Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in South Sudan face legal and societal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Male same-sex sexual activity is illegal and carries a penalty of up to 10 years' imprisonment. Active enforcement of the law is not pursued by authorities: No prosecutions are known to have occurred since South Sudan gained its independence in 2011. LGBTQ persons are met with abuse and discrimination from agents of the government and additionally face stigmatisation among the broader population.
History
South Sudan was formerly part of Sudan, and subject to its interpretation of Sharia law, under which homosexual activity was illegal, with punishments ranging from lashes to the death penalty. In 2008, the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan adopted its own penal code, which prohibits "carnal intercourse against the order of nature" and prescribes a sentence of ten years' imprisonment.[2]
Legal status and enforcement
The Penal Code (2008) criminalises same-sex sexual conduct as "unnatural offences". These are defined in Article 248 as "carnal intercourse against the order of nature"; a maximum ten-year prison sentence or a fine, or both, are prescribed. This preexisting legislation continued as the country's criminal code once independence was fully established in 2011.[3] The US State Department's annual human rights reports have noted that there were no reported instances of enforcement of this provision for the entirety of the country's existence as of 2022[update].[4][5][6]
The law also criminalises cross dressing by men with a provision stating "any male person who dresses or is attired in the fashion of a woman" in public, with a punishment of up to three months' imprisonment if convicted.[4]
The U.S. Department of State's 2022 Human Rights Report found that "most openly LGBTQI+ citizens" had fled from South Sudan "because of actively hostile government rhetoric and action",[4] while their reports from 2018 to 2022 found "there were reports", or "some reports", of incidents of discrimination and abuse: "LGBTQI+ persons reported security forces routinely harassed and sometimes arrested, detained, tortured, and beat them".[5] In comparison, the State Department's report for 2011, the first year of South Sudan's independent existence, found "widespread" societal discrimination against gay men and lesbians.[7]
The country has no known LGBT-support organisations.[4] The Non-Governmental Organisations Act (2016) regulates organisations such as NGOs. It contains a provision that these may not contravene the country's "sovereignty,... its institutions and laws". As same-sex sexual activity remains illegal, civic organisations that support gender diversity or LGBTQ rights may not be permitted to operate in South Sudan.[3] A community-based organisation supportive of LGBTQ rights, Access for All, was reportedly intimidated into closing its doors in 2017. It was raided by security forces; some staff were detained for several months, but released without charge, according to the organisation's executive director, who later left the country.[8]
Political and leader stances
In September 2017 the government minister for Labour, Public Service, and Human Resource Development, Gathoth Gatkuoth Hothnyang stated the government would order security forces to arrest LGBTI persons and detain them until they procreate. There were no reports of such arrests by year's end.[9] In July 2010, Salva Kiir Mayardit, now President of South Sudan, told Radio Netherlands Worldwide that homosexuality is not in the "character" of Southern Sudanese people. "It is not even something that anybody can talk about here in southern Sudan in particular. It is not there and if anybody wants to import or to export it to Sudan, it will not get the support and it will always be condemned by everybody", he said.[10] In 2006, Abraham Mayom Athiaan, a bishop in South Sudan, led a split from the Episcopal Church of Sudan for what he regarded as a failure by the church leadership to condemn homosexuality sufficiently strongly.[11]
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
(Penalty: Imprisonment for up to 10 years, not enforced)
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages
(Constitutional ban since 2011)
Recognition of same-sex couples
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
Conversion therapy made illegal
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
^"The Penal Code Act, 2008"(PDF). Government of Southern Sudan. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2023). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: South Sudan (Report). United States Department of State.
^Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2018). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: South Sudan (Report). United States Department of State.
.svg)
