Lesbian bar

The Lexington Club (1997–2015), a.k.a. "The Lex", was San Francisco's last remaining lesbian bar
Part of a series on
LGBTQ topics
      
Sexual orientation and gender
History
General
Identities
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
LGBTQ portal

A lesbian bar (sometimes called a "women's bar") is a drinking establishment that caters exclusively or predominantly to lesbian women. While often conflated, the lesbian bar has a history distinct from that of the gay bar.

Significance

Lesbian bars predate feminist spaces such as bookstores[1] and coffeehouses,[2][3][4] and contemporary LGBT services such as community centers and health care centers. While few lesbian-specific bars exist today, lesbian bars have long been sites of refuge, validation, community, and resistance for women whose sexual orientations are considered "deviant" or non-normative.[5] They have been spaces for intergenerational community building, where women had the opportunity to come out without being "outed", which can result in the loss of jobs, family, and social status.[5][6] They could, however, also be sites of intense isolation.[5]

History

While women in the United States have historically been barred from public spaces promoting alcohol consumption, women's saloon presence rose in the 1920s. Prohibition's speakeasies allowed women to drink publicly more freely.[7]

Meanwhile, in Weimar Germany, lesbian bars and night clubs were numerous, especially in Berlin. Entrepreneur Elsa Conrad ran several venues which catered to a lesbian intellectual elite. Her bar Mali und Igel hosted guests such as Marlene Dietrich.[8][9] Lotte Hahm was another lesbian activist of that era who created the popular bar Violetta and other events.[10] In Paris during the 1920s, photographer Brassai brought attention to the underground lesbian bar scene with his photographs of customers at Le Monocle.[11][12] Parisian bars and brasseries for lesbians were numerous in Montmartre as far back as the late 1800s and early 1900s; among them were Le Rat Mort, La Souris and the Hanneton.[13][14]

San Francisco's Mona's 440 Club, opened in 1936, is widely cited as the first lesbian bar in the United States.[15] In the 1950s, bars began to emerge for working-class lesbians, white and black.[5][16] Very characteristic of these (often referred to as "Old Gay"[17]) bars was binary heterosexist models of coupling and an enforcement of a (white) butch/femme or (black) stud/femme binary.[18] Because of a lack of economic capital and segregation, house parties were popular among black lesbians.[19] Lesbians who changed roles were looked down upon and sometimes referred to as "KiKi" or "AC/DC".[20][21] Out of this early organizing of lesbians came the homophile movement and the Daughters of Bilitis.[21]

Lesbian and gay identification and bar culture expanded exponentially with the migration and passing through of people in big cities during and after World War II.[5][16][17][20][22]

In the 1960s, with the rise of the gay liberation movement and an increasing identification with the term and identity "lesbian", women's bars increased in popularity. The 1970s saw the rise of lesbian feminism, and bars became important community activist spaces. Some lesbian bars in the U.S. also supported women's softball teams.[23]

Policing and backlash

Homosexual acts were illegal in the United States until gradual decriminalization from 1962 to 2003, and police raids were a risk at places where lesbianism was considered criminal indecency.[citation needed] Undercover[16] and off-duty police officers[5] have terrorized lesbian bars since their inception. Lesbians could be harassed and detained by the police for publicly gathering in a place where alcohol was being served, dancing with someone of the same gender, or failure to present identification.[5] Some San Francisco bar owners banded together in the Tavern Guild to fight back against this, collecting funds to defend patrons who had been arrested in raids.[21]

Men were often the landlords of lesbian bars, in order to secure liquor licenses and navigate relationships with the police and the Mafia.[24][25] Bar owners often bribed police to warn them just prior to raids, upon which they would turn on the lights in the bar and lesbians would separate.[5]

As a form of protection, some bars covered their windows, did not have identifying signage, or could only be entered through a back door.[5] Some bar owners tried membership-based models, which heightened security but was also exclusionary.[5][18]

Decline

In addition to drinking, lesbian bar culture has also revolved around community building, dancing, and pool playing. This targeted but not lucrative patronage was not always profitable and caused many bars to shut their doors.[5]

These pieces of history are being lost as the "neighborhood lesbian bar" is increasingly unable to make rent payments, and as gentrification contributes to declining patronage. Gay male bars persist as gay men have more economic capital, and the rise of internet dating culture is displacing the cultivation of intergenerational lesbian communities historically created in lesbian bars.[6] Because lesbian women are more likely to be primary caretakers of children than gay men, lesbian neighborhoods take on a different shape than gay neighborhoods, and as a result, lesbian night life decreases.[26]

Along with the increased mainstreaming of LGBTQ culture, use of the term "queer" for self-identification, instead of "lesbian", has grown among many younger members of the lesbian community;[27][28][29] and with the rise in internet dating culture, lesbian-specific bars became less common.[18] By 2023 there were only around two dozen in the country, according to the New York Times.[30] In the United States' largest city, New York City, only three remained.[30]

Some documentaries about the decline include:

  • The Death of Lesbian Bars (focus on Australia).[31]
  • The Last Lesbian Bars (2015) (focus on the United States).[32]
  • Lesbian Bar Project (2022) (focus on the United States).[33]

Evolution

Some lesbian bars have evolved into "queer" bars, welcoming not only lesbians but other members of the LGBTQ+ community.[34][35] In 2021 Henrietta Hudson, which had opened in 1991 as a lesbian bar, evolved into "queer human bar built by lesbians."[36] Mobile, Alabama, bar Herz opened in 2019 as a lesbian bar[37] but by 2022 was welcoming customers with "a range of identities, including lesbian, bisexual, pansexual and more."[34] This rebrand appears to have had little impact on the number of attendees, as Herz closed in 2023.[38] In Paris, the lesbian bar Unity rebranded itself as a more inclusive "queer feminist" bar called La Mutinerie.[39]

Some new bars have opened with this business model. In 2023, bars Ruby Fruit and Honey's at Star Love opened in Los Angeles, California; the new bars describe themselves as a "queer bar" that caters to a more diverse group than the typical lesbian bar, and gay bars.[30][40][41] As You Are Bar opened with this model in Washington DC in 2022, describing themselves as "a lesbian-slash-queer bar."[42] They said that framing themselves this way (as well as many of their business practices, such as a dedication to anti-racist practices and inclusion of activities and beverages that do not contain alcohol) was the result of long conversations with the Washington D.C. queer community.[42] News outlets like Eater reported on both Ruby Fruit and Honey's as lesbian bars[40][41] as did the Georgetown Voice for As You Are Bar[42] and that the clientele and ownership of all bars mentioned in these sections appears to not have shifted too far astray from their original attendees or owners.

The repositioning into queer spaces is, according to the Washington Post, sometimes viewed negatively, "particularly [by] older women who identify as lesbian, [who] bristle at that expansion".[35] According to Tagg Magazine, Henrietta Hudson's rebranding "proved to be controversial" on social media as to some it felt the bar was no longer lesbian-centered.[36] However, this controversy did not appear to prevent patrons in 2021 from filling reservations for their new space that served charcuterie and cocktails.[36] Henrietta Hudson's digital manager stated that, "It's not that we aren't lesbian-centric, we are built by lesbians. It's a more truthful renaming. We are a queer-centric bar, we are welcoming to the entire community. We want to acknowledge our history that we are built by lesbians and have been a lesbian bar, so we're centered in that way."[36]

There continues to be an interest in creating unique spaces that center around women loving women. For example, popups in the 2020s like Dave's Lesbian Bar in Queens, New York have fundraised for "a queer-centric mutual aid hub by day, and lesbian bar by night."[43] According to Autostraddle's Queer Girl City Guide, bookstores, cafes, and roving parties are also popular for lesbians and other queer women all around the world.[44]

List of lesbian bars

Main article: List of lesbian bars

Lesbian bars have become rare in Western culture nations, and there are signs of decline in parts of Asia as well.[45] However, there are some lesbian-friendly and gay-owned bars today that host "lesbian nights" or "queer women" nights.[6] Some current and past lesbian bars include:

Asia

LES BOS (Korean: 레스보스) bar in Seoul.
Hong Kong (China)
  • Virus and L'Paradis are two lesbian bars left in Hong Kong, down from nine in previous years.[45]
Seoul (South Korea)
Shanghai (China)
  • Roxie's, the first lesbian bar in Shanghai, opened in 2014.[49]
Tokyo (Japan)

Australia and New Zealand

Sydney (Australia)

Various nights occur regularly in Sydney catering to LGBTQ women.

  • Unicorns, created by Delsi the Cat, is a semi-regular party, generally with a warehouse vibe. It also occurs at other locations, such as Melbourne.[52]
  • GiRLTHING, described as a 'femme-queer' party, is run by Snatch&Grab monthly, generally at the Imperial Hotel.[53]
  • Birdcage was launched in 2012 and generally occurs weekly. It describes itself as, 'Enmore's Queerest Shin-Dig'.[54]
Melbourne (Australia)
  • Sundaylicious, a monthly Sunday session event held at various different venues across Melbourne.[55]
  • Friyay, a bi-monthly event held on every second and fourth Friday of the month, at Francseca's Bar in Northcote, Melbourne.[56]
  • Mother, a regular club night held at Attik.[57]

Canada

Montreal (Quebec)
  • Baby Face Disco, established in the late 1960s by Denise Cassidy (aka Babyface), was the first lesbian-only bar in Montreal.[58][59] It was followed by Chez Madame Arthur and Chez Jilly.[60]
  • Labyris, Lilith, and L'Exit were popular in the 1980s "Golden Age" of Montreal lesbian bars when a lesbian neighborhood in the Plateau Mont Royal flourished, with bookstores, community organizations and cafes.[60]
  • Tabou, Klytz, G-Spot and Magnolia were among a dozen bars for women that opened in the 1990s, though many of them were short-lived.[60]

By 2019, there were no lesbian bars left in Montreal, though events for queer women continued to be held.[60]

Europe

Barcelona (Spain)
  • Daniel's, opened in late 1975, was one of the first lesbian bars in Spain and one of the first LGBT bars in Barcelona.[61][62] Opened by María del Carmen Tobar, it originally was a bar and billiards room but expanded to have a dance hall. In the early years of the Spanish democratic transition, the police would occasionally raid the bar. Tobar played an active role in making Daniel's the center of lesbian life in Barcelona, sponsoring sports teams and a theater group.[63] The bar later closed, but would be remembered in books and exhibits for its importance in the lesbian history of Spain.[64][62][65]
Berlin (Germany)
  • Violetta, owned by Lotte Hahm, was one of the largest of the many lesbian bars and dance halls that flourished during the Weimar Republic (1918-1930), when a guidebook was published for women that included 14 different lesbian establishments. This bar featured the "calling card ladies ball", "fashion shows for masculine women and transvestites", and lesbian singalongs of "The Lavender Song."[66][67][68][8][69]
Copenhagen (Denmark)
Frankfurt (Germany)
  • La Gata, the only lesbian bar in Frankfurt, opened in 1971. According to owner Erika "Ricky" Wild, it "is the world's oldest surviving lesbian bar."[72]
London (England)
  • Candy Bar in Soho, opened in 1996 and closed in 2014. Men were allowed if gay and accompanied by women.[73]
  • The Gateways Club in Chelsea was one of the longest-surviving lesbian bars in the world. It opened in 1943 and closed in 1985. The bar was the setting for a scene in the 1968 film The Killing of Sister George, with real clientele dancing alongside its lead actresses.[74][75]
Paris (France)
  • Chez Moune, a lesbian cabaret opened by Monique Carton in Place Pigalle in 1936, has been described as the first lesbian cabaret with dancing in Europe. It converted to a mixed music club in the 21st century.[77][78][79][80]
  • New Moon, also in Place Pigalle, began in the late 1800s and had been a jazz club and Impressionist hangout as well as a lesbian cabaret before it converted to a mixed music club in the 21st century.[81][82][83]

Other Parisian lesbian bars include La Mutinerie, Le Bar'Ouf, Le 3W Kafé, Ici Bar de Filles, and So What.[85]

Mexico, Central, and South America

Mexico City (Mexico)
  • Babiana Club Less is a lesbian nightclub that opened in the Zona Rosa neighborhood in 2013.[86][87]
Buenos Aires (Argentina)
  • Bach Bar, the oldest gay bar in Buenos Aires, started as a lesbian bar and still draws a lesbian crowd.[88]

Middle East

Beirut (Lebanon)
  • Coup d'Etat, opened in 2006 during a ceasefire in Lebanon, claimed to be the Middle East's first openly lesbian bar. It did not attract enough business from either local gay women or tourists, and closed in 2007. By 2018, it had opened again.[89][90]
Istanbul (Turkey)
  • Bigudi was the first lesbian bar to open in Istanbul, and now attracts gay men as well.[91]
Tel Aviv (Israel)
  • Amazona, located at Lilienblum St 23, was the only lesbian bar operating in Tel Aviv. It closed in 2020.[92][93][94]

South Africa

  • Beaulah in Cape Town was originally a lesbian bar until it became mixed.[95]

United States

According to a June 2021 article on PBS NewsHour, there were more than 200 lesbian bars across the United States in the late 1980s and that number has dropped to 21 due to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of dating apps, gentrification, and assimilation of queer people.[96]

Asbury Park, New Jersey
  • The Bond Street Bar operated in the 1970s and 1980s.[97]
  • Chez-Elle (also known as the Chez-L Lounge)[98][99] was founded in 1965 at 429 Cookman Avenue by former nun Margaret Hogan.[97][100][101] The bar "was part of a landmark court case in the 1960s...."[102]
  • The Key West Hotel was a lesbian resort with four bars, a restaurant, and pool.[103] It opened in 1981 and closed in 1990.[104][105][106]
  • The Owl and Pussycat, established in 1979 at 162 Main Street, was relocated to the Key West Hotel.[106]

In the late 1930s, 208 Bond Street was the location of a women's bar.[107] In the 1970s, the third floor of the M&K nightclub, a gay disco on Cookman Avenue, was for lesbians.[108][109]

Atlanta, Georgia
Chicago, Illinois
  • Dorothy, located in the Ukrainian Village neighborhood, opened in February 2020 but was forced to close temporarily for two years due to COVID restrictions, and reopened in July 2022. It describes itself as "a neighborhood lesbian cocktail lounge for every friend of Dorothy".[113][114]
Columbus, Ohio
  • Slammers, founded in 1993, is the only remaining Lesbian bar in Ohio.[115]
Dallas, Texas
Houston, Texas
Los Angeles, California
  • Honey's at Star Love, a live music venue and bar founded by Mo Faulk, Kate Greenberg, and Charlotte Gordon, opened in East Hollywood in February 2023.[120][121][41]
  • The Ruby Fruit, a wine bar and restaurant founded by Mara Herbkersman and Emily Bielagus, opened in the Silver Lake neighborhood in February 2023. Its self-description states that it also caters to "non-binary, gender-nonconforming and trans people".[122][120][121][123]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
  • Walker's Pint, which opened in 2001, is the only surviving lesbian bar in Milwaukee.[124][125]
New York City, New York

New York city comprises five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island.

  • Bum Bum Bar in Queens opened in the early 1990s and closed in 2018.[126][127]
  • Cubbyhole in Manhattan opened in 1994 and is a predominantly lesbian bar.[128][129]
  • Eve's Hangout, also known as Eve Adams's Tearoom, was one of the first lesbian restaurant/bars in the United States. It was opened in 1925 by Eva Kotchever and located at 129 MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. The venue displayed a sign greeting visitors that read: "Men are admitted but not welcome." Eve's Hangout closed in 1926 after Kotchever was arrested and deported for obscenity. Following her deportation she was sent to the concentration camp at Auschwitz where she was killed in 1943.[130][131][132]
  • Ginger's Bar (aka "The G-Spot") in Brooklyn opened in 2000.[133][134]
  • Henrietta Hudson in Manhattan opened in 1991 and was formerly the longest-running lesbian bar in the New York City area.[135][129] In 2021 it was rebranded as a "queer human space built by Lesbians [sic]."[136][137]
  • Page 3, at Charles Street and Seventh Avenue in Greenwich Village, was lesbian-run and open from the mid-1950s until mid-1960s.[138]
Oregon
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • Sisters was a lesbian bar that closed after 17 years of operation in 2013.[139][140]
  • Toasted Walnut Bar & Kitchen opened its doors in 2015 and closed in 2021. The bar was opened to cater to those who felt a void after the loss of Sisters bar. Although Toasted Walnut focused primarily on gay women, the establishment was not explicitly a lesbian bar.[141][142][143]
Richmond, Virginia
San Francisco and the San Francisco Bay Area, California
Amelia's (1978–1991), San Francisco

Many lesbian bars in the 1940s and 1950s were in North Beach[25] and included Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place, Anxious Asp, Artist's Club, Beaded Bag, The Beige Room, Blanco's, Chi-Chi Club, Copper Lantern, Front, Miss Smith's Tea Room, Tin Angel, Tommy 299, Our Club, and Paper Doll.[25][22] The police raid of Kelly's Alamo Club in 1956[170][171][172] and the arrest of 36 women on charges of "frequenting a house of ill repute" led the Daughters of Bilitis to publish a guide, "What To Do In Case of Arrest."[173]

In the East Bay, Mary's First and Last Chance Bar, in Oakland, was closed in 1958 for "catering to lesbians", but the bar challenged the ruling and won.[174][175] In the 1970s and 1980s, other lesbian bars in the East Bay included Jubilee, Driftwood, Bachanal, and Ollie's.[176]

Seattle, Washington
  • The Grand Union, entered through an unmarked door under an overpass, and Sappho's Tavern were lesbian bars of the 1950s.[177]
  • The Silver Slipper was a popular lesbian bar of the 1970s, when women's spaces proliferated.[178] In an oral history, a former customer spoke of the importance of being personally introduced and wearing the unofficial "jeans and flannel shirt" dress code inside the bar.[177]
  • The Wildrose was started in the early 1980s by a lesbian collective, and is the longest running lesbian bar on the West Coast.[179][129]
Washington, D.C.
  • A League of Her Own occupies the basement floor of gay bar Pitchers and is frequented by lesbians, despite resisting the "lesbian bar" label.[180]
  • Phase 1 was the oldest (45 years) continually operating lesbian bar in the United States until its closure in February 2016.[181]
  • XX+ opened as a lesbian bar in 2018, but closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[182]
West Hollywood, California
  • The Palms was founded in the 1960s, when the area now known as the City of West Hollywood was a Los Angeles neighborhood. It closed in 2013.[183][184]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Feminist Bookstores". Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC). 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  2. ^ Richardson, Diane; Seidman, Steven, eds. (2002). Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies (1st ed.). London, England: SAGE Publications. p. 107. ISBN 0-76196511-4. LCCN 2002727096.
  3. ^ "Women's Coffeehouse". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Fund for the City of New York. 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  4. ^ Mitchell, Schuyler (June 30, 2020). "How Did L.A. Become a City Without Lesbian Bars?". Los Angeles. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ingram, Gordon Brent; Bouthillette, Anne-Marie; Retter, Yolanda, eds. (1997). "Invisible Women in Invisible Spaces: The Production of Social Space in Lesbian Bars by Maxine Wolfe". Queers in Space: Communities, Public Places, Sites of Resistance. Seattle, WA: Bay Press. pp. 301–323. ISBN 978-0941920445.
  6. ^ a b c d Samson, JD (27 August 2015). "The Last Lesbian Bars". Vice. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  7. ^ Burns, Ken; Novick, Lynn (2011). "Women at a speakeasy bar (Culver Pictures)". PBS. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  8. ^ a b Kraß, Andreas; Sluhovsky, Moshe; Yonay, Yuval, eds. (2021). Queer Jewish Lives Between Central Europe and Mandatory Palestine: Biographies and Geographies. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3839453322.
  9. ^ Eschebach, Insa, ed. (2012). "Elsa Conrad – Margarete Rosenberg – Mary Pünjer – Henny Schermann: Vier Porträts, by Claudia Schoppmann". Homophobie und Devianz. Weibliche und männliche Homosexualität im Nationalsozialismus (PDF) (in German). Berlin, Germany: Metropol Verlag. pp. 97–111. ISBN 978-3863310660.
  10. ^ Boxhammer, Ingeborg; Leidinger, Christiane (July 2021). "Lotte (Charlotte) Hahm (1890-1967)". Lesbengeschichte. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Ross, Stew (June 24, 2017). "A Pre-War Lesbian Nightclub". Stew Ross Discovers. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Fat Claude and her Girlfriend at Le Monocle". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  13. ^ Albert, Nicole G. (2006). "De la topographie Invisible a la espace publique et littéraire: les lieux de plaisir lesbien dans le Paris de la Belle Epoque". Revue d'Historie Moderne et Contemporaine. 53–4 (4): 87–205. doi:10.3917/rhmc.534.0087. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  14. ^ Caulcutt, Clea (January 13, 2011). "Lifting the veil on Paris's lesbian cafe society". rfi. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  15. ^ "Mona's 440 Club". Lost Womyn's Space. March 21, 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  16. ^ a b c Miller, Neil (2006). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. New York, New York: Alyson Books. pp. 1–100. ISBN 1-55583-870-7.
  17. ^ a b Boyd, Nan Alamilla (2003). Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965. California: University of California Press. pp. 68–158. ISBN 0-520-20415-8.
  18. ^ a b c Morris, Bonnie J. (2016). The Disappearing L: Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-1438461779. Because the bar's clientele seemed to reproduce a heterosexist model of coupling, disinterested in analyzing their own oppression and just out for a good time, the Gateways was subject to a political 'Zap' action in 1970-70.
  19. ^ Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky; Davis, Madeline D. (1993). Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. New York: Routledge. pp. 113–123. ISBN 0-415-90293-2.
  20. ^ a b Newton, Esther (2008). "Lesbians in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1999". OutHistory. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Wolf, Deborah Goleman (1979). The Lesbian Community. California: University of California Press. pp. 7–44. ISBN 0-520-03657-3.
  22. ^ a b Shaw, Randy (2015). The Tenderloin: Sex, Crime, and Resistance in the Heart of San Francisco. San Francisco, CA: Urban Reality Press. pp. 1–100. ISBN 9780692327234.
  23. ^ Myers, JoAnne (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0810872264.
  24. ^ Stein, Arlene, ed. (1993). Sisters, Sexperts, Queers: Beyond the Lesbian Nation. New York, NY: Plume. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0452268876.
  25. ^ a b c Boyd, Dick (2010). "Before the Castro: North Beach, a Gay Mecca". Foundsf.com. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  26. ^ Adler, Sy; Brenner, Johanna (March 1992). "Gender and Space: Lesbians and Gay Men in the City". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 16 (1): 24–34. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00463.x. ISSN 0309-1317.
  27. ^ Miriam (June 16, 2010). "What's the Difference Between Lesbian and Queer". Feministing. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  28. ^ Obinwanneon, Ashley (April 26, 2018). "Why I'm a Lesbian (Not Queer)". AfterEllen. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  29. ^ Marloff, Sarah (January 21, 2021). "The Rise and Fall of America's Lesbian Bars". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  30. ^ a b c Rao, Tejal (April 1, 2023). "The Lesbian Bar Isn't Dead. It's Pouring Orange Wine in Los Angeles". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  31. ^ "The Death of Lesbian Bars". SBS On Demand. 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  32. ^ Bendix, Trish (August 18, 2015). "Broadly goes to "The Last Lesbian Bars"". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  33. ^ The Lesbian Bar Project (Documentary), Mast-Jägermeister, Roku, The Katz Company, retrieved 2022-12-02
  34. ^ a b Hauck, Grace; Fernando, Christine (June 29, 2022). "Where are the lesbian bars? Owners say they haven't died out – they're evolving into queer spaces". USA Today. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  35. ^ a b Parks, Casey (10 December 2021). "The number of gay bars has dwindled. A new generation plans to bring them back". Washington Post. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d McDonnell, Kelly (May 25, 2021). "Queer Bar Henrietta Hudson Reopens With New Look and Some Pushback". Tagg Magazine. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  37. ^ DeMasi, Liana (August 20, 2021). "Meet The Owners of Herz, a Lesbian-Owned Bar in Alabama". Autostraddle. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  38. ^ Specker, Lawrence (2023-04-05). "Mobile's Herz, one of nation's last lesbian bars, has closed". al. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  39. ^ Arana, Lourdes. "La Mutinerie". W&L Paris. Washington and Lee University. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  40. ^ a b Holmes, Mona (February 23, 2023). "Silver Lake's New Ruby Fruit Is LA's First Lesbian-Owned Queer Bar in Years". Eater. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  41. ^ a b c Holmes, Mona (February 24, 2023). "A New Lesbian Lounge Brings More Color to East Hollywood". Eater. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  42. ^ a b c Webster, Abby (August 14, 2022). "Lesbian bars are adapting to survive. In D.C., As You Are Bar is leading that charge". The Georgetown Voice. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  43. ^ Hoeffner, Melissa Kravitz (14 July 2021). "Dave's Lesbian Bar is opening a pop-up in Astoria". Time Out New York. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  44. ^ Guides, Queer Girl City (2017-05-09). "We're Looking for More Queer Girl City Guides and to Update Our Current Ones!". Autostraddle. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
  45. ^ a b Mok, Maisy (January 19, 2020). "Hong Kong's lesbian bars are vanishing, but for LGBT people it's actually a good sign in the traditionally conservative city". South China Morning Post. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  46. ^ 김수진 (June 4, 2003). "Spread Of Homosexual Cafes And Bars On The Rise In Modern Korean Society". Ewha Voice. Ewha Womans University. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  47. ^ "Out of the Closet and Glad of It". Korea JoongAng Daily. January 5, 2003. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  48. ^ Kim, Sarah (April 24, 2020). "Lesbian Clubs in Hongdae". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  49. ^ "Meet the Queer Women Organizers of Shanghai's LGBT Community". Nuvoices. NuStories Magazine. 17 March 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  50. ^ "Lesbian Bar Hopping in Japan". Modern Family Travels. 5 January 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
  51. ^ "5 Shinjuku Ni-Chrome Night Spots LGBT Women Will Love". Gaijin Pot Travel. 30 January 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  52. ^ "Hello". Unicorns. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  53. ^ "GiRLTHING". Facebook. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  54. ^ "Birdcage". Facebook. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  55. ^ "Sundaylicious". Facebook. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  56. ^ "Friyay@Francesca's". Friyayparty.com/. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  57. ^ "Mother". Attik. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  58. ^ Chamberland, Line (February 1993). "Remembering Lesian Bars:: Montreal, 1955-1975". Journal of Homosexuality. 25 (3): 231–69. doi:10.1300/J082v25n03_02. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 8301088.
  59. ^ Burnett, Richard (July 20, 2022). "Historic Montréal LGBTQ+ milestones". Tourisme Montréal. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  60. ^ a b c d Kirwin, Meara Bernadette (February 26, 2018). "All Lez'd Up and Nowhere To Go". The McGill Daily. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  61. ^ Pérez, Beatriz (26 December 2018). "Las lesbianas: tan invisibles, que se libraron de la ley de peligrosidad social". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved April 22, 2019.
  62. ^ a b Cia, Blanca (20 February 2019). "Pioneras y emprendedoras de la reivindicación de género". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  63. ^ "Desconocidas y Fascinantes: 'Poema de Daniela por Lola Majoral'". InOutRadio (in Spanish). 20 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  64. ^ Gimferrer, Pere Solà (26 June 2017). "Cuarenta años de Orgullo Gay: lo que ha cambiado y lo que no desde 1977". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  65. ^ Serrano, Marta (24 January 2013). "María Rosón: "El pasado afecta al presente como si de un fantasma se tratase"". MíraLES (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  66. ^ "The lost lesbian bars of Weimar Berlin". Lost Womyn's Space. June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
  67. ^ "Berlins Lesbische Frauen". Cabaret Berlin. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  68. ^ Espinaco-Virseda, Angeles (2004). ""I feel that I belong to you": Subculture, Die Freundin and Lesbian Identities in Weimar Germany". Spaces of Identity. 4 (1): 86. doi:10.25071/1496-6778.8015. S2CID 142943624.
  69. ^ Koblitz, Katja. "Schöneberg was so Lesbian in the Weimar Republic!". Place2Be.Berlin. Siegessäule. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  70. ^ "Vela Club". Travel Gay. 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  71. ^ "Vela Gay Club". 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  72. ^ Rosendorff, Kathrin (4 September 2021). "La Gata: Die einzige Lesbenbar in Frankfurt feiert 50. Geburtstag" [La Gata: The only lesbian bar in Frankfurt celebrates 50th birthday]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  73. ^ Gervat, Claire; Gavin, Francesca (2006). Night + Day London. Pulse Guides. p. 112. ISBN 978-0976601371.
  74. ^ Gardiner, Jill (2002). From the Closet to the Screen: Women at the Gateways Club 1945-85 (1st ed.). London, United Kingdom: Pandora Press. ISBN 978-0863584282. OCLC 59463101.
  75. ^ Lytton, Charlotte (July 1, 2022). "Secrets of the Gateways, the Most Famous Lesbian Club in the World". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  76. ^ Van Dyke, Isobel (March 14, 2023). "The Intimate London Exhibition Paying Homage to a Legendary Lesbian Nightclub". Evening Standard. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  77. ^ "A lire: Chez Moune, chic lesbien et lutte des classes" [To read: Chez Moune, lesbian chic and class struggle]. Barbieturix. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  78. ^ "L'adresse lesbienne mythique de Pigalle". Paris ZigZag. 25 May 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  79. ^ Dasinières, Laure (5 March 2022). "Chez Moune, l'âme lesbienne de Pigalle". 360. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  80. ^ "Chez Moune". Visit Paris Region. Comité Régional du Tourisme Paris Ile-de-France. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  81. ^ "New Moon : comment un cabaret de Pigalle est devenu le QG du rock alternatif" [New Moon: how a Pigalle cabaret became the headquarters of alternative rock]. Télérama. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  82. ^ Dufresne, David (2017). New Moon: Café de nuit joyeux (in French). Paris, France: Seuil. p. 368. ISBN 978-2021362954.
  83. ^ Dufresne, David (1 January 2018). "David Dufresne : "En 120 ans, le «New Moon» a eu énormément de vies : QG des impressionnistes, club de jazz, cabaret lesbien…"" (in French). Radio France. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  84. ^ Sarratia, Géraldine (17 July 2011). "Les clubs mythiques (3/7) : le Pulp, une nouvelle identité lesbienne" [Mythical clubs (3/7): the Pulp, a new lesbian identity]. Les Inrockuptibles. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  85. ^ Pereira, Elsa (9 August 2019). "Pourquoi y a-t-il si peu de bars lesbiens à Paris ?" [Why are there so few lesbian bars in Paris?]. Les Inrockuptibles. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  86. ^ Aldaco, Verónica Chávez (12 February 2015). "Top 5: Antros y bares gay en el DF" [Top 5: Gay clubs and bars in Mexico City]. Chilango.
  87. ^ Silva, Juliana (7 March 2019). "Los 4 lugares en la Ciudad de México para lesbianas, aliad@s y afines" [The 4 places in Mexico City for lesbians, allies and related]. Local.mx.
  88. ^ Mills, Nicholas (2017). Moon Buenos Aires (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: Avalon Travel. p. 134. ISBN 978-1631212864.
  89. ^ Zoepf, Katharine (August 17, 2007). "What happened to Gay Beirut?". The Observer. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  90. ^ Murphy, Tim (August 16, 2018). "Being LGBTQ in Beirut". AirBnBMagazine. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  91. ^ Griot, Paz (21 January 2017). "15 LGBT Friendly Spaces in Istanbul". Yabangee. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  92. ^ "Amazona Bar". Time Out. November 3, 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  93. ^ "Best Gay Bars in Tel Aviv". Tourist Israel. June 5, 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  94. ^ "Gay Tel Aviv, Israel". Queer In The World. February 16, 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  95. ^ "Beaulah". GayOut. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  96. ^ Hastings, Dorothy; Barajas, Joshua; Jones, Chloe (2021-06-10). "21 lesbian bars remain in America. Owners share why they must be protected". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  97. ^ a b McDonald, Mark (October 13, 2013). "Asbury Park: A Gay History". Gay Asbury Guide.
  98. ^ "Bulletin 1721" (PDF). Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control. State of New Jersey. March 27, 1967. p. 2.
  99. ^ Husted, H. (June 2, 2021). "New Jersey LGBT Bars 1930s-1960s in ABC Bulletins". New Jersey State Library. Archived from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  100. ^ Pike, Helen-Chantal (2005). "4: The Entertainment Circuits". Asbury Park's Glory Days: The Story of an American Resort (1st ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0813535476.
  101. ^ Gladden, Michelle (September 12, 2017). "Asbury Angels To Honor Iconic Music Scene Contributors". Asbury Park Sun.
  102. ^ "A 'Monumental' Campaign to Preserve & Protect" (PDF). Asbury Park Historical Society. Fall 2017.
  103. ^ [Slideshow|https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=n2NeFK0AhYc]
  104. ^ Post, Patricia A. (June 2011). "Jersey Girls". carolandmickey.com. (originally published in Curve magazine)
  105. ^ Staff (June 6, 2016). "A Reunion Of The Heart, Asbury Park Style". Curve.
  106. ^ a b Maffucci, Phyllis (April 5, 2017). "The Rainbow Room". Asbury Insider.
  107. ^ Biese, Alex (September 24, 2017). "How the LGBT community saved Asbury Park". Asbury Park Press.
  108. ^ Walter, Kate (June 17, 2008). "Back to my roots: Queer Asbury Park, then and now". amNY.
  109. ^ Cook, Michael (June 1, 2020). "We're Coming Out-The LGBT Community Of Asbury Park N.J. Prepares For A Pride Season Reopening". Instinct.
  110. ^ "My Sister's Room". mysistersroom.com. 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  111. ^ "Phase One". ellgeeBE. 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  112. ^ "Phase One (Closed Permanently)". GayCities. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  113. ^ "About". Dorothy. 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
  114. ^ Myers, Quinn (July 22, 2022). "Lesbian Cocktail Bar Dorothy Re-Opens This Weekend Under Split-Rail In Ukrainian Village". Block Club Chicago. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  115. ^ Thompson, Erica (April 12, 2021). "Slammers, one of 15 lesbian bars left in U.S., weathers pandemic, cultural shifts in Columbus". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  116. ^ Khuu, Lily (May 24, 2019). "Sue Ellen's: One of the last lesbian bars standing". AfterEllen. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  117. ^ Freedman, Pete (March 27, 2008). "Sue Ellen's Is Closing...So It Can Move". Dallas Observer.
  118. ^ "Chances Bar Tribute Site". chancesbar.com. 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  119. ^ Dellinger, Hannah (September 15, 2020). "Pearl Bar gets preservation grant during pandemic". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  120. ^ a b Smith, Rowan Ashley (June 21, 2023). "LA's New Lesbian Bars For All". GO. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  121. ^ a b Vargas, Alani (April 23, 2024). "'Lesbian Bars Near Me': Where the 32 Remaining Lesbian Bars Are in America". Parade. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  122. ^ "The Ruby Fruit". The Ruby Fruit. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  123. ^ "The Ruby Fruit". Goop. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  124. ^ "Walker's Pint". Walker's Pint. 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  125. ^ Horne, Michael (May 11, 2018). "Walker's Pint Is City's Oldest Lesbian Bar". Urban Milwaukee. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  126. ^ Swan, Shea Carmen (March 15, 2016). "Bum Bum Bar ReBorn". GO. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  127. ^ Sackman, Meghan (March 1, 2019). "Bum Bum Bar, Roosevelt Avenue Lesbian Bar, Closes After More Than 2 Decades". Jackson Heights Post. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  128. ^ "Cubbyhole". cubbyholebar.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  129. ^ a b c Kravitz, Melissa (March 22, 2018). "The World's 9 Best Lesbian Bars". Fodor's Travel. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  130. ^ Wallace, Kreg (May 28, 2011). "Eve's Hangout". Lost Womyn's Space. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  131. ^ "Eve Adams' Tearoom". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  132. ^ Gattuso, Reina (September 3, 2019). "The Founder of America's Earliest Lesbian Bar Was Deported for Obscenity". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  133. ^ "Ginger's". New York. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  134. ^ Chee, Alexander (November 2, 2018). "Everything Felt Cursed After Carrie Nation Closed". PUNCH. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  135. ^ "Henrietta Hudson". henriettahudson.com. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  136. ^ "About Us: History". Henrietta Hudson. 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  137. ^ Bellamy-Walker, Tat (April 29, 2021). "Henrietta Hudson Is Returning With a New Look". Gay City News. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  138. ^ Ryan, Hugh (July 4, 2015). "Back in the Day, Lesbian Drag Kings Worked for the Mafia". Vice. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  139. ^ Webb, Molly (August 13, 2013). "Philly Loses Another Nightlife Staple as Sisters Shuts its Doors". Curbed Philadelphia. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  140. ^ Eichel, Molly (August 12, 2013). "Sisters Nightclub closes". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  141. ^ Baker, Brandon (August 12, 2015). "Former Sisters Nightclub manager to open Toasted Walnut Bar & Kitchen on Walnut Street". PhillyVoice. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  142. ^ Andrews-Spicer, Taylor (March 30, 2017). "LGBTQ: Toasted Walnut Brings the 'L' Back to LGBTQ". Philadelphia Neighborhoods. Klein College of Media and Communication. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  143. ^ Winberg, Michaela (February 18, 2021). "Philly's only lesbian bar is shutting down, adding to a somber nationwide trend". Billy Penn. WHYY. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  144. ^ Frank, Annalise (July 7, 2023). "Lesbian bars are disappearing, but Babe's of Carytown is going strong". Axios.
  145. ^ Lesbian Herstory Archives Newsletter, Vol. 5-7. 1979. p. 16.
  146. ^ "A Little More, a Lesbian bar, on the northwest corner of Potrero Avenue and 15th Street - 1982". Max Kirkeberg Collection. San Francisco State University. July 8, 1982.
  147. ^ Graves, Donna J.; Watson, Shayne E. (October 2015). "Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco" (PDF). City and County of San Francisco. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  148. ^ Jones, Cleve (2016). When We Rise: My Life in the Movement. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0316315418. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  149. ^ Morse, Rob (November 12, 1991). "As San Francisco goes, so what?" San Francisco Examiner. pg. 3. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  150. ^ a b Lipsky, Bill (February 13, 2020). "Rikki Streicher: Champion of Individual Freedoms and LGBT Rights". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  151. ^ a b Goldthorpe, Jeff (1981). "Valencia Street, circa 1981, Bohemian Roots of Gentrification". FoundSF. Shaping San Francisco. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  152. ^ "The Baybrick Inn, Nine Flyers (1985-7)". Camp Books. 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  153. ^ Cockrell, Cathy (October 2, 1987). "Baybrick Era Ends" (PDF). San Francisco Sentinel. p. 1. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  154. ^ Bieschke, Marke (October 23, 2014). "Why SF's iconic dyke bar, the Lexington Club, is closing". 48 Hills. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  155. ^ "Last Call at Maud's (documentary)". Last Call at Maud's. 1994. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  156. ^ Block, Jenny (November 9, 2018). "'Last Call At Maud's' – The Documentary That Preserved the Last Drop of Our Lesbian History". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  157. ^ Smith, James R. (2005). San Francisco's Lost Landmarks (1st ed.). Sanger, California: Word Dancer Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 1-884995-44-6.
  158. ^ Springate, Megan E., ed. (2016). LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Foundation. pp. 16-5–16-7.
  159. ^ Bajko, Matthew S. (February 1, 2018). "North Beach CBD to unveil LGBT historic plaques". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  160. ^ "LGBTQ Histories From the WWII Home Front: Gathering Spots in San Francisco". National Park Service. May 2, 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  161. ^ Zigoris, Julie (June 4, 2023). "The Little-Known Queer History of San Francisco's North Beach Neighborhood: Mona Sargeant". The San Francisco Standard. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  162. ^ "Peg's Place". Lost Womyn's Space. August 9, 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  163. ^ Palmieri, Brooke (August 30, 2019). "Homophobia/Resistance at Peg's Place". Camp Books. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  164. ^ "Obituary for Charlene Scott". San Francisco Examiner. December 27, 1988. p. 10. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  165. ^ "Scott's Pit". Lost Womyn's Space. April 30, 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  166. ^ Bowling, Mary Jo (October 17, 2012). "The Gayest Buildings in America most important to LGBT History". California Home + Design. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  167. ^ "Wild Side West". Wildsidewest.com. 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  168. ^ "Taking a walk in SF's Wild Side West bar". San Francisco Examiner. April 20, 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  169. ^ Jaffie, Karin (August 24, 2017). "The History and the Mystery of San Francisco's Wild Side West". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  170. ^ https://commissions.sfplanning.org/hpcpackets/2014.0266U.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  171. ^ https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_San%20Francisco_Glide%20Memorial%20Church_DRAFT.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  172. ^ Faderman, Lillian (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0231074889.
  173. ^ "Bar Raid in San Francisco". Outhistory.org. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  174. ^ Flanagan, Michael (March 15, 2015). "Barchive: Once Upon a Time in Oaktown". Bay Area Reporter.
  175. ^ "Court's Sex Edict Fought". San Francisco Examiner. January 12, 1960. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  176. ^ Hoke, Barbara. "Lesbian Bars in the San Francisco East Bay". Soul Studio Arts. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  177. ^ a b "Queen City Comes Out: Exploring Seattle's Lesbian and Gay History (Women's Bars-Oral Histories)". Out History It's About Time!. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  178. ^ "Queen City Comes Out: Exploring Seattle's Lesbian and Gay History (1970s)". Outhistory.org. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  179. ^ Brownstone, Sydney (June 21, 2017). "My First Time at the Wildrose". The Stranger. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  180. ^ Riley, John (23 August 2018). "A League Of Her Own's Jo McDaniel on DC's Newest Queer-Friendly Bar". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  181. ^ Chibbaro Jr., Lou (April 6, 2017). "Sale of Phase 1 ends 45-year run of lesbian bar". Washington Blade. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  182. ^ Bell, Eboné (20 July 2018). "XX+ Provides Another Space for D.C.'s LGBTQ Wome". Tagg Magazine. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  183. ^ Branson-Potts, Hailey (June 4, 2013). "Last call at WeHo's last lesbian bar". Los Angeles Times.
  184. ^ "The Palms Is Closing, Leaving West Hollywood Without A Single Lesbian Bar". HuffPost. June 5, 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2020.

Further reading

News, magazine, website
Academia
Books