The Left Ginza (Classical Mandaic: ࡂࡉࡍࡆࡀ ࡎࡌࡀࡋࡀ, romanized: Ginza Smala[1]) is one of the two parts of the Ginza Rabba, the longest and the most important holy scripture of Mandaeism. The other part of the Ginza Rabba is the Right Ginza.[2]
As of 2024, a critical edition that includes an annotated translation of the Left Ginza is being prepared by Bogdan Burtea and Christoph Markschies [de].[3][4]
Summaries of each book (or tractate), based mostly on Häberl (2007), are provided below.[5] Translated excerpts are from Gelbert (2011), which is mostly based on Lidzbarski (1925),[6] while Mandaic transliterations are derived from Gelbert (2011, 2021[7]).
Opening lines of each chapter are provided below, since Mandaeans often refer to Mandaic prayers and hymns by their opening lines.
Book 1 is a four-part prose text on the salvation process, beginning with the ascension to heaven of Seth, in advance of his father Adam (compare Sethian Gnosticism).
Book 2, poetic, comprises 28 hymns.
All of the hymns in Book 2 of the Left Ginza, in which the mana laments that it has been cast into the physical world, begin with the following refrain:[2]
I am a mana of the Great Life (mana ana ḏ-hiia rbia) I am a mana of the Mighty Life (mana ana ḏ-hiia rurbia) I am a mana of the Great Life (mana ana ḏ-hiia rbia)
I am a mana of the Great Life (mana ana ḏ-hiia rbia)
Since Mandaean priestly commentary texts often refer to hymns and prayers by their opening lines, the opening lines of each of the 28 hymns in the book are provided below. The English translations below are from Gelbert (2011), while the Mandaic transliterations are derived from Gelbert (2011, 2021[7]). Many of the opening lines are repeated but with the individual words ordered differently; in such cases, both versions are provided and are separated by semicolons.
Book 3, poetic, comprises 62 hymns, several of which are identical to or based on prayers in the Qulasta. Poems in Book 3 poetically describe the masiqta (ascension) of the soul to World of Light. They typically describe the soul (nišimta) being taken out of the ʿuṣṭuna, or "bodily trunk," and being guided by uthras through the matartas and past Ruha and the Seven Planets, as well as being taken up by the right hand into the World of Light and clothed in radiant garments of light.
The masiqta hymns in Book 3, many of which have close parallels in the Qulasta and Manichaean Psalms of Thomas (e.g., hymns 2-5, 7, 10, 15, 19-20, 22, 27, 41, and 43), are among the oldest Mandaic texts.[8]: 197 Van Bladel (2017) suggests that these hymns may have a common Elchasaite source.[9]
Since Mandaean priestly commentary texts often refer to hymns and prayers by their the opening lines, the opening lines of each of the 62 hymns in the book are provided below. The English translations below are from Gelbert (2011), while the Mandaic transliterations are derived from Gelbert (2011, 2021[7]).
Hymns 17 and 58 contain the following refrain:
Hymns 18, 37, and 45 all contain variations of the opening line, "As a child, my lifespan ended" (ianuq šilman kʿlai).
Hymn 62 contains the refrain, "Come, fall into the vessel (mana)" (atun l-mana pil; atun pil l-mana).
Book 3 of the Left Ginza is followed by a colophon. There is only one colophon in the Left Ginza, whereas the Right Ginza has six colophons.[11]
Shlama beth Qidra is the earliest Mandaean scribe named in the Left Ginza's colophon. Zazai of Gawazta (fl. 270 AD) is not mentioned in the Left Ginza's colophon, although he is an important figure mentioned in the Right Ginza's colophons.[8]: 4
Several of the prayers in Drower's 1959 Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans (CP),[12] mostly ʿniania ("responses") and masiqta prayers, correspond to hymns in Book 3 of the Left Ginza (GL 3):[11][2]
Several of the Left Ginza hymns correspond to some of the Psalms of Thomas.[10]
Below is a comparison of Psalm of Thomas 6 and Left Ginza 3.43 (= Qulasta prayer 66).
I was clothed, as I stood, in a robe without spot, a robe without spot, wherein there was no waning or diminution ever. The living ones passed my cry ... my care, I arose; they grasped ... me to that which ... gave to me; the light no longer ... they said to me, "Thou ... the light" ... full of light; when the light therefore goes to its place the darkness shall fall and not rise again henceforth.
I came to my end and am sleeping in a garment, which is without a defect, in a garment in which the defects are none; no blemish nor deficiency is in it. The Life knew about me; Adam, who was sleeping, awoke. He grasped me by the palm of my right (hand) and did [not] put a palm branch (baiin) in my hand.[a] He cast light into the darkness and the darkness was filled with light. On the day when the light ascends on high, the darkness will turn back to its place.
Theodore bar Konai, c. 792 in the Book of the Scholion (Syriac: Kṯāḇā d-ʾeskoliyon), quotes the following passage as part of the teachings of the Kentaeans. The passage has close parallels with much of Left Ginza 3.11.[9]: 125
I am hastening and going to the souls. When they saw me, they assembled before me. They greeted me a thousand times and wailed and said to me, ‘O Son of Light, go and say to our Father, "When will those in bonds be set free? When will relief come to the pained who are in pain? When will relief come to the souls who bear difficulty in Tibil?"’ I spoke and said to them, ‘When the Euphrates goes dry at its mouth, and the Tigris dries from its stream, and all the rivers dry up, and all the stream-beds are leveled, then relief will come to the souls.’
I recite hymns and go along to all the souls. When they caught sight of me, they assembled themselves and came out towards me. They assembled themselves and came out towards me, and they all greeted me. They speak: "Son of the Good One! Speak to thy Father: when will the captives be redeemed When will the captives be redeemed and will those who are anxious be relieved?" "Before I speak to my father, I will say it to you: ... until the Euphrates dries up at its mouth and the Tigris changes its course, until all the seas dry up and all the rivers, brooks and springs have overflowed There will be relief for the souls who live here in the house of trial (purgatory)."
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