Li Liu (Chinese: 李流; 248 – c.October 303[1]), courtesy nameXuantong (玄通), posthumously named King Wen of Qin (秦文王), was a younger brother of Li Te and one of the spiritual founders of Cheng-Han during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was his brother's general during his war with Luo Shang in Yizhou. After Li Te was killed in an ambush in c.March 303,[2] Li Liu was hastily chosen by Te's followers as his successor. He saved Li Te's army from destruction during the aftermath of his death but later decided to have his nephew, Li Xiong handle military responsibilities. Li Liu died in c.October 303, just a year before Cheng-Han's creation in November or December 304.[3] Despite succeeding Li Te first, he never granted himself an imperial title nor introduced a new reign era. Furthermore, due to being his uncle, Li Xiong only posthumously honoured him as a king and not an emperor in 306.
Service under Li Xiáng and Li Te
Li Liu was the fourth son of Li Mu [zh] and the younger brother of Li Te. His family was originally from Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) but moved to Qinzhou (秦州, modern eastern Gansu) and assimilated with the Di people. He was talented from a young age, earning the respect of the Colonel of Eastern Qiang tribes He Pan, who made Li Liu his Director. In 296, A Di chieftain named Qi Wannian rebelled around Li Liu's home, coinciding with a terrible famine and military occupation. Li Liu followed his brother to their ancestral home in Yizhou to escape the turmoil in the north.[4]
In 300, Li Liu's other brother, Li Xiáng [zh] joined a rebellion led by Zhao Xin against the Jin dynasty (266–420) in Yizhou. Li Liu followed suit and gathered his own men to join his brother. However, Zhao Xin would kill Li Xiáng out of jealousy the following year. Zhao Xin sent messengers to console Li Liu and Li Te about their loss, but they only grew enraged. The two brothers led troops to Chengdu to avenge Li Xiáng, forcing Zhao Xin to flee from the province.[5]
Li Te was now in control of Yizhou but with Jin forces led by Luo Shang heading his way, he decided to establish friendly relationships. Li Liu was tasked in sending oxen and wine to Luo Shang at Mianzhu, which were accepted. For his efforts in putting down Zhao Xin, Li Liu was made General Who Exerts Valor.[6]
However, Li Te's attempts at making peace with Luo Shang was met with issues as the court in Luoyang demanded that refugees who fled from the north return to their respective provinces. The refugees did not want to leave the south, as they heard that the north was still in chaos, so Li Te begged Luo Shang for months to extend their stay. Luo Shang was lenient at first but was soon determined to send them back, so Li Te prepared himself for war. Li Liu helped his brother gather more men and trained the refugees to bolster his forces.[7]
As predicted, fighting broke out between the two side in 301. Li Te scored the first victory despite Luo Shang attacking first. Li Te then made Li Liu Grand General Who Guards The East and had him follow him through most of his campaigns. The following year, Li Liu joined in the assault on Piqiao (毗橋, in present-day Xindu County, Sichuan), helping his other brother Li Xiāng [zh] (note the different pinyin) rout Luo Shang's best troops.[8]
In early 303, Li Te reached Chengdu, which prompted Luo Shang to sue for peace. However, Li Liu was wary of this, and together with Shangguan Dun (上官惇), warned Li Te in a letter by saying, "Accepting a surrender is like receiving an enemy." At the start of the war, many in the Shu region moved into fortifications to defend themselves. Although Li Te treated them kindly, Li Liu pointed out to his brother that people living in these fortifications may not be loyal as they seem, and urged him to force them into sending hostages. However, Li Te ignored his concerns, and as a result, he was killed by Luo Shang in an ambush just a month later.
Taking command of the army
Li Te's sudden death took his army by surprise. Li Liu and the others fell back to Chizu (赤祖, in present-day Mianzhu, Sichuan), where Liu was hastily elected to succeed his brother. Luo Shang was quick to capitalize on his recent victory and sent a large contingent of troops to attack Li Liu's camp. Li Liu and the others fought hard against the invaders, but the situation worsened when the Di leaders, Fu Cheng (苻成) and Kui Bo (隗伯) betrayed him. The situation was so desperate, that Li Te's widow Lady Luo personally fought in the defence. Despite the odds, Li Liu drove out both the invaders and traitors from his camp before quickly putting Chengdu under siege to place pressure on Luo Shang.[9]
After just barely surviving an attack, Li Liu wondered if he should continue the rebellion. Jin reinforcements led by Zong Dai (宗岱) and Sun Fu (孫阜) were approaching while his brother Li Han was pushing for surrender. His nephew Li Xiong and Li Xiang opposed him, but Li Liu was adamant on surrender. He sent his son Li Shi and Li Han's son Li Hu as hostages to Sun Fu. However, Li Xiong and Li Li (李離) went against Li Liu's orders, and instead routed Sun Fu while Zong Dai coincidentally died of natural causes. The reinforcements from Jingzhou all fled home because of their generals’ deaths. Li Liu felt ashamed for not following Li Xiong's advice earlier, but seeing that his nephew was more capable than he is, decided to entrust Xiong with military matters.[10]
Li Liu moved his camp to Pi County. His army was left with little supply as many of the people of Yizhou decided to migrate to neighbouring provinces. Luckily, Luo Shang had a fall-out with his subordinate Xu Yu (徐轝), who wanted him to ally with the hermit Fan Changsheng but was turned down. Xu Yu defected to Li Liu who carried out Xu Yu's wishes. Fan Changsheng had thousands of families under him at Mount Qingcheng, who sought his protection from the war. Fan agreed to ally himself with Li Liu and provided him with food and supply to last the entire war.[11]
Death
During the winter of 303, Li Liu grew deathly ill. He had decided that his nephew, Li Xiong should be the one to lead his army. Li Liu soon died and Li Xiong took over his command. Li Xiong would drive out Luo Shang and the Jin forces out from the regions of Ba and Shu the following year, establishing his own state of Cheng (later renamed Han in 338). He posthumously honoured his uncle as King Wen of Qin after becoming emperor in c.July 306.[12]
References
^Vol.85 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Li Liu fell ill and then died in the 9th month of the 2nd year of the Tai'an era of the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin. The month corresponds to 28 Sep to 26 Oct 303 in the Julian calendar. His biography in vol.120 of Jin Shu recorded that he was 56 (by East Asian reckoning when he died).
^Vol.85 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Li Te was killed in the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the Tai'an era of the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin. The month corresponds to 5 Mar to 2 Apr 303 in the Julian calendar.
^([永兴元年]冬，十月，雄即成都王位，大赦，改元曰建兴。除晋法，约法七章。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.85. The month corresponds to 14 Nov to 13 Dec 304 in the Julian calendar.
^(元康中，氐齊萬年反，關西擾亂，天水、略陽、扶風、始平諸郡皆被兵，頻歲大饑，流移就穀，相與入漢川者數萬家。) Book of Jin, Volume 120
^(廞恐朝廷討己，遣長史費遠、犍為太守李苾、督護常俊督萬餘人斷北道，次綿竹之石亭。特密收合得七千餘人，夜襲遠軍，遠大潰，因放火燒之，死者十八九。進攻成都。廞聞兵至，驚懼不知所為。李苾、張征等夜斬關走出，文武盡散。廞獨與妻子乘小船走至廣都，為下人硃竺所殺。特至成都，縱兵大掠，害西夷護軍薑發，殺廞長史袁治及廞所置守長，遣其牙門王角、李基詣洛陽陳廞之罪狀。) Book of Jin, Volume 120
^(遂入郫城，流移營據之。三蜀百姓並保險結塢，城邑皆空，流野無所略，士眾饑困。涪陵人范長生率千餘家依青城山，尚參軍涪陵徐轝求為汶山太守，欲要結長生等，與尚掎角討流。尚不許，轝怨之，求使江西，遂降於流，說長生等使資給流軍糧。長生從之，故流軍復振。) Book of Jin, Volume 120
^(九月，流疾篤，謂諸將曰：「驍騎高明仁愛，識量多奇，固足以濟大事，然前軍英武，殆天所相，可共受事於前軍，以為成都王也。」遂薨，年五十六。諸將共立雄為主，雄稱尊，追諡流秦文王，子龍嗣。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 6. Li Liu's posthumous honour was not mentioned in Zizhi Tongjian. In his annotations to vol.86 of Tongjian, Hu Sanxing, citing Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, noted that a number of sources all recorded that Li Xiong crowned himself emperor in the 6th month of the 1st year of the Guang'xi era; the month corresponds to 28 Jun to 26 Jul 306 in the Julian calendar.