| Germanic source
|
Germanic
|
Latinate
|
Latin source
|
Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan
PGmc *laibijaną + *af-
PGmc *frasakaną
PGmc *fralētaną
PGmc *gebaną + *ūp
PGmc *bilinnaną |
abandon
leave
forsake
forlet
give up
blin |
relinquish
abdicate
desert
renounce |
relinquere < re- + linquere
abdicāre < ab- + dicātus
dēserere < dē- + serere
renūntiāre < re- + nūntius
|
PGmc *akiz
Frankish *hūrt
PGmc *smartōn-
PGmc *wai
PGmc *sairaz
PGmc *þrawō
PGmc *warkiz |
ache
hurt
smart
woe
sore
throe
wark |
pain
agony |
poena < Gk poinē
L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā
|
PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti)
PGmc *trewwiþō |
allegiance
troth |
fidelity
loyalty |
fidēlitās
lēgālis
|
PGmc *ana + *libą
PGmc *kwikwaz |
alive
quick (living) |
animate |
animātus < animāre < anima
|
Old Norse angr
PGmc *wraiþiþo |
anger
wrath |
rage
ire |
rabiēs
īra
|
Frankish *raidjan
PGmc *raihwaz
PGmc *hrengaz (Frankish *hring)
PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp
PGmc *sat-
PGmc *hlutą
PGmc *līstǭ |
array
row
range, rank
line, lineup
set
lot
list |
series
order
sequence |
seriēs < serere
ordō
L.L. sequentia < sequēns < sequī
|
| Old English andswaru |
answer |
response |
responsum
|
WGmc *aiskōn
PGmc *frignaną
PGmc *besōkijaną
Old English bedecian
PGmc *sōkijaną |
ask
frain
beseech
beg
seek |
inquire
request |
in + quaerere
re + quaerere
|
PGmc *gawaraz
PGmc *ana + *breustą
PGmc *ūp + *tō + *spōdiz |
aware
abreast
up to speed (idiom, compound word) |
cognizant |
cognoscere
|
WGmc *bauknan
Frankish *baukan
Old Norse *flǫgra, flakka
Frankish *hariwald
Frankish *heriberga
Frankish *witan |
beacon
buoy
flag
herald
harbinger
guide |
signal
indicator |
M.L. signāle
M.L. indicātor
|
PGmc *bi- + *furai
PGmc *bi- + *furai + *handuz
PGmc *ana + *haubudą + *af
PGmc *airiz |
before
beforehand
ahead of
ere |
prior
previous |
prior
prae- + via
|
PGmc *bi- + *hafjaną
PGmc *beraną + *-unga
Frankish *stikkan
Frankish *wīsa
PGmc *wegaz |
behaviour
bearing
etiquette
guise
way |
action
attitude
manner
conduct |
āctiō
L.L. aptitūdō
V.L. *manuāria < L manuārius < manus
M.L. conductus < L condūcere
|
PGmc *bi- + *haitaną
PGmc *bidjaną + *-unga |
behest
bidding |
command
order |
V.L. commandāre
ordō
|
PGmc *bī- + *hōfą
PGmc *gagniz
PGmc *fura- + *dailiz
PGmc *bōniz
PGmc *blōdisōjaną + *-unga
PGmc *wela + *farō |
behoof
gain
foredeal
boon
blessing
welfare |
advantage
benefit |
L.L.*abantaticum
benefactum
|
WGmc *bī- + *ginnan
PGmc *sturtjaną |
begin
start |
commence |
com + initiāre
|
PGmc *galaubją
PGmc *gamenþiją + *sat-
PGmc *gōdaz + *spellą
PGmc *trewwiþō
PGmc *hlinunga |
belief
mindset
gospel
truth
leaning |
creed |
crēdere
|
PGmc *bilībaną
PGmc *uz- + *bīdaną
PGmc *terganą
PGmc *stadiz |
belive, belave
abide
tarry
stay |
remain |
re- + manere
|
PGmc *balgiz
PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz
PGmc *wambō |
belly
midriff
womb |
abdomen |
abdomen
|
Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?)
PGmc *grautaz
PGmc *stōraz, stōriz
PGmc *mikilaz
PGmc *haugaz (Frankish *houg) |
big
great
stour
mickle
huge |
large
grand |
larga < largus
grandis
|
PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz
PGmc *jērą + *tīdiz |
birthday
yeartide |
anniversary |
M.L. (diēs) anniversāria
|
PGmc *blīwą
PGmc *hiwją
PGmc *daugō
PGmc *skadwō
PGmc *wlitiz |
blee
hue
dye
shade
lit |
colour |
AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos
|
PGmc *blōmô
PGmc *blōsmaz
PGmc *buddǭ
PGmc *burjô (Frankish *burjan) |
bloom
blossom
bud
burgeon |
flower |
flor- < flos
|
PGmc *budagą
PGmc *framojaną
WGmc *makojaną + *ūp
PGmc *līką |
body, embodiment
frame
makeup
lich |
corpus, corpse
carcass
cadaver |
corpus
M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ?
cadāver
|
| PGmc *brōþar |
brotherly |
fraternal |
frāternus
|
Old English budda
Old English bitela |
bug
beetle |
insect |
insectum
|
Old English byldan
PGmc *raizijaną
Old Norse reisa |
build
rear
raise |
construct |
cōnstruere < com + struere
|
Old English bysig + nisse
PGmc *under + *takaną
PGmc *nutō |
business
undertaking
note |
affair
enterprise |
ad + facere
Fr. entre + prendre
|
PGmc *bugjaną
Old English copian |
buy
cop |
purchase |
pro- + V.L. *captiare
|
| WGmc *kalbam |
calf |
veal |
vitellus, vitulus
|
PGmc *kallōjaną + *-unga
Middle English jobbe
PGmc *lība- + *werką
PGmc *lība- + *laidō
PGmc *libēn- + *-unga |
calling
job
lifework
livelihood
living |
career
profession
vocation
occupation
employment |
L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic
M.L. professiō
vocātiō
occupātiō
implicāre + -mentum
|
| PGmc *kattuz |
cat |
felid, feline |
fēlis
|
Frankish *gram, *grinjan
PGmc *maganą
PGmc *skamō |
chagrin
dismay
shame |
displeasure
dissatisfaction |
dis- + L placēre
dis- + L satisfactiō
|
PGmc *skihaną (Middle High German schicken)
PGmc *trandijaną
PGmc *wagōną (Old Saxon wogōn)
PGmc *dapraz (via Middle Dutch dapper)
Middle English dasshen (< Danish daske)
PGmc *swankianą
PGmc *ūp + *tūnaz, *tūną |
chic
trendy
in vogue
dapper
dashing
swanky
uptown |
elegant
fashionable
stylish |
ēlegāns < ēlegere
factiō < facere
stylus, stilus
|
PGmc *kelþaz
PGmc *barną
Middle English babe + -y
PGmc *kidją (via Old Norse kið)
Middle English newborn |
child
bairn
baby
kid
newborn |
infant
neonate |
īnfāns
neonātus
|
PGmc *keusaną
PGmc *pikkaną
PGmc *walą (Old Norse val) |
choose
pick
wale |
opt
select |
optare
sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere
|
| PGmc *karzjaną |
chore |
task |
M.L. tasca
|
PGmc *kaldaz
PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz
PGmc *freusaną |
cold
chilly
freezing |
frigid |
frigidus
|
PGmc *kwemaną
PGmc *landijaną
PGmc *raikijaną
PGmc *getaną
WGmc *makōjan |
come
land
reach
get to
make (to a place) |
arrive |
ad + ripa
|
PGmc *kūz
PGmc *bulô
PGmc *nautą
PGmc *uhsô
PGmc *steuraz
PGmc *wīsundaz (Old High German wisunt)
Old High German ūrohso |
cow
bull
neat
ox
steer
bison
aurochs |
beef
cattle |
bōs/bovis
V.L. capitale
|
| PGmc *dagaz + *likaz |
daily |
diurnal
quotidian |
diurnalis
|
PGmc *daudaz + *likaz
PGmc *banô + *fullaz |
deadly
baneful |
mortal
fatal |
mortālis
fatum
|
PGmc *dōmjaną
Frankish *wardōn
PGmc *haldaną
PGmc *fōlijaną
PGmc *bi- + *þankijaną |
deem
regard
hold
feel
bethink |
judge
consider
esteem |
iūdicāre
consīderāre
aestimāre
|
PGmc *deuzą
PGmc *hirutaz
PGmc *dajjǭ (Old English dā)
PGmc *hindō
PGmc *staggijô
PGmc *raihą
PGmc *bukkaz |
deer
hart
doe
hind
stag
roe
buck |
venison |
venātiō/nis
|
PGmc *gamainijaz
PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz
PGmc *putōną+ *dūn
PGmc *lēgaz |
demean, bemean
belittle
put down
lower |
debase, abase
degrade
humiliate |
L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic
L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus
L.L. humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis
|
PGmc *dōną
PGmc *frumjaną, *framjaną
PGmc *under + *takaną |
do
perform
undertake |
execute
dispatch |
M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī
O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre
|
Old English docga
PGmc *hundaz |
dog
hound |
canid, canine |
canis
|
PGmc *drunkiz
PGmc *sweljaną
Old High German garo + ūz
Old Norse ves + heill
PGmc *sūpaną |
drink
swill
carouse
wassail
sup, sip |
imbibe
beverage |
imbibere < in + bibere
|
| PGmc *dūbǭ |
dove |
pigeon
culver |
V.L. pibionem
columbula
|
PGmc *ernustuz
PGmc *grimmaz
PGmc *sternijaz |
earnest
grim
stern |
serious
grave
sober |
L.L. sēriōsus
gravis
sōbrius
|
PGmc *dritō
PGmc *erþō
PGmc *landą
PGmc *grunduz
PGmc *landą + *skapiz |
dirt
earth
land
ground
landscape |
terrain |
terrenum < terra
|
PGmc *austrōnijaz
PGmc *austrą + *līkaz
PGmc *austrą + *warþaz |
eastern
easterly
eastward |
oriental |
orīri
|
PGmc *etaną
PGmc *suppaną
PGmc *brekaną + *brauþą
PGmc *bankiz
PGmc *fōdijaną
Middle Dutch snacken
PGmc *swelganą
PGmc *hnaskwajaną
PGmc *takaną + *in
PGmc *bītaną
PGmc *skirfaną (Old English sceorfan) |
eat
sup
break bread
banquet
feed
snack
swallow
nosh
take in
bite
scarf |
dine
consume
devour
ingest |
V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare
consūmere
dēvorāre
ingestus < ingerere
|
PGmc *aldiz, *aldō
PGmc *lībą + *tīmô
PGmc *lībą + *spannō |
eld
lifetime
lifespan |
age |
aevitās ( < aevum) + -age
|
PGmc *andijōną
PGmc *fullfuljaną
PGmc *haldaną
PGmc *wrappaną
PGmc *stuppōaną
PGmc *bilinnaną |
end
fulfill
halt
wrap up
stop
blin |
finish
complete
discontinue
terminate |
fīnīre
complēre
dis- + continuāre
|
PGmc *ebnaz
PGmc *flataz
PGmc *smōþijaz
PGmc *in + *līnǭ
PGmc *līnǭ + *ūp
PGmc *stadō + *-igaz |
even
flat
smooth
in line
lined up
steady |
level
planar
equal |
V.L. *lībellum < lībella
L.L. plānāris < plānum
aequālis < aequus
|
PGmc *faraną
Middle Dutch trecken
PGmc *gēną + *ana + *braiþaz
PGmc *takaną + *trap-
Old Norse rāfa
Frankish *wala |
fare
trek
go abroad
take a trip
rove
gallivant |
travel
journey
voyage |
V.L. *trepaliāre
V.L. *diurnāta
viāticum
|
PGmc *fastuz
PGmc *hraþa
PGmc *snellaz
PGmc *kwikwaz
PGmc *swīpaną
PGmc *spōdigaz, *spēdigaz |
fast
rathe, rather
snell
quick
swift
speedy |
rapid |
rapidus
|
| PGmc *fadar + *likaz |
fatherly
fatherlike |
paternal |
paternus
|
WGmc *fōlijan
PGmc *gawaraz
PGmc *tukkaną, *takaną |
feeling
awareness
touch |
sentiment
sensation |
sensus, sentiō
|
PGmc *fullijaą + *up
PGmc *stukkaz
PGmc *niwjaną |
fill up
stock
renew |
replenish |
re + plēnus
|
PGmc *furistaz
PGmc *frumistaz
PGmc *maginą |
first
foremost
main |
primary |
prīmus
|
PGmc *floþuz
PGmc *hwelbaną
PGmc *ubersatjaną |
flood
overwhelm
overset |
inundate |
inundāre < in + unda
|
PGmc *faihaz
PGmc *fijandz |
foe
fiend |
enemy
adversary
opponent |
in + amīcus
adversus
oppōnēns
|
PGmc *fulgiją
Old Norse traþk |
follow
track |
ensue |
in- + sequi
|
PGmc *formo-
PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo
PGmc *fure- + *gēnþjaz
Old English hwīlum |
former
erstwhile
foregoing, aforegoing
whilom |
previous
preceding |
praevius < prae- + via
praecēdere < prae- + cēdere
|
PGmc *fur-*biudan
PGmc *bannan-
PGmc *fura- + *stallaz |
forbid
ban
forestall |
prohibit
prevent
interdict |
prohibēre < pro + habēre
praevenīre
inter + dicere, dictus
|
PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta
PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan |
forecast
outlook |
projection |
prōjectiō < prō + iacere
|
PGmc *fura + *taljanan
PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan
PGmc *fura- +*buþanan
PGmc *fura- +*skadwōjanan |
foretell
soothsay
forebode
foreshadow |
predict |
praedīcere
|
| PGmc *frijaz |
freedom |
liberty |
lībertās < līber
|
PGmc *frijond + *likaz
PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz
PGmc *warmaz |
friendly
kindly
warm |
amicable |
amīcus
|
Frankish *gardo, gardin-
PGmc *garda
WGmc *parruk
Old English pund-
Old English pearroc |
garden
yard
park
pound
paddock |
court
enclosure |
co- + hortus
in- + claudere
|
PGmc *gadurojan
PGmc *far- + *gadurojan
PGmc *gadurojan + *ūp
PGmc *kruppaz
Old English clyster
PGmc *lisanan |
gather
forgather
gather up
group
cluster
lease |
assemble |
ad + simul
|
PGmc *giftiz
PGmc *sali- |
gift
handsel |
present |
prae- + essere
|
PGmc *geban
PGmc *gafurþojan
WGmc*frumjana |
give
afford
furnish |
provide |
pro + vidēre
|
PGmc *glaþaz
PGmc *bliþiz
PGmc *fagaraz
PGmc *murgijaz
PGmc *wunjo-samaz
PGmc *hapan
PGmc *gliujan
PGmc *þurilam (via Old English þyrel)
PGmc *kwēmiaz |
gladness
bliss
fairness
merriment, mirth
winsomeness
happiness
glee
thrill
queem |
joy
felicity
pleasure
delight |
gaudium
fēlīcitās
placēre
dēlēctāre
|
PGmc *guþan
PGmc *guþan + *haiduz |
god, goddess
godhead |
deity
divine
immortal |
deus
dīvīnus
immortālis
|
PGmc *gōdaz
PGmc *welō(n)
PGmc *hilpō + *fullaz
PGmc *gagniz + *fullaz
PGmc *hailaz + *samaz
PGmc *werþan + *hwīlō |
good
well
helpful
gainful
wholesome
worthwhile |
beneficial |
beneficium
|
WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an
PGmc *wandjanan |
go on
wend |
proceed |
pro- + cedere
|
WGmc *grōnja-
PGmc *laskaz |
green
lush |
verdant |
viridis
|
PGmc *getiskanan
PGmc *faþmaz
PGmc *swumto-
Frankish *galgo |
guess
fathom
sound
gauge |
estimate |
aestimare
|
PGmc *harjaz + *berg
PGmc *hafnaz |
harbour
haven |
port |
portus
|
PGmc *harþuz + *skapiz
PGmc *uzdailjam |
hardship
ordeal |
difficulty |
difficultās
|
PGmc *hatojanan
PGmc *laiþojanan
PGmc *skarn- (Frankish *skern) |
hate
loathe
scorn |
detest |
de- + testari
|
PGmc *hauhiþa
PGmc *luftuz |
height
loftiness |
altitude
elevation |
altitūdō (< altus)
|
PGmc *helpan
PGmc *ūz- + *baitjanan (Frankish *bētan)
PGmc *gebanan + *handuz
PGmc *bī + *standanan
PGmc *bī + *stadiz |
help
abet
give a hand
bestand
bestead |
assist |
assistere < ad + sistere
|
| WGmc *hannja |
hen |
pullet |
pullus
|
PGmc *harjaz
PGmc *fardíz |
here
ferd |
army
militia |
ML. armāta
mīlitia
|
PGmc *hulnis
PGmc *bergaz
PGmc *mundō
PGmc *dūnō, dūnaz |
hill
barrow
mound
down, dune |
mount |
mōns, montis
|
PGmc *hailagaz + *dagaz
WGmc *lauba
PGmc *brekan
WGmc *fur- + *lauba |
holiday
leave
break
furlough |
vacation |
vacātiō
|
PGmc *hailagaz
PGmc *gahailagōiðaz |
holy
hallowed |
sacred |
sacrāre
|
PGmc *aujo + *landom
PGmc *aujo
PGmc *hulmaz |
island
ait, eyot
holm |
isle |
insula
|
| PGmc *hūsą (via Old English hūs) |
house |
domicile |
house, home, dwelling
|
WGmc *jukkjan
PGmc *wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja)
WGmc *taisijanan
WGmc *fur-etanan
PGmc *grellanan |
itch
irk
tease
fret
grill |
irritate |
irritāre
|
PGmc gakundiz
Old English ilca
PGmc *brandaz
PGmc *brōd-
PGmc *sat-
PGmc *streun-
Frankish *tīr
PGmc *līkaz |
kind
ilk
brand
breed
set
strain
tier
like |
type
class
sort
genre |
typus < Gk typos
classis
sors
genera
|
PGmc *knoean
PGmc *witanan
PGmc *spehōjanan (Frankish *spehōn)
PGmc *sputtōn
PGmc *taljanan |
know
wit/wot
espy
spot
tell |
recognize |
re + cognoscere
|
PGmc *lataz
PGmc *latjanan |
late
delayed |
tardy |
tardus
|
PGmc *lagan (Old Norse lag) + *-fullaz
PGmc *gastrahtaz
PGmc *fagraz
PGmc *rehtaz
PGmc *gasundas
PGmc *gamaitijaz
PGmc *warjanan (Frankish *warand)
PGmc *fittjanan |
lawful
straight
fair
right, rightful
sound
meet
warranted
fitting |
legal
legitimate, legit
just
proper |
lēgālis
M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre
jūstus < jūs
proprius
|
PGmc *laiþjan
PGmc *kuningaz
PGmc *haubuþan
PGmc *biron
PGmc *erloz
PGmc *markō |
leader
king
head
baron
earl
marquis |
chief
captain
emperor
count
duke
prince
president |
caput
imperator
comes
dux
princeps
praesidēns
|
| PGmc *langiþo |
length |
longitude |
longitūdō (< longus)
|
PGmc *legjan
PGmc *rastjō, rastō
PGmc *hlinojanan |
lie (down)
rest
lean (back) |
repose
recline |
re- + pausa
re- + clinare
|
PGmc *lubo
Middle English fond, fonned |
loving
fond |
amorous |
amōrōsus
|
PGmc *managaz
PGmc *manigaz + *falþaz
PGmc *rīfiz
PGmc *taumijanþjaz |
many
manifold
rife
teeming |
multiple
numerous
abundant
copious |
multi + plūs
numerosus
abundantem
copiosus
|
PGmc *ga-makon
PGmc *fittjanan
PGmc *andswarōjanan + *tō |
match
fit
answer to |
correspond |
con + respondēre
|
WGmc *mainijan
PGmc *be- + *taiknjanan
PGmc *standanan + *fura
PGmc *ahtalōnan |
mean
betoken
stand for
ettle |
intend
signify |
intendere
significare
|
PGmc *motijan
PGmc *hitjanan (Old Norse hitta) |
meet
hit |
encounter |
incontrāre < in + contrā
|
| PGmc *medjaz + *dagaz |
midday |
noon |
nona
|
Old Norse mistaka
PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse blundra)
PGmc *wrangiþō |
mistake
blunder
wrength |
error |
error (< errāre)
|
| PGmc *mōdar + *likaz |
motherly |
maternal |
māternus
|
PGmc *nēhwaz
PGmc *nēhwizáz |
nigh
near |
close
circa
approximate |
clausus
circum + eā
approximatus
|
PGmc *neujaz
PGmc *friskaz
PGmc *nū |
new
fresh
now |
novel
modern |
novus
modernus
|
| PGmc *naht + *likaz |
nightly |
nocturnal |
nocturnus
|
| PGmc *nurþrōnijaz |
northern |
septentrional |
septentriōnēs
|
WGmc *alda
PGmc *stal-, *sta-
PGmc *aldizo + *līkaz
PGmc *jǣron |
old
stale
elderly
of yore |
ancient
antediluvian |
V.L. *anteanus < ante
ante + diluvium
|
PGmc *anþaraz
PGmc *aljaz |
other
else |
different
alternative |
differre
alterare
|
PGmc *ufnaz
PGmc *herþaz
PGmc *stubō
PGmc *aistō
PGmc *smiþjon |
oven
hearth
stove
oast
smithy, smithery |
kiln
furnace |
culina
fornax
|
PGmc *raidō
PGmc *wegaz
PGmc *bulaz + *werkam
PGmc *drībanan
PGmc *paþaz
PGmc *strātō |
road
way
boulevard
drive
path
street |
route
avenue
itinerary |
rupta
itinerantem
|
PGmc *rutjan
PGmc *be- + *fūljanan
PGmc *be- + *fūlaz |
rot
defile
befoul |
putrefy |
putrefacere
|
PGmc *sehwan
PGmc *kanjanan |
see
ken |
perceive |
per- + capere
|
Old Norse *sœma
PGmc *lōkōjanan |
seem
look |
appear |
apparere
|
PGmc *seuþanan
Middle English bublelen (Middle Low German bubeln) |
seethe
bubble |
boil |
bullīre
|
PGmc *selbaz + *haiduz
PGmc *galīkaz + *-nassus
PGmc *selbaz + *dōmaz |
selfhood
likeness
selfdom |
identity |
L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās
|
| PGmc *selbaz + *samaz |
selfsame |
identical |
M.L. identicus + -al
|
PGmc *saljanan
Old Saxon *trada
PGmc *dailjanan + *in
Frankish *borganjan |
sell
trade
deal in
bargain |
vend |
vendere < venum + dare
|
PGmc *skapjanan
PGmc *buþlam (Old English bold)
PGmc *ūt + *līniōn |
shape
build
outline |
form |
forma
|
WGmc *skæpa
PGmc *lambaz |
sheep
lamb |
mutton |
M.L. multō (< Celtic)
|
| PGmc *skoppan |
shop |
store |
instaurare
|
| WGmc *skuttjan |
shut |
close |
clausus
|
| PGmc *skeuh(w)az |
shy |
timid |
timidus
|
PGmc *sehwiþō
PGmc *sehwanan
PGmc *kannijanan |
sight
seeing
ken |
vision |
vidēre/vīsum
|
PGmc *skaljo
PGmc *krab-, kraf-
PGmc *kunnanan
PGmc *listiz |
skill
craft
cunning
list |
art
science |
ars
scientia
|
PGmc *skaljo + *fullaz
PGmc *krab-, kraf- + *-igaz
PGmc *gadaftjaz |
skillful
crafty
deft |
adept |
adeptus < adipiscī
|
PGmc *slǣpanþiaz
PGmc *slūmerianþiaz
PGmc *īdalaz
PGmc *falgō |
sleeping
slumbering
idle
fallow |
dormant
hibernate
torpid |
dormiēns
hībernātus
torpidus
|
PGmc *smæl
PGmc *lūtilaz
PGmc *tindaz
Old English wēg, wǣge |
small
little
tiny
wee |
minute
petite
diminutive |
minūtus < minuere
pitinnus
diminutivus
|
PGmc *snakon
PGmc *wurmiz |
snake
worm |
serpent |
serpens
|
PGmc *surgo
PGmc *karō
PGmc *wai |
sorrow
care
woe |
grief |
OFr grever < L gravare < gravis
|
| PGmc *sunþrōnijaz |
southern |
meridional |
merīdiēs
|
PGmc *sprekanan
PGmc *taljanan
WGmc *prātana |
speak
talk
prate, prattle |
converse
discourse
communication
dictation |
con- + vertere
dis- + currere
communicare
dictātiō
|
PGmc *stund-
PGmc *tīmēn, tīma-
PGmc *tīþiz
PGmc *hwīlō
Old English þrāg
Old English spelian
PGmc *stuntjanan |
stound
time
tide
while
throw
spell
stint |
hour
moment
interval |
hōra < Gk hṓra
mōmentum
intervallum
|
PGmc *sundrigaz
PGmc *miskjanan |
sundry
mixed |
various
miscellaneous |
varius
miscellus
|
PGmc *swīnam
PGmc *farhaz
PGmc *sugō
WGmc *bairaz
Old English picg-
Old English hogg |
swine
farrow
sow
boar
pig
hog |
pork |
porcus
|
PGmc *taikijanan
WGmc *skauwojanan
PGmc *laizjanan |
teach
show
lear, lere |
educate |
ēdūcāre < ēdūcere
|
PGmc *taljanan
PGmc *kunþjanan
PGmc *makojanan *(ga)knēwanaz |
tell
kithe
make known |
relate
narrate |
relatus < re- + ferre
narrare
|
PGmc *þankjan
PGmc *(ga)þāht- + *-fullaz
PGmc *(ga)mentþijan + *-fullaz |
thinking
thoughtful
mindful |
pensive |
pēnsāre
|
PGmc *(ga)þāhtan
Early Modern English hinch
PGmc *inkēn
PGmc *kliwjo- |
thought
hunch
inkling
clue |
idea |
idea < Gk idea
|
PGmc *þreutanan
PGmc *pleg-
PGmc *fēraz |
threat
plight
fear |
danger
peril
menace |
V.L. *dominarium < dominus
periculum
minaciae < minari
|
PGmc *taiknan
PGmc *markō
PGmc *hallō + *markō
PGmc *huntōjanan
PGmc *stampōjanan |
token
mark
hallmark
hint
stamp |
sign
symbol
trace
indication |
signum
symbolum < Gk sýmbolon
V.L. *tractiāre
indicātiō
|
PGmc *tungon
PGmc *sprǣkijō
PGmc *talō |
tongue
speech
talk |
language |
V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua
|
PGmc *twinjaz
PGmc *twai + PGmc *-falþaz
PGmc *twī- |
twin
twofold
twi- |
double
duplicate |
duplus
duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex
|
PGmc *under + *standan
PGmc *getanan
PGmc *graipisōn |
understand
get
grasp |
comprehend |
comprehendere
|
PGmc *ūp- + *haldanan
PGmc *bolhstraz
PGmc *beranan + *up-
PGmc *under + *gurþjanan
PGmc *ūp + beranan
WGmc skor- + up
PGmc *stagaz (Frankish *staka) |
uphold
bolster
bear up
undergird
upbear
shore up
stay |
support |
supportāre
|
PGmc *up- + *luftijan
PGmc *raizjan |
uplifting
raising, rearing |
elevating |
ē- + levāre
|
PGmc *ūtizon
PGmc *sagjanan |
utter
say |
pronounce |
pro- + nuntiare
|
PGmc *ūtizon
WGmc *alnaz + *tō-gaduraz
PGmc *fullīkō
PGmc *hailaz +*līkō |
utterly
altogether
fully
wholly |
totally |
tōtālis
|
PGmc *wadjojan
PGmc *mizdō, meidō
PGmc *hūrja
|
wage
meed
hire |
salary |
salārium
|
PGmc *wakan
PGmc *bīdanan
Old English tergan
PGmc *woenijanan |
wait, await
bide
tarry
ween |
expect |
ex + spectāre
|
WGmc *warnōjanan + *-unga
PGmc *tupp- + *af- |
warning
tip off |
notice
alert
recommendation
admonition |
nōtitia
It all'erta < L ērigere
M.L. recommendātiō
admonitiō
|
PGmc *watskanan
PGmc *klainisōn
PGmc *hrainisōn
PGmc *labōjanan
PGmc *baðojanan
PGmc *skrubbanan |
wash
cleanse
rinse
lave
bathe
scrub |
launder |
M.L. lavandāria < lavare
|
PGmc *wakan
PGmc *kōpjanan
PGmc *behaldanan |
watch
keep
behold |
observe
supervise |
ob + servāre
super + videre
|
PGmc *wakanan
PGmc *wakanþjaz
PGmc *warō + *-igaz |
watchful
waking
wary |
vigilant |
vigilāre
|
| PGmc *wadjōjanan |
wed |
marry |
marītāre
|
| PGmc *wadjō + *laikaz |
wedlock |
marriage |
V.L. *maritaticum
|
PGmc *wurdiz
PGmc *framiþjaz
PGmc *uzdaz
PGmc *þwerhwaz
PGmc *unkunþaz
Old English ūtlendisc
PGmc *alja- + *rīkjan
PGmc *argaz
PGmc *faigjáz |
weird
fremd
odd
queer
uncouth
outlandish
eldritch
eerie
fey |
strange |
extrāneus
|
PGmc *weralþeilīkaz
PGmc *erþō + *likaz |
worldly
earthly |
mundane
secular
|
L.L. mundānus < mundus
saeculāris
|
PGmc *wopijanan
PGmc *grētanan
Old Norse baula
Old Norse vǣla
PGmc *hwīnanan
PGmc *krītanan
PGmc *murnanan
PGmc *siubanan, *seubōnan, *subōjanan |
weep
greet (cry), regret
bawl
wail
whine
cry
mourn
sob |
lament
deplore |
lāmentārī < lāmentum
dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre
|
PGmc *gawehtiz + *-igaz
WGmc *mainijanan + *-unga + *fullaz
PGmc *ki- (Old English cǣġe) |
weighty
meaningful
key |
important
grave |
importāns
gravis
|
PGmc *westrōnijaz
PGmc *westrą + *līkaz
PGmc *westrą + *warþaz |
western
westerly
westward |
occidental |
occidere
|
| PGmc *(ga)hailaz |
whole |
entire |
integer
|
PGmc *wīdas
PGmc *braiþiþō
PGmc *spannō |
width
breadth
span |
latitude |
latitūdō (< latus)
|
PGmc *wilþjiaz
PGmc *faliz
PGmc *grimmaz |
wild
fell
grim |
savage
feral |
silvaticus < silva
fera
|
PGmc *wīsaz
PGmc *klufraz
PGmc *in + *gasihþ + *fullaz
PGmc *in + *leuhtam
PGmc *kōniz
PGmc *knoeanan + *laikam
PGmc *skreuwon |
wise
clever
insightful
enlightened
keen
knowledgeable
shrewd |
prudent
intelligent
sapient |
prudēns < providēns
intelligēns
sapiēns
|
PGmc *wunskjan
PGmc *weljanan
PGmc *gernjanan
PGmc *langojanan
PGmc *lustuz
PGmc *wana-, wanēn (Old Norse vanta) |
wish
will
yearning
longing
lust
want |
desire
cupidity |
desiderāre
cupiditās
|
| Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz |
womanly |
feminine |
femininus
|
PGmc *widuz
PGmc *hulto-
PGmc *walþuz
WGmc *busk
PGmc *graibō
PGmc *bruskaz
PGmc *þekwatjan (Old English þiccet)
PGmc *furhiþō (Old English fyrhþ)
PGmc *skagjan |
wood (a wood)
holt
weald/wold
bush, boscage
grove
brush
thicket
frith
shaw |
forest
copse, coppice |
M.L. *foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish *forhist
V.L. *colpaticium
|
| PGmc *wurdan + PGmc *bōkiz |
wordbook |
dictionary |
dictiōnārium
|
PGmc *werkan
PGmc *dreuganan
PGmc *swinkanan |
work
drudge, drudgery
swink |
labor |
labor
|
PGmc *wrītanan + *-unga
PGmc *gawritan |
writing
writ |
script |
scrīptum < scrībere
|
PGmc *wurdiz
PGmc *dōmaz |
wyrd
doom |
fate
destiny |
fatum
dēstināre
|
| PGmc *jǣram + *likaz |
yearly |
annual |
annalis
|
| WGmc *gelwa |
yellow |
ochre |
ochra < Gk ṓkhra
|
WGmc *jugunþiz + *fullaz
PGmc *jungas |
youthful
young |
juvenile
immature |
iuvenis
immātūrus < in- + mātūrus
|
PGmc *juwunþiz
PGmc *tehuniz + *haiduz |
youth
teenhood |
adolescence |
adolescere < ad- + alescere
|