List of Wickes-class destroyers
List of Wickes-class destroyers.
Ships in class
- Designation: Destroyer No. 75, DD-75, G95
- Builders: United States (Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine)
- Laid down: 26 June 1917
- Launched: 25 June 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 31 July 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 23 October 1940 (List)
- Operator: Royal Navy
- Commissioned: 23 October 1940 (List)
- Decommissioned: 23 February 1944 (List)
- Fate: Scrapped in the spring of 1945
- Operations: World War I and II convoy escort
- Victories:
- Designation: Destroyer No. 76, DD-76, G05
- Builders: United States (Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine)
- Laid down: 1 September 1917
- Launched: 25 July 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 24 August 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 23 October 1940 (List)
- Operator: Royal Navy
- Commissioned: 23 October 1940 (List)
- Decommissioned: July 1945 (List)
- Fate: Scrapped 1947
- Operations: World War I convoy escort, World War II minelayer and escort
- Designation: Destroyer No. 88, DD-88
- Builders: United States (Union Iron Works in San Francisco, California)
- Laid down: 31 October 1917
- Launched: 28 March 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 19 October 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 3 August 1922 (List)
- Operator: Royal Navy (as HMS Newmarket)
- Commissioned: 5 December 1940 (List)
- Decommissioned:
- Fate: Scrapped in September 1945
- Operations: World War I convoy escort, Transatlantic flight plane guard, World War II convoy escort and aircraft target ship
- Designation: Destroyer No. 89, DD-89
- Builders: United States (Union Iron Works in San Francisco, California)
- Laid down: 20 October 1917
- Launched: 14 April 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 14 November 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 17 June 1922 (List)
- Operator: Royal Navy (as HMS Newark)
- Commissioned: 26 November 1940 (List)
- Decommissioned:
- Fate: Scrapped on 18 February 1947, Bo'ness, Scotland
- Operations: World War I convoy escort, World War II convoy escort and aircraft target ship
- Victories: Damaged one German submarine
- Designation: Destroyer No. 99, DD-99, DM-4
- Builders: United States (Fore River Shipbuilding in Quincy, Massachusetts)
- Laid down: 9 February 1918
- Launched: 29 June 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 11 September 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 31 January 1931 (List)
- Fate: Sold for scrap 13 November 1936
- Operations: World War I Mediterranean escort, Food Commission patrol, conversion to a destroyer minelayer, Canal Zone Control Force
- Designation: Destroyer No. 113, DD-113, APD-25
- Builders: United States (William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia)
- Laid down: 12 July 1917
- Launched: 17 December 1917 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 24 June 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 2 November 1945 (List)
- Fate: Sold for scrap November 1946
- Operations: World War I convoy escort; Asiatic Fleet; World War II training ship and high speed transport
- Victories: 2 Japanese aircraft
- Designation: Destroyer No. 116, DD-116, APD-9
- Builders: United States (William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia)
- Laid down: 30 August 1917
- Launched: 23 March 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 9 September 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 4 December 1945 (List)
- Fate: Sold for scrap 13 June 1946
- Operations: World War I convoy escort, World War II high speed transport
- Designation: Destroyer No. 117, DD-117, DMS-1
- Builders: United States (William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia)
- Laid down: 18 September 1917
- Launched: 9 April 1918 (List)
- Operator: United States Navy
- Commissioned: 16 September 1918 (List)
- Decommissioned: 8 December 1945 (List)
- Fate: Grounded by a typhoon 9 October 1945 (List) and destroyed 1 January 1946
- Operations: World War I convoy escort, World War II high speed mine-sweeper
USS Twiggs (HMS Leamington) - (Later Soviet Zhguchiy: "Firebrand").
- Designation: Destroyer No. 132, DD-132
- Builders:
- Laid down:
- Launched:
- Operator:
- Commissioned:
- Decommissioned:
A further 50 ships were built.
Tabulated details
Hull no.
|
Ship name
|
Builder
|
Laid down
|
Launched
|
Commissioned
|
Fate
|
Service notes
|
DD-075
|
Wickes
|
Bath Iron Works
|
26 June 1917
|
25 June 1918
|
31 July 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 1945
|
[1]
|
DD-076
|
Philip
|
1 September 1917
|
25 July 1918
|
24 August 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 1947
|
[2]
|
DD-077
|
Woolsey
|
1 November 1917
|
17 September 1918
|
30 September 1918
|
Sunk following accident, 21 February 1921
|
[3]
|
DD-078
|
Evans
|
28 December 1917
|
30 October 1918
|
11 November 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 1945
|
[4] Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-079
|
Little
|
Fore River Shipyard
|
18 June 1917
|
11 November 1917
|
6 April 1918
|
Sunk in battle, 5 September 1942
|
[5]
|
DD-080
|
Kimberly
|
21 June 1917
|
14 December 1917
|
26 April 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 20 April 1939
|
[6]
|
DD-081
|
Sigourney
|
25 August 1917
|
16 December 1917
|
15 May 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 18 February 1947
|
[7] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-082
|
Gregory
|
25 August 1917
|
27 January 1918
|
1 June 1918
|
Sunk in battle, 5 September 1942
|
[8] Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-083
|
Stringham
|
19 September 1917
|
30 March 1918
|
2 July 1918
|
Scrapped by US, March 1946
|
[9] Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-084
|
Dyer
|
26 September 1917
|
13 April 1918
|
1 July 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 8 September 1936
|
[10]
|
DD-085
|
Colhoun
|
19 September 1917
|
21 February 1918
|
13 June 1918
|
Sunk in battle, 30 August 1942
|
[11]
|
DD-086
|
Stevens
|
20 September 1917
|
13 January 1918
|
24 May 1918
|
Sold for scrap, 8 September 1936
|
[12]
|
DD-087
|
McKee
|
Union Iron Works
|
29 October 1917
|
23 March 1918
|
7 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, January 1936
|
[13]
|
DD-088
|
Robinson
|
31 October 1917
|
28 March 1918
|
19 October 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, September 1945
|
[14]
|
DD-089
|
Ringgold
|
20 October 1917
|
14 April 1918
|
14 November 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 18 February 1947
|
[15]
|
DD-090
|
McKean
|
12 February 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
25 February 1919
|
Sunk in battle, 17 November 1943
|
[16]
|
DD-091
|
Harding
|
12 February 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
4 January 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 8 September 1936
|
[17]
|
DD-092
|
Gridley
|
1 April 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
8 March 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 19 April 1939
|
[18]
|
DD-093
|
Fairfax
|
Mare Island Navy Yard
|
10 July 1917
|
15 December 1917
|
6 April 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 23 June 1949
|
[19] Archived 30 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-094
|
Taylor
|
15 October 1917
|
14 February 1918
|
1 June 1918
|
Scrapped by US, August 1945
|
[20] Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-095
|
Bell
|
Fore River Shipyard
|
16 November 1917
|
20 April 1918
|
31 July 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 18 April 1939
|
[21] Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-096
|
Stribling
|
14 December 1917
|
29 May 1918
|
16 August 1918
|
Sunk as target, January 1937
|
[22]
|
DD-097
|
Murray
|
22 December 1917
|
8 June 1918
|
21 August 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 29 September 1936
|
[23]
|
DD-098
|
Israel
|
26 January 1918
|
22 June 1918
|
13 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 18 April 1939
|
[24]
|
DD-099
|
Luce
|
9 February 1918
|
29 June 1918
|
11 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 13 November 1936
|
[25]
|
DD-100
|
Maury
|
4 May 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
23 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 1 May 1934
|
[26]
|
DD-101
|
Lansdale
|
20 April 1918
|
21 July 1918
|
26 October 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 28 December 1936
|
[27]
|
DD-102
|
Mahan
|
4 May 1918
|
4 August 1918
|
24 October 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 17 January 1931
|
[28]
|
DD-103
|
Schley
|
Union Iron Works
|
29 October 1917
|
28 March 1918
|
20 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 1946
|
[29]
|
DD-104
|
Champlin
|
31 October 1917
|
7 April 1918
|
11 November 1918
|
Sunk in tests, 12 April 1936
|
[30] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-105
|
Mugford
|
20 December 1917
|
14 April 1918
|
25 November 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 1936
|
[31]
|
DD-106
|
Chew
|
2 January 1918
|
26 May 1918
|
12 December 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 4 October 1946
|
[32] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-107
|
Hazelwood
|
24 December 1917
|
22 June 1918
|
20 February 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 14 April 1930
|
[33]
|
DD-108
|
Williams
|
25 March 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
1 March 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 1946
|
[34] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-109
|
Crane
|
7 January 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
18 April 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 1 November 1946
|
[35]
|
DD-110
|
Hart
|
8 January 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
26 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 25 February 1932
|
[36]
|
DD-111
|
Ingraham
|
12 January 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
15 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 1936
|
[37]
|
DD-112
|
Ludlow
|
7 January 1918
|
9 June 1918
|
23 December 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 10 March 1931
|
[38]
|
DD-113
|
Rathburne
|
William Cramp & Sons
|
12 July 1917
|
27 December 1917
|
24 June 1918
|
Scrapped by US, November 1946
|
[39]
|
DD-114
|
Talbot
|
12 July 1917
|
20 February 1918
|
20 July 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 30 January 1946
|
[40] Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-115
|
Waters
|
26 July 1917
|
3 March 1918
|
8 August 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 10 May 1946
|
[41] Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-116
|
Dent
|
30 August 1917
|
23 March 1918
|
9 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 13 June 1946
|
[42]
|
DD-117
|
Dorsey
|
18 September 1917
|
9 April 1918
|
16 September 1918
|
Hulk was destroyed, 1 January 1946
|
[43]
|
DD-118
|
Lea
|
18 September 1917
|
29 April 1918
|
2 October 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1946
|
[44]
|
DD-119
|
Lamberton
|
Newport News Shipbuilding
|
1 October 1917
|
30 March 1918
|
22 August 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 9 May 1947
|
[45]
|
DD-120
|
Radford
|
2 October 1917
|
5 April 1918
|
30 September 1918
|
Sunk as target, 5 August 1936
|
[46]
|
DD-121
|
Montgomery
|
2 October 1917
|
5 April 1918
|
30 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 11 March 1946
|
[47]
|
DD-122
|
Breese
|
10 November 1917
|
11 May 1918
|
23 October 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 16 May 1946
|
[48] Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-123
|
Gamble
|
12 November 1917
|
11 May 1918
|
29 November 1918
|
Sunk by scuttling, 16 July 1945
|
[49]
|
DD-124
|
Ramsay
|
21 December 1917
|
8 June 1918
|
15 February 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 21 November 1946
|
[50]
|
DD-125
|
Tattnall
|
New York Shipbuilding
|
1 December 1917
|
5 September 1918
|
26 June 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 17 October 1946
|
[51] Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-126
|
Badger
|
9 January 1918
|
24 August 1918
|
29 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1945
|
[52] Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-127
|
Twiggs
|
23 January 1918
|
28 September 1918
|
28 July 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 26 July 1951
|
[53] Archived 3 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-128
|
Babbitt
|
19 February 1918
|
30 September 1918
|
24 October 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 5 June 1946
|
[54] Archived 16 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-129
|
DeLong
|
21 February 1918
|
29 October 1918
|
20 September 1919
|
Scrapped, 25 September 1922
|
[55]
|
DD-130
|
Jacob Jones
|
21 February 1918
|
20 November 1918
|
20 October 1919
|
Sunk in battle, 28 February 1942
|
[56]
|
DD-131
|
Buchanan
|
Bath Iron Works
|
29 June 1918
|
2 January 1919
|
20 January 1919
|
Destroyed during St. Nazaire Raid, 29 March 1942
|
[57] Archived 26 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-132
|
Aaron Ward
|
11 August 1918
|
10 April 1919
|
21 April 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 1947
|
[58]
|
DD-133
|
Hale
|
7 October 1918
|
29 May 1919
|
12 June 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, September 1944
|
[59] Archived 8 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-134
|
Crowninshield
|
5 November 1918
|
24 July 1919
|
6 August 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 23 June 1949
|
[60] Archived 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-135
|
Tillman
|
Charleston Navy Yard
|
29 July 1918
|
7 July 1918
|
10 April 1921
|
Scrapped by UK, 24 July 1945
|
[61] Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-136
|
Boggs
|
Mare Island Navy Yard
|
15 November 1917
|
25 April 1918
|
23 September 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 27 November 1946
|
[62] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-137
|
Kilty
|
15 December 1917
|
25 April 1918
|
17 December 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 26 August 1946
|
[63]
|
DD-138
|
Kennison
|
14 February 1918
|
8 June 1918
|
2 April 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 18 November 1946
|
[64]
|
DD-139
|
Ward
|
15 May 1918
|
1 June 1918
|
24 July 1918
|
Sunk in battle, 7 December 1944
|
[65]
|
DD-140
|
Claxton
|
25 April 1918
|
14 January 1919
|
13 September 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 26 June 1944
|
[66] Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-141
|
Hamilton
|
8 June 1918
|
15 January 1919
|
7 November 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 21 November 1946
|
[67]
|
DD-142
|
Tarbell
|
William Cramp & Sons
|
31 December 1917
|
28 May 1918
|
27 November 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1945
|
[68] Archived 8 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-143
|
Yarnall
|
12 February 1918
|
19 June 1918
|
29 November 1918
|
Scrapped by UK, 23 August 1952
|
[69] Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-144
|
Upshur
|
19 February 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
23 December 1918
|
Scrapped by US, April 1948
|
[70] Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-145
|
Greer
|
24 February 1918
|
1 August 1918
|
31 December 1918
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1945
|
[71] Archived 13 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-146
|
Elliot
|
23 February 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
25 January 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 29 January 1946
|
[72]
|
DD-147
|
Roper
|
19 March 1918
|
17 August 1918
|
15 February 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 31 March 1946
|
[73]
|
DD-148
|
Breckinridge
|
11 March 1918
|
17 August 1918
|
27 February 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 31 October 1946
|
[74] Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-149
|
Barney
|
26 March 1918
|
5 September 1918
|
14 March 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 13 October 1946
|
[75] Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-150
|
Blakeley
|
26 March 1918
|
19 September 1918
|
8 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1945
|
[76] Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-151
|
Biddle
|
22 April 1918
|
3 October 1918
|
22 April 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 3 December 1946
|
[77] Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-152
|
Du Pont
|
2 May 1918
|
22 October 1918
|
30 April 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 12 March 1947
|
[78]
|
DD-153
|
Bernadou
|
4 June 1918
|
7 November 1918
|
19 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 30 November 1945
|
[79] Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-154
|
Ellis
|
8 July 1918
|
30 November 1918
|
7 June 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 17 July 1947
|
[80]
|
DD-155
|
Cole
|
25 June 1918
|
11 January 1919
|
19 June 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 6 October 1947
|
[81]
|
DD-156
|
J. Fred Talbott
|
8 July 1918
|
14 December 1918
|
30 June 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 22 December 1946
|
[82]
|
DD-157
|
Dickerson
|
New York Shipbuilding
|
25 May 1918
|
12 March 1919
|
3 September 1919
|
Sunk by scuttling following an attack, 4 April 1945
|
[83] Archived 28 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-158
|
Leary
|
6 March 1918
|
18 December 1918
|
5 December 1919
|
Sunk in battle, 24 December 1943
|
[84]
|
DD-159
|
Schenck
|
26 March 1918
|
23 April 1919
|
30 October 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 25 November 1946
|
[85]
|
DD-160
|
Herbert
|
9 April 1918
|
8 May 1919
|
21 November 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 23 May 1946
|
[86]
|
DD-161
|
Palmer
|
Fore River Shipyard
|
29 May 1918
|
18 August 1918
|
22 November 1918
|
Sunk in battle, 7 January 1945
|
[87] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-162
|
Thatcher
|
8 June 1918
|
31 August 1918
|
14 January 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 1946
|
[88] Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-163
|
Walker
|
19 June 1918
|
14 September 1918
|
31 January 1919
|
Sunk by scuttling, 28 December 1941
|
[89]
|
DD-164
|
Crosby
|
23 June 1918
|
28 September 1918
|
24 January 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 23 May 1946
|
[90]
|
DD-165
|
Meredith
|
26 June 1918
|
22 September 1918
|
29 January 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 29 September 1936
|
[91]
|
DD-166
|
Bush
|
4 July 1918
|
27 October 1918
|
19 February 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 8 September 1936
|
[92] Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-167
|
Cowell
|
15 July 1918
|
23 November 1918
|
17 March 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 28 February 1949
|
[93] Archived 13 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-168
|
Maddox
|
20 July 1918
|
27 October 1918
|
10 March 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 16 September 1952
|
[94] Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-169
|
Foote
|
7 August 1918
|
14 December 1918
|
21 March 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 14 May 1949
|
[95]
|
DD-170
|
Kalk
|
4 March 1917
|
21 December 1918
|
29 March 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 1945
|
[96]
|
DD-171
|
Burns
|
Union Iron Works
|
15 April 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
7 August 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 22 April 1932
|
[97] Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-172
|
Anthony
|
18 April 1918
|
10 August 1918
|
19 June 1919
|
Sunk as target, 22 July 1937
|
[98] Archived 11 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-173
|
Sproston
|
20 April 1918
|
10 August 1918
|
12 July 1919
|
Sunk as a target, 20 July 1937
|
[99]
|
DD-174
|
Rizal
|
26 June 1918
|
21 September 1918
|
28 May 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 25 February 1932
|
[100]
|
DD-175
|
Mackenzie
|
4 July 1918
|
29 September 1918
|
25 July 1919
|
Scrapped by Canada, 4 June 1945
|
[101] Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine[1][2]
|
DD-176
|
Renshaw
|
8 May 1918
|
21 September 1918
|
31 July 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 29 September 1936
|
[102]
|
DD-177
|
O'Bannon
|
12 November 1918
|
28 February 1919
|
27 August 1919
|
Scrapped by US, 29 September 1936
|
[103]
|
DD-178
|
Hogan
|
25 November 1918
|
12 April 1919
|
1 October 1919
|
Sunk as target, 8 November 1945
|
[104] Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-179
|
Howard
|
9 December 1918
|
26 April 1919
|
29 January 1920
|
Scrapped by US, 14 June 1946
|
[105]
|
DD-180
|
Stansbury
|
9 December 1918
|
16 May 1919
|
8 January 1920
|
Scrapped by US, 25 January 1947
|
[106]
|
DD-181
|
Hopewell
|
Newport News Shipbuilding
|
19 January 1918
|
8 June 1918
|
22 March 1919
|
Sunk in battle, 19 August 1941
|
[107] Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-182
|
Thomas
|
23 March 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
25 April 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 28 February 1949
|
[108]
|
DD-183
|
Haraden
|
30 March 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
7 June 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, August 1945
|
[109] Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-184
|
Abbot
|
5 April 1918
|
4 July 1918
|
19 July 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 1947
|
[110] Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
|
DD-185
|
Bagley
|
11 May 1918
|
19 October 1918
|
27 August 1919
|
Scrapped by UK, 1945
|
[111] Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
|
References
External links
|
|