas
[ 77] [ 70] [ 58]
Human
16,340,000,000
21,000,000,000*
± 2,170,000,000[ 43]
Isotropic fractionator
Optical fractionator
Pallium (cortex)
Homo sapiens
[ 43] [ 59] [ 1] [ 78] [ 79]
Orca
43,100,000,000*
21,000,000,000^
Optical fractionator
Estimated
Pallium (cortex)
Orcinus orca
[ 70] [ 73] [ 58]
See also
Notes
^ ^ = Estimated
* = Optical fractionator
^ ± standard deviation
^ For the estimated values, the numbers of cortical neurons estimated from brain mass for different mammalian and bird orders are based on correlation observed between number of cortical neuron and brain mass per order[ 43]
References
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^ Randerson J (28 February 2012). "How many neurons make a human brain? Billions fewer than we thought" . The Guardian .
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Cognition Intelligence Pain Relation to brain