Homosexuality in the Palestinian territories is considered a taboo subject; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people experience persecution and violence. There is a significant legal divide between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, with the former having more progressive laws and the latter having more conservative laws. Shortly after the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank in 1950, same-sex acts were decriminalized across the territory with the adoption of the Jordanian Penal Code of 1951. In the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip and under Hamas' rule, however, no such initiative was implemented.
Legal status and criminal law
On 18 September 1936, the criminal code of Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate Criminal Code, which drew from Ottoman law or English law,[1] was enacted. Section 152(1)(b)(c) of the code states that any person who "commits an act of sodomy with any person against his will by the use of force or threats" or "commits an act of
sodomy with a child under the age of sixteen years" is liable for imprisonment up to 14 years, while Section 152(2)(b) states that anyone who has "carnal knowledge" of anyone acting "against the law of nature" is liable for a prison term up to 10 years.[2] Palestinian academic Sa'ed Atshan argued that this criminal code was an example of British export of homophobia to the Global South.[3] The present applicability of this law is disputed. The Human Dignity Trust states that the criminal code is still "in operation" in Gaza albeit with scarce evidence of its enforcement,[4] and Human Rights Watch states that the criminal code is still "in force" in Gaza.[5]Amnesty International does not report same-sex sexual activity as being illegal in any Palestinian territory but emphasizes that Palestinian authorities do not stop, prevent or investigate homophobic and transphobic threats and attacks.[6] The editor-in-chief of the Palestinian Yearbook of International Law, Anis. F. Kassim argued that the criminal code could be "interpreted as allowing homosexuality."[7][8]
The decriminalization of homosexuality in Palestine is a patchwork. On the one hand, the British Mandate Criminal Code was in force in Jordan until 1951, with the Jordanian Penal Code having "no prohibition on sexual acts between persons of the same sex," which applied to the West Bank,[5] while Israel stopped using the code in 1977.[9] On the other, the Palestinian Authority has not legislated either for or against homosexuality. Legalistically, the confused legal legacy of foreign occupation – Ottoman, British, Jordanian, Egyptian and Israeli – continues to determine the erratic application or non-application of the criminal law to same-sex activity and gender variance in each of the territories.[10] A correction issued by the Associated Press in August 2015 stated that homosexuality is not banned by law in the Gaza Strip or West Bank, but is "largely taboo," and added "there are no laws specifically banning homosexual acts."[11]
In 2018, Human Rights Watch noted that laws in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip include a combination of unified laws passed by the Palestinian Legislative Council and ratified by the President of Palestine, and stated that laws from the former British Mandate, Egypt, and Jordan still apply when unified laws have not been issued. However, HRW added that Hamas has issued separate decrees and has not applied presidential decrees by the President of Palestine.[12] Also, the organization reported that articles 258 and 263 of the draft penal code, in 2003, for Palestine, contained "provisions that criminalize adult consensual same sex conduct". However, it is not known whether this code, which prohibited sexual intercourse with women who are over 18 in an "illicit manner" with imprisonment, a prison term of up to five years if they are related to the said woman or up to ten years for those who engage in rape, and up to five years in prison for a male who "commits the act of sodomy with another male", was implemented.[13][12] There have also been attempts by the Gazan legislative body, following Hamas's takeover of Gaza, to "amend or replace the British Mandatory Penal Code" with a proposed change in 2013, including "flogging for adultery" but it did not pass the legislature.[14]
In the State of Palestine, there is no specific, stand-alone civil rights legislation that protects LGBT people from discrimination or harassment. Additionally, there have been relatively few murders of LGBT (or allegedly LGBT) people in Palestine, and the victim's sexuality was the primary motive in a case in April 2023, noted below.
West Bank
In August 2019, the Palestinian National Authority announced that LGBT groups were forbidden to meet in the West Bank on the grounds that they are "harmful to the higher values and ideals of Palestinian society". This was in response to a planned conference in Nablus by Al-Qaws, a Palestinian LGBT group.[15][16][17] Following backlash, the ban was later withdrawn.[18]
In October 2022, Palestinian police arrested a suspect who beheaded a 25-year-old male Palestinian, Ahmad Abu Murkhiyeh, who was seeking asylum in Israel "because he was gay." At the time, it was reported that 90 Palestinians who identified with the LGBT community lived "as asylum seekers in Israel".[19][20]
Gaza Strip
Scholar Timea Spitka stated that in Gaza, coming out is a "death sentence" because police do not act against queerphobic violence, domestic violence is not criminalized, and civil society organizations, which protect women and children, are reported to be "vulnerable to attack." Spika added, in a related article, that this vulnerability has "been exploited by Israel," noting a connection between the Israeli occupation, lack of security and protection for women and non-heterosexual people, and lack of rule of law.[21][22] In 2019, Haaretz interviewed four gay men and one gay woman living in Gaza, who recounted their experiences: one man recounted his rough treatment by Hamas members, while others said they feared being arrested, outed, then forced into heterosexual marriage by their families. All four said that social media was a "game changer" in meeting other LGBTQ individuals, but some feared catfishing by undercover Hamas or Israeli intelligence agents.[23] Gay men who flirt with Israeli soldiers on dating apps, worry about being catfished by Hamas's security services.[24][8]
Some interpretations of Palestinian law say that it does not outlaw consensual gay sex between adults. Anis. F. Kassim (editor-in-chief of the Palestinian Yearbook of International Law) said that Palestinian law (even in Gaza) could be interpreted as allowing non-commercial sex between consenting adult men.[8]
It has been reported that the hostilities homosexual Palestinians face has led to many seeking refuge in other countries, such as Israel.[26] The Israeli LGBT organization The Aguda stated, in 2013, that around 2,000 Palestinian homosexuals live in Tel Aviv "at any one time."[27]
However, the complex legal status of the Palestinian territories results in almost no assistance from most countries. Some have reported that while hundreds of homosexual Palestinians have fled to Israel, they have been subject to house arrest, or deportation, by Israeli authorities.[28] According to +972 Magazine, LGBT+ Palestinians seeking refuge in Israel "are routinely excluded from programs that are meant to secure basic healthcare for other asylum seekers" and that "their access to basic social rights such as shelter is also blocked."[29] In June 2022, Israel began issuing work permits for gay Palestinian refugees, who had been granted asylum, and those "fleeing domestic violence."[30] Prior to the rule change, the Israeli government resisted changing the terms for issuing permits, fearing it would "encourage more Palestinians to flee to Israel and seek asylum."[31]
In mid-2022, the Israeli government told the Israeli High Court that LGBT Palestinians from the West Bank who were "fleeing persecution" could work in Israel but that their presence was only temporary "in order to find a permanent solution in the [West Bank] or in another country."[30] A month after the murder, the Times of Israel noted that gay Palestinians who leave the West Bank, with public opinion polls indicating low tolerance for homosexuality, and arrive in Israel are faced with "an existence filled with dizzying uncertainties and life-threatening hazards." The article went on to say that such Palestinians have various escape routes to Israel, but that making them eligible for permanent residency includes "working with Israeli security forces" although those forces have been accused of blackmailing Palestinians into becoming informants for Israeli intelligence services; only "select few who have passed on invaluable knowledge" are granted this kind of permit, which requires the sign-off of the prime minister.[32]
In 2010, the organization Palestinian Queers for Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (PQBDS) was formed, aimed at challenging Israeli representation of gay life in Palestine and pinkwashing. They also run a website called Pinkwatching Israel.[33]
Palestinian queer organizations like Al Qaws describe themselves as "queer-feminist" and anti-colonial in regards to the Israeli-occupied territories,[34] and caution against rendering all of the progressive forces inside Palestine invisible, including erasing the queer Palestinian movement's achievements, describing it as a form of violence.[35] In relation to a ban on conversion therapy in Israel, activists such as Maisan Hamdan criticized the conservative Islamic Movement, which is active in Israel and part of Knesset, who voted against the ban. Hamdan states that the sole effort of the movement is Palestine's liberation, without inclusion of LGBTQ rights, and stated that these two efforts (liberating Palestine and liberating queer people) should proceed together.[36]
During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, some Palestinians, who considered themselves part of the LGBT community, shared information in anonymously geotagged posts on Queering the Map, a community-based online collaborative and counter-mapping platform. It was said by Time that this provided a "rare glimpse" into perspectives of queer Palestinians, with many messages expressing solidarity with the Palestinian liberation cause.[37] Others stated that Palestinians were sharing their "last words" on the platform.[38]
Alleged blackmailing by Israeli military
There have been reports that Palestinian Authority police kept files on gay Palestinians and that Israeli intelligence has blackmailed gay Palestinians into becoming informants.[39][40] In 2014, 43 veterans of the Israeli Intelligence Corps signed an open letter alleging that Unit 8200 used coercive intelligence tactics on Palestinians, including using information on sexual orientation.[41]HIAS has claimed that "there are ample testimonies and records that LGBTQ living in the Palestinian Authority are persecuted over suspected collaboration with the Israeli security services."[29]
In April 2023, it was reported that Zuhair Relit (also known as Zoheir Khalil Ghalith), a Palestinian living in Nablus, was killed by the Lions' Den militant group for collaborating with the IDF. Relit alleged he was blackmailed into becoming an informant for the Israeli military, with his confessional video on social media claiming that Shin Bet had an "illicit video" showing him doing something sexual with a male partner. He was later executed by the Lions' Den group.[42][43][44][45] Persecution of – and discrimination against – suspected gay men by Al Qassam and the police in Gaza is also largely attributable to them being suspected informants.[8]
LGBT+ rights activism
Logo of Al Qaws, the leading organization for Palestinian LGBTQ rights. The group was shortly banned in 2019, with the ban being reversed after backlash.
In the early 2000s, two established groups formed to provide support to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) Palestinian people living within the borders of Israel, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank. Al Qaws ("The bow" in Arabic, referencing a rainbow), the first official Palestinian LGBTQ organization, was founded in 2001 as a community project of the Jerusalem Open House for Pride and Tolerance[46] to specifically address the needs of LGBTQ Palestinian people living in Jerusalem.[33]
In 2015, a Palestinian artist named Khaled Jarrar painted a rainbow flag on a section of a West Bank wall, and a group of Palestinians painted over it. Jarrar said that he painted the rainbow flag to remind people that although same-sex marriage was legalized in the United States, Palestinians still live in occupation, and criticized the paint-over, stating that it "reflects the absence of tolerance, and freedoms in the Palestinian society".[47]
Aswat
In 2002, a second group formed to specifically address the needs of Palestinian lesbian women, named Aswat ("Voices" in Arabic), was founded and based in Israel as a project of the Palestinian feministNGOKayan, at the Haifa Feminist Center. Aswat started as an anonymous email-list serving to provide support to Palestinian gay women, and developed into an established working group, translating and developing original texts related to gender identity and sexuality into Arabic.[33][48] Aswat's efforts brought results, while also facing multi-faceted challenges. In 2003, co-founder Rauda Morcos was outed by the Israeli tabloid Yedioth Ahronoth after agreeing to an interview, despite asking her sexual orientation not be included in the article, which led to significant personal backlash.[49]
In 2007, Aswat held its first public conference in Haifa, Israel: 350 people attended the event, which marked the first five years of the organization's existence and the publication of a new book in Arabic about lesbian and gay identity. The conference was reported to be problem-free, although it met opposition by the Islamic Movement in Israel (a grouping of Arab Muslims), which publicly called for the meeting to be cancelled, and urged its community "to stand against the campaign to market sexual deviance among our daughters and our women" resulting in some 30 people protesting outside the venue; the same group issued a fatwa against Rauda Morcos because, Morcos said, "according to them I was 'the snake’s head'".[50][49][36]
Nisreen Mazzawi, co-founder of Aswat, stated that LGBTQ Palestinians, being stateless, face "oppression, whether conscious or unconscious, also within Israeli organizations" because "LGBTQ Israelis identify with the state even before their queer identity, and they will not stand with LGBTQ Palestinians simply because both are queer. They will fight against Jewish homophobes, but ... (LGBTQ) Palestinians will remain on their own".[36] In 2004, Aswat had 14 members.[51] In 2007, the group, which includes women from the West Bank and Gaza, had 30 active members and about 50 women participating in the email list.[52]
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
West Bank: Legal since 1951 for males; always been legal for females Gaza: Males (and females): No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct
Equal age of consent
West Bank: (18 years) Gaza: For males / For females
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
Polls of public sentiment towards LGBT people in the Palestinian territories find it is overwhelmingly negative. A Global Acceptance Index (a measure of the relative level of social acceptance of LGBTI people and rights) report ranked Palestine at 130, noting that very little change in acceptance occurred between 2010 and 2020.[53]
The Palestinian Mujahideen Movement (the political wing of the Mujahideen Brigades) and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs Assembly for Da'wah have been critical of UNWRA promoting what the groups see as un-Islamic values, including LGBT issues.[54]
^Lucas Paoli Itaborahy; Jingshu Zhu (May 2014). State-Sponsored Homophobia(PDF) (Report). ILGA. pp. 16, 20, 55. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^Barshad, Amos (9 March 2021). "Inside Israel's lucrative – and secretive —cybersurveillance industry". Rest of World. Retrieved 3 September 2024. "Most Israelis think that intelligence is pure and slick", he says. He came to see IDF intelligence as blunt, dirty work. "Old school things", he says. Like blackmailing gay Palestinians, he explains.
Negara Bagian ArizonaNegara bagian BenderaLambangJulukan: The Grand Canyon State;The Copper State;The Valentine StateMotto: Ditat Deus (Tuhan memperkaya)Himne daerah: The Arizona March Song dan ArizonaPeta Amerika Serikat dengan Arizona ditandaiNegaraAmerika SerikatSebelum menjadi negara bagianWilayah ArizonaBergabung ke Serikat14 Februari 1912 (ke-48)Ibu kota(dan kota terbesar)PhoenixMetropolitan terbesarPhoenix RayaPemerintahan • GubernurDoug Ducey (R) • Se...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Sungai Bug Barat – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTORSungai Bug di dekat Wyszków. Sungai Bug atau Sungai Buh, atau kadang disebut Bug Barat untuk membedakan dengan Sungai Bug di sela...
1789 abolition of the French feudal system by the National Constituent Assembly Meeting of the night of 4 August 1789 by Charles Monnet, (Musée de la Révolution française). One of the central events of the French Revolution was to abolish feudalism, and the old rules, taxes and privileges left over from the age of feudalism. The National Constituent Assembly, acting on the night of 4 August 1789, announced, The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely.[1] It abolished...
South African footballer Benni McCarthy McCarthy warming up for West Ham United in 2010Personal informationFull name Benedict Saul McCarthy[1]Date of birth (1977-11-12) 12 November 1977 (age 46)Place of birth Cape Town, South AfricaHeight 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)[2]Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team Manchester United (first-team coach)Youth career Young Pirates CrusadersSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1995–1997 Seven Stars 49 (39)1996–1997 →...
Integer number 2 This article is about the number. For the years, see 2 BC and AD 2. For other uses, see II (disambiguation) and Number Two (disambiguation). Natural number ← 1 2 3 → −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →CardinaltwoOrdinal2nd (second / twoth)Numeral systembinaryFactorizationprimeGaussian integer factorization ( 1 + i ) ( 1 − i ) {\displaystyle (1+i)(1-i)} Prime1stDivisors1, 2Greek numeralΒ´Roman numeralII,...
Suchao Nutnum Suchao di belakang wasit Prapoj Dissomsri di Bangkok Glass melawan Buriram UTD di 2013 Toyota Thai Premier League.Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 17 Mei 1983 (umur 40)Tempat lahir Kanchanaburi, ThailandTinggi 170 m (557 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang Serang, SayapInformasi klubKlub saat ini Kanchanaburi CityNomor 8Karier junior2002–2003 TOTKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2003–2009 TOT 84 (33)2009–2010 Persib Bandung 13 (3)2010–2019 Buriram...
Voce principale: S.P.A.L.. S.P.A.L.Stagione 2022-2023La curva ovest del Paolo Mazza il 29 ottobre 2022 in occasione di SPAL-Südtirol Sport calcio Squadra SPAL Allenatore Roberto Venturato (1ª-8ª) Daniele De Rossi (9ª-24ª) Massimo Oddo (25ª-38ª) All. in seconda Andrea Bruniera (1ª-8ª) Carlo Cornacchia (9ª-24ª) Marcello Donatelli (25ª-38ª) Presidente Joe Tacopina Serie B19º. Retrocessa in Serie C Coppa ItaliaSedicesimi Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Dickmann (36)Totale: Dickma...
عنت مسابقة الأغنية الأوروبية تاريخ · القوانين · التصويت · اللغات · البلدان المشاركة · الفائزين · المدن المستضيفة · المقدمين · قائد الفرقةالفنانين المشاركين · إنقطاع · تهاني : 50 سنة من مسابقة يوروفيجن للأغانيسنوات المسابقة 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Champagne. Andrée Champagne Fonctions Sénatrice de Grandville 2 août 2005 – 17 juillet 2014(8 ans, 11 mois et 15 jours) Prédécesseur John Lynch-Staunton Successeur Chantal Petitclerc Députée à la Chambre des communes 4 septembre 1984 – 25 octobre 1993(9 ans, 1 mois et 21 jours) Circonscription Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot Prédécesseur Marcel Ostiguy Successeur Yvan Loubier Biographie Nom de naissance Marie Francine Paul...
منطقة سفر مشتركةالتقديمتاريخ التأسيس 1923 خصائص جغرافيةالمساحة 121٬673٫9 ميل² تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات سي تي إيه؛ الإيرلندية: هي منطقة حدود مفتوحة تضم المملكة المتحدة وجمهورية إيرلندا وجزيرة مان وجزر القنال. لا يتم تضمين أقاليم ما وراء البحار البريطانية. بناءً عل...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع وليم جونز (توضيح). ويليام جونز (بالويلزية: William Jones) صورة ويليام جونز رسمها وليم هوجرت، عام 1740 (معرض لوحات الوجوه الوطني) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1675Llanfihangel Tre'r Beirdd,أنغلزي الوفاة 3 يوليو 1749لندن[1] مواطنة مملكة بريطانيا العظمى (1707–1749) مملكة إنجلت...
American landscape architect (1822–1903) Not to be confused with Frederick E. Olmsted or Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.. Frederick Law OlmstedOlmsted in 1893;engraving after a photographBorn(1822-04-26)April 26, 1822[1]Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.DiedAugust 28, 1903(1903-08-28) (aged 81)Belmont, Massachusetts, U.S.Resting placeOld North Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.OccupationLandscape architectNotable workNew York City ParkSpouseMary Cleveland PerkinsChildrenJohn Charles, Cha...
Father of Benito Mussolini (1854–1910) Not to be confused with Alessandra Mussolini. Alessandro MussoliniBorn11 November 1854Montemaggiore di Predappio, Papal States (now in Italy)Died19 November 1910(1910-11-19) (aged 56)Forlì, Kingdom of ItalyOccupationBlacksmithSpouseRosa Maltoni (m. 1882; died 1905)ChildrenBenitoArnaldoEdvigeFamilyMussolini family Alessandro Mussolini (11 November 1854 – 19 November 1910) was the father of Italian Fascist founder and leader Benito Mussolini,...
English footballer Emile Sinclair Sinclair playing for Northampton Town in 2014Personal informationFull name Emile Anthony Sinclair[1]Date of birth (1987-12-29) 29 December 1987 (age 36)[1]Place of birth Leeds, EnglandHeight 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[1]Position(s) StrikerYouth career2005–2006 Bradford City2006–2007 Nottingham ForestSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2009 Nottingham Forest 15 (1)2007–2008 → Brentford (loan) 4 (0)2008 → Mans...
British tennis player Ross HutchinsCountry (sports) Great Britain EnglandResidenceWimbledon, LondonBorn (1985-02-22) 22 February 1985 (age 39)Wimbledon, LondonHeight1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Turned pro2002Retired13 September 2014PlaysRight-handedPrize money$831,609SinglesCareer record0–1 (in ATP (World) Tour and Grand Slam main draw matches, and in Davis Cup)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 559 (7 August 2006)DoublesCareer record130–141 (47.97%) (...
Veterinary school in Michigan, US Michigan State University College of Veterinary MedicineTypePublicEstablished1910[1]DeanDr. Birgit Puschner[2]Students434[3]LocationEast Lansing, Michigan, USCampusRuralTuition (2009–2010)$21,678 resident[4]$45,162 non-resident[4]Websitecvm.msu.edu The Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is a veterinary college in the United States that was founded in 1910 and awards about 100 Doctor of Vete...
فضيلة الشيخ سعيد عبد العظيم معلومات شخصية الميلاد 10 نوفمبر 1952 الإسكندرية الوفاة 3 يونيو 2024 (71 سنة) [1] المدينة المنورة[1] مكان الدفن البقيع[2] مواطنة جمهورية مصر (1953–1958) الجمهورية العربية المتحدة (1958–1971) مصر (1971–2024) عضو في الدعوة السلفية بال...
Hokan redirects here. For hōkan male geisha of Japan, see Taikomochi. Hokan(controversial)GeographicdistributionNorth AmericaLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisions Karuk Shasta-Palaihnihan † Ch’imáriko † Yana † Washo Esselen † Salinan † Pomoan Yuman Seri Coahuilteco † Comecrudan † Tequistlatecan Jicaquean (Tolan) Language codesISO 639-5hokGlottologNoneHokan families of California, Arizona and Baja California The Hokan /ˈhoʊkæn/ language family is a ...
.svg)
.jpg)
![[icon]](File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
