Habeas corpus relief may not be granted on the basis of debatable inferences used to overturn the trial court's finding vis-á-vis peremptory challenges
agent of a party to a contract cannot state a claim under 42 U.S.C.§ 1981 because he himself does not have rights to make or enforce under the contract
States may constitutionally limit the evidence of innocence a defendant convicted of a capital offense may present at his sentencing hearing to the evidence already presented at his trial.
A State's unintentional failure to object to the filing of a habeas corpus petition after the statute of limitations has expired does not prevent a district court from dismissing the petition on its own initiative
A plaintiff in a retaliatory prosecution action against federal officials must plead and show the absence of probable cause for pressing the underlying criminal charges.
a job reassignment which is dirtier and more strenuous may constitute retaliatory discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as may a month of suspension without pay even when the employee receives back pay
campaign finance laws which limit expenditures violate the First Amendment, and the anticorruption benefits of contribution limits must be weighed against their First Amendment costs
Texas's 2003 redistricting of District 23 constituted a violation of Latinos' rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, however mid-decade redistricting is constitutional as long as it is not solely motivated by partisan gain
A state may require that its public-sector unions receive authorization from nonmembers before spending their agency fees for election-related purposes
Federal Courts of Appeals lack jurisdiction to hear habeas appeals that are filed late, even if the district court said the petitioner had additional time to file
third parties, such as investment banks, accounting firms and suppliers, can be shielded from liability if they engage in business with companies that are involved in securities fraud.
Medical Device Amendment's preemption clause bars common-law claims challenging the safety or effectiveness of a medical device marketed in a form that received premarket approval from the FDA.
Kentuckystatute providing a preferential tax break to Kentucky residents who invest in bonds issued by the state and its municipalities does not discriminate against interstate commerce
Plaintiffs under the False Claims Act must demonstrate that the defendants intended to deceive the government, not simply that government money was used to pay the claim.
the forfeiture by wrongdoing exception to out of court statements by a witness only applies where the defendant caused the witness's absence in order to eliminate their testimony at trial
evidence obtained during a search the police conducted as a result of an isolated act of negligence not related to the search is not subject to the exclusionary rule
on federal habeas review, courts must accept state court determinations that jury instructions fully and correctly set out state law with regard to accomplice liability
Saucier v. Katz is overruled; courts need not determine whether a civil-rights plaintiff's constitutional rights were violated if they determine that the right was not clearly established at the time of the injury
The petitioner parents had the right to sue a school committee under 42 U.S.C.§ 1983 for failing to stop the sexual harassment their daughter endured. This decision reversed the Second Circuit's holding that Title IX provided the sole remedy the parents could seek.
Employees who cooperate with an internal investigation of alleged sexual harassment are protected against retaliation under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Prosecutors are immune from suit under 42 U.S.C.§ 1983 for improperly supervising the disclosures made by line prosecutors pursuant to Brady v. Maryland.
Under 18 U.S.C.§ 922(g)(9), people who have been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence crimes may not possess firearms as long as the government proves that the underlying offense involved a domestic relationship.
The Clean Water Act does not prevent the EPA from engaging in a cost-benefit analysis when setting standards for power plants that use large quantities of water for cooling.
An employer and a union can agree, through a collective bargaining agreement, that the unionized employees must resolve discrimination claims in arbitration instead of court.
Whether the law enhancing the sentence for identity theft requires proof that an individual knew that the identity card or number he had used belonged to another, actual person
Whether top government officials can be held personally liable for allegedly knowing or condoning of racial and religious mistreatment of suspected terrorists
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 is not retroactive, so maternity leave taken before it passed cannot be considered in calculating employee pension benefits.
Where the Government has not intervened or actively participated, private plaintiffs under the False Claims Act must file an appeal within 30 days of the judgment or order being appealed, according to the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, the prosecution (if it plans to present a lab report as evidence in a criminal trial) must make the analyst who prepared it available for on-demand cross-examination by defense counsel.
Strip search of a middle schooler violated the Fourth Amendment where the school lacked reasons to suspect either that the drugs presented a danger or that they were concealed in her underwear.
whether federal campaign finance laws apply to a critical film about Senator Hillary Clinton intended to be shown in theaters and on-demand to cable subscribers
Section 1983 actions are limited to those caused by a municipality's "policy or custom" regardless of whether the plaintiff seeks monetary or prospective relief.
Habeas relief may not be granted with respect to any claim a state-court has found on the merits unless the state-court decision denying relief involves an "unreasonable application" of "clearly established federal law, as determined by" the Court.
A prosecutor's office cannot be held liable for a single Brady violation by one of its members on the theory that the office provided inadequate training.
A car accident victim can sue the manufacturer for failing to install a shoulder/lap seatbelt even where federal law permits it to install only a lap belt.
Taxpayers lack standing to challenge a tax credit program that provides dollar-for-dollar incentives to donations to school tuition groups, including those awarding tuition scholarships only to religious schools.
A defendant's Confrontation Clause rights cover a non-testifying laboratory analyst whose supervisor testifies as to test results that the analyst transcribed from a machine.
A jury found that a grandmother was guilty of assaulting her 7-week-old grandchild, which the jury found had died of shaken baby syndrome. The Supreme Court held that the Ninth Circuit exceeded its authority under 28 U.S.C.§ 2254(d) in reversing the verdict for insufficient evidence.
Under 42 U.S.C.§ 1988, a plaintiff who obtained only a permanent injunction against government officials (but no money damages) was a "prevailing party," so the government must pay his attorney fees.
Repeated, temporary flooding caused by the government is not automatically exempt from the Takings Clause, so the case was remanded for the lower court to decide if the government has to pay owners for using their land.
The federal law at issue, 18 U.S.C.§ 3599, does not provide a state prisoner with the right to suspend his federal habeas proceedings when he is adjudged incompetent.
The flow of water from an improved portion of a navigable waterway into an unimproved portion of the same waterway does not qualify as a "discharge of a pollutant" under the Clean Water Act.
Petitioner's floating home was not a "vessel" for purposes of 1 U.S.C.§ 3, and therefore federal maritimejurisdiction was not triggered, because—except for the fact that it floats—nothing about it suggested that it was intended to transport people or things over water.
In Michigan v. Summers, the Supreme Court held that police officers executing a search warrant were allowed to detain people on the premises while they conducted the search. This case limits that to the "immediate vicinity" of the place being searched, so police searching a basement apartment couldn't search a man leaving from near the apartment in a car.
The federal law giving federal courts exclusive jurisdiction over patent cases, 28 U.S.C.§ 1338(a), does not deprive state courts of the authority to hear a state law claim alleging legal malpractice in an underlying patent case.
Under 28 U.S.C.§ 2254, a federal court hearing a habeas petition from a state prisoner must presume that the state court decided the prisoner's federal claim on the merits, even if the state court did not expressly address that federal claim.
The Court's decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, holding that the Sixth Amendment requires defense attorneys to inform criminal defendants of the deportation risks of guilty pleas, does not apply retroactively to cases already final on direct review (that is, non-habeasappeals).
Petitioners, a group of journalists and lawyers, did not have standing to challenge a federal law expanding the government's ability to engage in secret wiretapping because they could not prove they had been, or were about to be, wiretapped.
The Gonzalez Act, 10 U.S.C.§ 1089(e), waives some of the government's immunity, and so allowed a plaintiff to sue the United States for alleged medical battery inflicted by a Navy doctor during a cataracts surgery.
Class representative of plaintiff class cannot defeat federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act by stipulating that he will seek less than $5 million in damages. His stipulation does not bind the rest of the class.
The Clean Water Act does not require a permit before channeled stormwater runoff from logging roads can be discharged into rivers and other bodies of water. Reversing the Ninth Circuit, the Court held that the lawsuit was not barred, but that the EPA's interpretation of its own regulation (not requiring permits) was entitled to deference.
A part of the federal Medicaid statute known as the "anti-lien provision" preempted a North Carolina law. That state law had required Medicaid beneficiaries who received money from a tort judgment or settlement to give one-third of that money to the state to reimburse it for the free medical care it had provided to the person.
The Third Circuit improperly certified a class action against cable company Comcast under Rule 23(b). The damages model the class proposed was not adequate.
The petitioner, a prisoner, was raped by federal prison guards. The so-called "law enforcement proviso" of the Federal Tort Claims Act allowed the petitioner to sue the federal government for the guards' conduct.
The petitioner, convicted in state court of gun-related crimes, claimed the courts had violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel by declining to appoint him a lawyer to assist him in filing a motion for a new trial, though he had waived this right three times already. The Ninth Circuit agreed with the petitioner, but the Supreme Court reversed and remanded.
A nurse brought a collective action against her former employer for violating the Fair Labor Standards Act. The employer offered the nurse a settlement under Rule 68 for her own damages, but not those of other potential class members. The Supreme Court held that the offer mooted her claim.
The terms of an ERISA plan governed when an ERISA claim was brought under the statutory provision authorizing "appropriate equitable relief . . . to enforce . . . the terms of the" plan. But when there are gaps in the plan, equitable doctrines may be used to construe it.
The Court unanimously agreed (albeit for different reasons) that the Alien Tort Statute did not allow a foreign citizen to sue a foreign corporation in an American court for aiding and abetting the commission of human rights abuses on foreign soil.
In drunk-driving investigations, the natural dissipation of alcohol in the bloodstream does not constitute an exigency in every case sufficient to justify conducting a blood test without a warrant.
If a noncitizen's conviction for a marijuana distribution offense fails to establish that the offense involved either payment or more than a small amount of marijuana, it is not an aggravated felony under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
A majority of the Supreme Court dismissed this writ of certiorari as "improvidently granted." The question presented had been: Under the Sixth Amendment's speedy trial guarantee, if delay in a criminal defendant's trial is caused by inadequate state funding for indigent defense counsel, should that delay be counted against the State? Because this case was dismissed, the answer (from Vermont v. Brillion) remains "yes, but not much."
The Court held in favor of Petitioners, that naturally occurring sequences of DNA cannot be patented, however artificially created "cDNA" is patent eligible.
The Fifth Circuit failed to apply strict scrutiny when it affirmed the University of Texas's affirmative action policy. The decision is vacated and the case is remanded for further consideration.
The Court held that the Petitioners did not have standing in the matter under Article III, § 2 of the Constitution. The decision of the circuit court is vacated and the case is remanded to the Ninth Circuit under instructions that the appeal be dismissed.
The Fourteenth Amendment requires a state to license a marriage between two people of the same sex with all the accompanying rights and responsibilities and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-state.
The Eighth Amendment requires prisoners to show 1.) there is a known and available alternative method of execution and 2.) the challenged method of execution poses a demonstrated risk of severe pain, with the burden of proof resting on the prisoners, not the state.
A Texas law that requires abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles and to meet the same standards as ambulatory surgical centers places a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking a pre-viability abortion, constitutes an undue burden on abortion access, and thus violates the Constitution. Overruled by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.
By failing to act in a manner neutral to religion the Colorado Civil Rights Commission's actions in assessing a cakeshop owner's reasons for declining to make a cake for a same-sex couple's wedding celebration violated the Free Exercise Clause.
Baze v. Rees and Glossip v. Gross govern all Eighth Amendment challenges alleging that a method of execution inflicts unconstitutionally cruel pain. When a convict sentenced to death challenges the State's method of execution due to claims of excessive pain, the convict must show that other alternative methods of execution exist and clearly demonstrate they would cause less pain than the state-determined one.
Wyoming's statehood did not void the Crow Tribe's right to hunt on "unoccupied lands of the United States" under an 1868 treaty, and that the Bighorn National Forest did not automatically become "occupied" when the forest was created.
A war memorial Latin cross displayed on public land does not violate the Establishment Clause, because longstanding monuments should be afforded a presumption of constitutionality.
The Due Process Clause does not necessarily compel the acquittal of any defendant who, because of mental illness, could not tell right from wrong when committing their crime.
The Sixth Amendment right to jury trial is read as requiring a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense and is an incorporated right to the states overruling Apodaca v. Oregon.
A state's "no aid" constitutional provision prohibiting state aid to religious schools violates the Free Exercise Clause by explicitly discriminating against institutions on the basis of religion.
States have the ability to require presidential electors to vote for the candidate who wins the state's popular vote and to remove and/or punish electors who violate pledges to that effect.
Oklahoma's land reserved for the Creek Nation since the 19th century remains "Indian country". Native Americans residing in the reservation cannot be criminally prosecuted by the state of Oklahoma.
The Court laid out a four-factor balancing test that lower courts must weigh before determining if congressional subpoenas involving the President and his papers are valid.
Article II and the Supremacy Clause do not categorically preclude, or require a heightened standard for, the issuance of a state criminal subpoena to a sitting president.
Native American tribal governments and police have the power to search and detain non-Native individuals suspected of violating state or federal laws on tribal lands.
The refusal of Philadelphia to contract with the Catholic Social Services of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia for the provision of foster care services unless Catholic Social Services agrees to certify same-sex couples as foster parents violates the Free Exercise Clause.
Officer Rivas-Villegas is entitled to qualified immunity in this excessive force action brought under 42 U.S.C. §1983; the Ninth Circuit’s holding that Circuit precedent “put him on notice that his conduct constituted excessive force” is reversed.
Officers Girdner and Vick are entitled to qualified immunity in this excessive force action action brought under 42 U.S.C. §1983; the Tenth Circuit’s contrary holding is not based on a single precedent finding a Fourth Amendment violation under similar circumstances.
A pre-enforcement challenge under the Federal Constitution to Texas Senate Bill 8—the Texas Heartbeat Act—may proceed past the motion to dismiss stage against certain of the named defendants but not others; the order of the District Court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the case is remanded.
The writ of certiorari is dismissed as improvidently granted and the application to vacate stay presented to Justice Alito and by him referred to the Court is denied.
Civil-service pension payments based on employment as a dual-status military technician are not payments based on “service as a member of a uniformed service” under 42 U.S.C. §415(a)(7)(A)(III).
The Court grants the applications to stay the two injunctions barring the Secretary of Health and Human Services’ regulation requiring facilities that participate in Medicare and Medicaid to ensure that their employees are vaccinated against COVID-19.
The Court grants the applications to stay the Occupational Safety & Health Administration’s challenged rule mandating that employers with at least 100 employees require covered workers to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
Determining whether plan participants state plausible claims against plan fiduciaries for violations of ERISA’s duty of prudence requires a context-specific inquiry of the fiduciaries’ continuing duty to monitor investments and to remove imprudent ones as articulated in Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 575 U.S. 523; the Seventh Circuit erred in relying on the participants’ ultimate choice over their investments to excuse allegedly imprudent decisions by respondents.
The Ninth Circuit’s judgment that the District Court erred in dismissing Zubaydah’s discovery request on the basis of the state secrets privilege is reversed, and the case is remanded with instructions to dismiss Zubaydah’s current discovery application.
The Court of Appeals erred in denying the Kentucky attorney general’s motion to intervene on the Commonwealth’s behalf in litigation concerning Kentucky House Bill 454.
Section 1806(f) of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978—providing a procedure under which a trial-level court or other authority may consider the legality of electronic surveillance conducted under FISA and order specified forms of relief—does not displace the state secrets privilege.
Wooden’s ten burglary offenses arising from a single criminal episode did not occur on different “occasions” and thus count as only one prior conviction under the Armed Career Criminal Act.
In adopting the Wisconsin Governor’s proposed redistricting plan, which increases the number of majority-Black Assembly districts, the Wisconsin Supreme Court committed legal error by failing to properly apply strict scrutiny to determine whether the State’s race-based sorting of voters is narrowly tailored to comply with the Voting Rights Act. See Cooper v. Harris, 581 U.S. ___.
Federal jurisdiction in a petition to compel arbitration under Section 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act is determined by “looking through” the petition to the jurisdictional basis of the “underlying substantive controversy,” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 62, but that approach does not apply to petitions to confirm or vacate arbitral awards under Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA.
Petitioner Thompson’s showing that his criminal prosecution ended without a conviction satisfies the requirement to demonstrate a favorable termination of a criminal prosecution in a Fourth Amendment claim under 42 U.S.C. §1983 for malicious prosecution; an affirmative indication of innocence is not needed.
The distinction between on-premises signs and off-premises signs in the City of Austin’s sign code is facially content neutral under the First Amendment.
In a suit raising non-federal claims against a foreign state or instrumentality under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, a court should determine the substantive law by using the same choice-of-law rule applicable in a similar suit against a private party.
When a state court has ruled on the merits of a state prisoner’s claim, a federal court cannot grant habeas relief without applying both the test this Court outlined in Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, and the one Congress prescribed in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996; the Sixth Circuit erred in granting habeas relief to Mr. Davenport based solely on its assessment that he could satisfy the Brecht standard.
The 30-day time limit to file a petition for review of a collection due process determination, 26 U.S.C. §6330(d)(1), is a nonjurisdictional deadline subject to equitable tolling.
Because Boston’s flag-raising program did not constitute government speech, Boston’s refusal to let petitioners fly their flag violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.
Section 304 of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002—which limits the amount of post-election contributions that may be used to repay a candidate who lends money to his own campaign—unconstitutionally burdens core political speech.
Federal courts lack jurisdiction to review facts found as part of any judgment relating to the granting of discretionary-relief in immigration proceedings enumerated under 8 U.S.C. §1252(a)(2)(B)(i).
Under 28 U.S.C. §2254(e)(2), a federal habeas court may not conduct an evidentiary hearing or otherwise consider evidence beyond the state-court record based on the ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel.
Airplane cargo loaders and ramp supervisors who, like petitioner Saxon, frequently load and unload airplane cargo belong to a “class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce” exempt from the Federal Arbitration Act’s coverage.
The term “mistake” in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(1) includes a judge’s errors of law; because Kemp’s motion alleged such an error, it was cognizable under Rule 60(b)(1) and untimely under Rule 60(c)’s 1-year limitations period.
Title 8 U.S.C. §1252(f)(1)—which generally strips lower courts of “jurisdiction or authority” to “enjoin or restrain the operation of” certain provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act—deprived the District Courts of jurisdiction in these cases to entertain respondents’ requests for class-wide injunctive relief.
Title 8 U.S.C. §1231(a)(6) does not require the Government to provide noncitizens detained for six months with bond hearings in which the Government bears the burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that a noncitizen poses a flight risk or a danger to the community.
The Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar successive prosecutions of distinct offenses arising from a single act, even if a single sovereign prosecutes them.
Although 28 U.S.C. §1782(a) permits a district court to order discovery “for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal,” only a governmental or intergovernmental adjudicative body may qualify as such a tribunal, and the arbitration panels in these cases are not such adjudicative bodies.
The Federal Arbitration Act preempts a rule of California law that invalidates contractual waivers of the right to assert representative claims under “PAGA”—California’s Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004—insofar as that rule precludes division of PAGA actions into individual and non-individual claims through an agreement to arbitrate.
A court is not categorically required to examine all possible ameliorative measures before denying a Hague Convention petition for return of a child to a foreign country once the court has found that return would expose the child to a grave risk of harm.
The federal legislation at issue—the Ysleta del Sur and Alabama and Coushatta Indian Tribes of Texas Restoration Act, 101 Stat.666—bans as a matter of federal law on tribal lands only those gaming activities also banned in Texas.
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 does not preclude judicial review of the reimbursement rates set by the Department of Health and Human Services for certain outpatient prescription drugs that hospitals provide to Medicare patients; in this case, because HHS did not conduct a survey of hospitals’ acquisition costs in 2018 and 2019, its decision to vary reimbursement rates only for 340B hospitals in those years was unlawful.
The invalidation of a Department of Veterans Affairs regulation after a veteran’s benefits decision becomes final cannot support a claim for collateral relief permitting revision of that decision based on “clear and unmistakable error” under 38 U.S.C. §§5109A and 7111.
Maine’s “nonsectarian” requirement for otherwise generally available tuition assistance payments to parents who live in school districts that do not operate a secondary school of their own violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.
A transportation order that allows a prisoner to search for new evidence—in this case an order compelling the State to transport Mr. Twyford to a medical facility for neurological testing—is not “necessary or appropriate in aid of” a federal court’s adjudication of a habeas corpus action when the prisoner has not shown that the desired evidence would be admissible in connection with a particular claim for relief.
Washington’s workers’ compensation law is unconstitutional under the Supremacy Clause because it facially discriminates against the Federal Government and does not fall within the scope of the federal waiver of immunity contained in 40 U.S.C. §3172.
Attempted Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C. §924(c)(3)(A) because no element of the offense requires proof that the defendant used, attempted to use, or threatened to use force.
The Medicare Secondary Payer statute does not authorize disparate-impact liability, and the Marietta Plan’s coverage terms for outpatient dialysis do not violate 42 U.S.C. §1395y(b)(1)(C) because those terms apply uniformly to all covered individuals.
Title 42 U.S.C. §1983 is the procedural vehicle appropriate for a prisoner’s method-of-execution claim even if an order granting the relief requested would necessitate a change in state law.
The Constitution does not confer a right to abortion; Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, are overruled; the authority to regulate abortion is returned to the people and their elected representatives.
For purposes of calculating the Medicare fraction—one of two fractions the Medicare program uses to adjust the rates paid to hospitals that serve a higher-than-usual percentage of low-income patients—those individuals “entitled to [Medicare Part A] benefits” are all those qualifying for the program, regardless of whether they receive Medicare payments for part or all of a hospital stay.
For the crime of prescribing controlled substances outside the usual course of professional practice in violation of 21 U.S.C. §841, the mens rea “knowingly or intentionally” applies to the statute’s “except as authorized” clause.
Section 404(b) of the First Step Act of 2018, 132 Stat.5222, allows district courts to consider intervening changes of law or fact in exercising their discretion to reduce a sentence.
The government, while following the Establishment Clause, may not suppress an individual from engaging in personal religious observance, as doing so would violate the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment.
By ratifying the Constitution, the States agreed their sovereignty would yield to the national power to raise and support the Armed Forces; Congress may exercise this power to authorize private damages suits against nonconsenting States, as in the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994.
The effective date of an award of service-related disability compensation to a veteran of the United States military determined pursuant to 38 U.S.C. §§5110(a)(1) and 5110(b)(1) is not subject to equitable tolling.
The Arizona Supreme Court’s holding below—that Lynch v. Arizona, 578 U.S. 613, did not represent a “significant change in the law” for purposes of permitting Cruz to file a successive petition for state postconviction relief under Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(g)—is not an adequate state-law ground supporting that judgment.
Respondent Hewitt was not an executive exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay guarantee; daily-rate workers, of whatever income level, qualify as paid on a salary basis only if the conditions set out in 29 CFR §541.604(b) are met.
The Bank Secrecy Act’s $10,000 maximum penalty for the nonwillful failure to file a compliant report (FBAR) accrues on a per-report, not a per-account, basis.
Unclaimed MoneyGram payments constitute "money orders" or "similar written instruments" subject to escheatment under the Federal Disposition Act, 12 U.S.C.§ 2503.
Alterations to an allegedly infringing secondary work must be substantial for work to be considered sufficiently transformative under the first fair use factor where secondary work is used commercially for the same purpose; courts must analyze the specific use of an allegedly infringing work before determining whether it was sufficiently transformative.
When an individual has been found by a court to pose a credible threat to the physical safety of another, that individual may be temporarily disarmed consistent with the Second Amendment.
Ini adalah nama Batak Angkola, marganya adalah Harahap. Basyral Hamidy HarahapLahir(1940-11-15)15 November 1940Sihepeng, Siabu, Mandailing Natal, Sumatera UtaraMeninggal9 Januari 2015(2015-01-09) (umur 74)JakartaPekerjaanPenulisWebsitebasyral-hamidy-harahap.com Basyral Hamidy Harahap gelar Mangaraja Bangun Batari[1] (15 November 1940 – 9 Januari 2015) adalah seorang penulis Indonesia, budayawan Mandailing Angkola.[2] Ia merupakan pengajar tetap di Fakultas...
Médaille d'artiste du peuple de l'URSS. Le titre d’artiste du peuple de l'URSS (en russe : Народный артист СССР), quelquefois traduit par artiste national de l'URSS ou artiste du peuple de l'Union soviétique, est un titre honorifique décerné aux personnes du domaine de la culture ayant fait un apport remarquable au développement du théâtre, du cinéma ou de la musique en Union soviétique. Ce titre est établi le 6 septembre 1936 par décret du Comité exécuti...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يوليو 2017) بطولة أفريقيا للشباب 1997CAF U20/Marocتفاصيل المسابقةالبلد المضيفالمغربالتواريخ23 مارس - 5 أبريلالفرق8الأماكن ...
The orbit of Mars (yellow band; varies between 1.381 and 1.666 AU) displayed with 6 theoretically possible orbits for an asteroid (red line). The orbit of a Mars-crosser is displayed in the bottom row on the right. In generic terms, a Mars-crosser has a smaller perihelion and a larger aphelion compared to Mars.Special cases include inner-grazers (top row, in the middle) and outer-grazers (bottom row, in the middle), which do not completely cross the orbital band described by Mars. The o...
Gianluca Pessotto Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 11 Agustus 1970 (umur 53)Tempat lahir Latisana, ItalyTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain bek/gelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1989–1991 Varese 64 (1)1991–1992 Massese 22 (1)1992–1993 Bologna 21 (1)1993–1994 Verona 34 (3)1994–1995 Torino 32 (1)1995–2006 Juventus 243 (2)Tim nasional1996–2002 Italy 22 (1) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Gianluca Pessotto (lahi...
Political proposal A Celtic union or Celtic alliance refers to political unity between the Celtic nations either within the UK or together as independent countries. Historical proposals In 1864, Charles De Gaulle proposed a Celtic Union that would establish and develop links between Celtic countries. There should also be a Celtic Esperanto to facilitate communication and which would be created from common elements in all Celtic languages and a Pan-Celtic festival.[1][2]:&#...
College football game2012 Big Ten Football Championship GameConference ChampionshipChampionship Game Logo Nebraska Cornhuskers Wisconsin Badgers (10–2) (7–5) 31 70 Head coach: Bo Pelini Head coach: Bret Bielema APCoachesBCS 141312 1234 Total Nebraska 100714 31 Wisconsin 2121217 70 DateDecember 1, 2012Season2012StadiumLucas Oil StadiumLocationIndianapolis, IndianaMVPMontee Ball, WisconsinFavoriteNebraska by 12RefereeJohn O'NeillHalftime showUniversity of Nebraska Cornh...
City in California, United States City in California, United StatesArtesia, CaliforniaCityPioneer Boulevard in Artesia, California FlagSealLocation of Artesia in Los Angeles County, California.ArtesiaLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaArtesiaArtesia (the United States)Show map of the United StatesArtesiaArtesia (North America)Show map of North AmericaCoordinates: 33°52′2″N 118°4′50″W / 33.86722°N 118.08056°W / 33.86722; -118.08056Country Unite...
R. M. Pirngadie, (lahir di Pekiringan, Karangmoncol, Purbalingga, 1875 - meninggal tahun 1936 pada umur 61 tahun) adalah seorang pelukis naturalis dari aliran Mooi Indie dari Hindia Belanda. Pada usia 11 tahun ia mulai berkerja di Kantor Register, membuat gambar peta dan disanalah ia pertama kali memegang kuas dan cat. Tahun 1889, ketika berusia 14 tahun, ia mulai belajar melukis pada seorang pelukis bangsa Jerman. Pada tahun 1928, ia bekerja pada Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetens...
Overview of housing in the United States Various types of housing in the United States Housing in the United States comes in a variety of forms and tenures. The rate of homeownership in the United States, as measured by the fraction of units that are owner-occupied, was 64% as of 2017[update].[1] This rate is less than the rates in other large countries such as China (90%), Russia (89%) Mexico (80%), or Brazil (73%) (see List of countries by home ownership rate). Housing in th...
Overview of universal basic income in the United Kingdom Universal basic income is a subject of much interest in the United Kingdom. There is a long history of discussion yet it has not been implemented to date. Interest in and support for universal basic income has increased substantially amongst the public and politicians in recent years.[1] Political parties that include universal basic income on their agenda include: the Green Party of England and Wales, the Scottish National Part...
Lambang Burkina Faso Lambang negara Burkina Faso adalah lambang resmi dari Burkina Faso. Format terkini lambang ini diresmikan pada tahun 1997. Struktur Di bagian atas perisai terdapat nama negara, sementara di bawah terdapat motto nasional, Unité, Progrès, Justice yang berarti Persatuan, Kemajuan, Keadilan. Dua kuda putih menyokong perisai tersebut. lbsLambang negara AfrikaNegaraberdaulat Afrika Selatan Afrika Tengah Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Eritrea Eswatini...
University of LeónUniversidad de LeónMottoUniversitas legionensisTypePublicEstablished1979Endowment€ 97 million[1]PresidentJuan Francisco García MarínAcademic staff950Administrative staff2,034Students12,643 (2010-11)[2]Undergraduates8,739Postgraduates488Doctoral students1,172[3]LocationLeón, Province of León, SpainCampusUrban, 0.5 km2.ColorsRed and Green Websitewww.unileon.es The University of León is a Spanish public university with campus i...
Royal College, Colombo The following is a list of schools in Sri Lanka grouped by province. There are 10,155 government schools (373 national schools and 9,782 provincial schools) and also 104 private schools. List of schools in Central Province, Sri Lanka List of schools in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka List of schools in Northern Province, Sri Lanka List of schools in North Central Province, Sri Lanka List of schools in North Western Province, Sri Lanka List of schools in Sabaragamuwa Provin...
Part of a series onAtheism Concepts Implicit and explicit atheism Naturalism Negative and positive atheism History History of atheism Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment New Atheism Society Atheist feminism Criticism of religion Demographics of atheism Discrimination against atheists Secular ethics Secularism Separation of church and state State atheism ArgumentsArguments for atheism Atheist's wager Creator of God Evil God challenge Fate of the unlearned Free will God of the gaps Hitchen...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hütten. Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité allemande. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Hütten Administration Pays Allemagne Land Rhénanie-Palatinat Arrondissement(Landkreis) Eifel-Bitburg-Prüm Bourgmestre(Ortsbürgermeister) Hermann Schoos Code postal 54673 Code communal(Gemeindeschlüssel) 07 2 32 056 Indicatif téléphonique 06564 Immatric...
