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Lathraea
	Common toothwort (Lathraea squamaria)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Orobanchaceae
Tribe:	Rhinantheae
Genus:	Lathraea; L.
Species
	Lathraea clandestina; Lathraea japonica; Lathraea purpurea; Lathraea rhodopea; Lathraea squamaria

Lathraea (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in the family Orobanchaceae.

Etymology

The genus name Lathraea derives from the ancient greek λαθραῖος (lathraîos), meaning "clandestine",^[1] which is a reference to the fact that it is inconspicuous until it flowers.^[2]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters.^[3]^[4] Lathraea is the sister genus to Rhinanthus, and then to Rhynchocorys. These three genera share phylogenetic affinities with members of the core Rhinantheae: Bartsia, Euphrasia, Tozzia, Hedbergia, Bellardia, and Odontites. Melampyrum appears as a more distant relative.

Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae.

Rhinantheae

Melampyrum

Rhynchocorys

	Lathraea

	Rhinanthus

Core Rhinantheae

Bartsia sensu stricto (Bartsia alpina)

Euphrasia

Hedbergia
(including Bartsia decurva + B. longiflora)

Tozzia

Odontites sensu lato
(including Bartsiella
and Bornmuellerantha)

Bellardia

	Neobartsia (New World Bartsia)

	Parentucellia

The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron and trnK region).^[3]^[4]

Species

Common toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) is parasitic on the roots of hazel and alder, occasionally on beech, in shady places such as hedge sides. Lathraea squamaria is widespread in Europe. The common toothwort is a protocarnivorous plant. Most of the plant consists of a branched whitish underground stem closely covered with thick fleshy colourless leaves, which are bent over so as to hide the under surface; irregular cavities communicating with the exterior are formed in the thickness of the leaf. On the inner walls of these chambers are stalked hairs, which when stimulated by the touch of an insect send out delicate filaments by means of which the insect is killed and digested.^[5]^[6]
Purple toothwort (Lathraea clandestina) grows on the roots mainly of alder, poplar and willow. At Arduaine Garden in Argyll in the absence of the three well-known hosts it grows on the roots of a variety of ornamental trees and shrubs; in the same garden cats are frequently seen to roll in the flowers and to eat them.^[7] It differs from common toothwort in the dark purple flowers being produced one on each stem. Purple toothwort grows in Middle and South Europe: Western Belgium, Western and Central France and Northern Spain, and locally in Central Italy.^[8] Elsewhere, especially in the British Isles, the plant is locally naturalized in parks and old gardens and along river banks.^[9]
Rhodope toothwort (Lathraea rhodopaea) is common in the Rhodope Mountains and Rila mountain range in southeastern Europe.

Cultural references

In Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov's "In the Forests" a Russian wise woman (znakharka) calls this plant^[which?] Peter's Cross and says it protects against devils but only if collected with a prayer to God.

Notes

^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
^ David., Gledhill (2008-01-01). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521685535. OCLC 938986293.
^ ^a ^b Těšitel, Jakub; Říha, Pavel; Svobodová, Šárka; Malinová, Tamara; Štech, Milan (2010-10-28). "Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (4): 347–367. Bibcode:2010FolGe..45..347T. doi:10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y. ISSN 1211-9520.
^ ^a ^b Scheunert, Agnes; Fleischmann, Andreas; Olano-Marín, Catalina; Bräuchler, Christian; Heubl, Günther (2012-12-14). "Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts". Taxon. 61 (6): 1269–1285. doi:10.1002/tax.616008.
^ Francis Ernest Lloyd, The Carnivorous Plants, The Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Mass., 1942 - ISBN 0-486-23321-9
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Toothwort". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
^ Maurice Wilkins, Head Gardener
^ GRIN. Lathraea clandestina Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ P.A. Stroh; T. A. Humphrey; R.J. Burkmar; O.L. Pescott; D.B. Roy; K.J. Walker (eds.). "Lathraea clandestina L." BSBI Online Plant Atlas 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.