Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Eswatini have limited legal rights. According to Rock of Hope, a Swati LGBTQ advocacy group, "there is no legislation recognising LGBTIs or protecting the right to a non-heterosexual orientation and gender identity and as a result [LGBTQ people] cannot be open about their orientation or gender identity for fear of rejection and discrimination." Homosexuality is illegal in Eswatini, though this law is in practice unenforced.[2] According to the 2021 Human Rights Practices Report from the US Department of State, "there has never been an arrest or prosecution for consensual same-sex conduct."[1]
Despite the absence of legal enforcement against same-sex sexual activity, LGBTQ people in Eswatini regularly face societal discrimination and harassment, including violence. As such, most choose to remain in the closet or move to neighbouring South Africa.
However, Eswatini has a higher than average tolerance of LGBTQ people compared to most other African countries.[3] Eswatini's first pride parade was held in June 2018.[4]
Laws regarding same-sex sexual acts
According to Section 252(1) of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Eswatini, the principles and rules of Roman-Dutch common law that have applied to Eswatini since 22 February 1907 (as those principles and rules existed on 6 September 1968, Independence Day) are applied and enforced as the common law of Eswatini.[5] The principal source of this common law in 1907 was the common law as then applied in the Transvaal Colony, which ultimately became a part of South Africa.[6] Sodomy, defined as same-sex sexual relations between men, was a crime under the 1907 common law, punishable with either death or a lesser punishment at the discretion of the court.[7]
By the mid-twentieth century, "sodomy" in South Africa had been defined by its courts as "unlawful and intentional sexual relations per anum between two human males."[7] This narrow definition left out a residual group of proscribed "unnatural sexual acts" referred to generally as "an unnatural offence", which included at a minimum those sexual acts between men that did not involve anal penetration[7] and apparently never included sexual acts between women.[7] Whether these developments in South Africa had an effect on Eswatini's common law is uncertain. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) asserts that Eswatini's definition of "sodomy" is the same as South Africa's and that female same-sex sexual acts are legal.[8][9]
Eswatini's sodomy law is in practice not enforced.[1] The Minister of Justice has repeatedly stated that their policy is not to prosecute consenting adults.[1] There are no known arrests or prosecutions for consensual same-sex sexual activity.[1] Nevertheless, LGBTQ groups have been critical of this approach: "To us, it sounds like holding a gun and saying your policy is not to shoot." They have argued that the only way to repeal the country's sodomy law is to go through the courts.[9]
Following the repeal of Botswana's sodomy law in June 2019, an editorial for the human rights website Swazi Media Commentary, republished in AllAfrica, called on Eswatini to follow suit. The editorial noted, however, that differences between the two countries—Botswana is a democracy, while Eswatini is an absolute monarchy—were likely to make such a transition difficult in Eswatini's case. The author, Richard Rooney, pointed out that Eswatini has a poor human rights record and political parties are banned there. As a consequence, in his view, there is very little opportunity for discussion and debate, in contrast to the Botswana experience.[10] The kingdom's monarch is believed to be strongly opposed to repeal—he has been widely[11][9][12][13] reported as having described[a] homosexuality as "satanic." As he must authorise all laws passed by Parliament before they can come into effect, the courts may be the most likely avenue for repeal of the country's sodomy law.[9]
There is no legal recognition of same-sex relationships.[14][15]
Adoption and family planning
Same-sex couples are prohibited from adopting children. Otherwise, prospective adoptive heterosexual parents may be single, married, or divorced.[16]
Discrimination protections
In 2012, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Mgwagwa Gamedze rejected a call by a United Nations working group to put up a law protecting LGBTQ people.[17] Gamedze said so few, if any, gays live in Eswatini that the bother of drafting such a law was not worth the effort.
In May 2017, the United Nations Human Rights Committee submitted a series of questions to the Swazi Government dealing with LGBTQ rights. The Committee wanted to know what measures have been put in place "to protect persons from discrimination and violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity, including in housing and employment, and to promote tolerance."[18] Additionally, the Committee questioned Eswatini's adherence to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which protects private adult consensual sexual activity, and expressed concern that violence against LGBTQ people is widespread.[9]
Societal discrimination against the LGBT community was prevalent [in 2011], and LGBT persons generally concealed their sexual orientation and gender identity. Colonial-era legislation against sodomy remains on the books; however, it has not been used to arrest gay men. Gay men and lesbians who were open about their sexual orientation and relationships faced censure and exclusion from the chiefdom-based patronage system, which could result in eviction from one's home. Chiefs, pastors, and members of government criticized same-sex sexual conduct as neither Swazi nor Christian. Societal discrimination exists against gay men and lesbians, and LGBT advocacy organizations had trouble registering with the government. One such organization, House of Pride, was affiliated with another organization dealing with HIV/AIDS. It is difficult to know the extent of employment discrimination based on sexual orientation because victims are not likely to come forward, and most gay men and lesbians are not open about their sexual orientation.
Positions of government officials
King Mswati III, one of the last absolute monarchs in the world, has reportedly called same-sex relationships "satanic"[a] and former Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini has called homosexuality "an abnormality and a sickness."[11]
In 2009, Mangosuthu Simanga Dlamini, president of the Gays and Lesbians Association of Eswatini (Galeswa), was personally invited to the opening of the ninth Swati Parliament.[20]
In February 2012, Swazi public health officials used a Valentine's Day campaign to urge gays to trust promises of confidentiality and test for HIV. Deputy Director of Health Simon Zwane acknowledged that in Swazi society gay sex is taboo but said that the Health Ministry was actively extending its reach to include same-sex couples in HIV counselling and testing. The move was applauded by LGBTQ groups who considered it a big step in acknowledging the existence of LGBTQ people.[11]
In June 2012, Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini said that "church clergy say this (LGBTQ relationships) is not biblically acceptable. It is just now that some countries and communities allow it. It is still scary here in Eswatini when we see it happen. The country's laws do not allow this." The Prime Minister also said that "people of the same sex cannot even go to regional offices to get married. It will take time before we allow this to happen and include it in the country's laws. We are not even ready to consider it."[17] In 2014, Press Secretary Percy Simelane told The Swazi Observer that the Government "has been closely monitoring the situation with a view to take a legal position."[17]
Societal discrimination and incidents
Reports of discrimination, harassment and violence against LGBTQ people are not uncommon in Eswatini. In March 2015, a 26-year-old lesbian woman from Nhlangano was murdered by a man who did not want to be in the presence of lesbians. A few months earlier, a gay man was also murdered in the town.[21]
In March 2019, a pastor for an unknown church was suspended after being accused of being bisexual.[22]
In June 2019, officials refused to register Eswatini Sexual and Gender Minorities (ESGM) "on the grounds of morality." Melusi Simelane, the group's founder, took legal action to challenge the rejection.[23] The matter was heard in 2020 and in 2022 the High Court, in a split decision, upheld the decision to deny registration. While doing so, the court also accepted that the constitution protects the rights of LGBTQ persons to freedom of association, privacy and expression.[24]
Activism
Eswatini's first pride parade was held in June 2018 in Mbabane and was organised by Rock of Hope. The event began with a march (with police protection), following by a picnic and a party. About a thousand people attended. The event received considerable international and domestic media coverage, appearing on the front page of both major Swazi newspapers. U.S. Ambassador to Eswatini Lisa J. Peterson attended the march.[25]
Rock of Hope is an LGBTQ advocacy group, which seeks to raise awareness of the discrimination and stigmatisation faced by members of the LGBTQ community, to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS and to promote acceptance of LGBTQ people by society and by themselves. It was founded in 2012. It is also active in undertaking charity works in local communities.[26]
In November 2018, activists released a documentary focusing on the lives of a gay man, Mlando, a lesbian, Alex, and a transgender woman, Polycarp, in Eswatini. The documentary, called "Fighting For Pride: Swaziland", discusses the prejudices they face, the reactions of their families and the signification of LGBTQ activism.[27]
In December 2018, a branch of the Ark of Joy International Ministry, a religious organisation, was relaunched in Coates Valley.[28] The church welcomes gay and lesbian members. A spokesman for Rock of Hope said, "It is worth noting that many in the religious circles, continue to spew hate speech and show utter disregard for the deeds of the Lord, by being judgmental and expelling some of the LGBTI community from their places of worship. It is for that reason, we welcome the opening of such churches as those that show the love of God, and preach the spirit of oneness and togetherness."
The country's second pride event was held on 22 June 2019.[29] The event, described as a "joyful success", included participants signing traditional Swati songs.
Public opinion
According to a 2013 survey, 43% of lesbian and transgender respondents had tried to commit suicide within the past year, and 78% regularly took "intoxicating substances to feel normal and forget."[9]
A 2016 poll found that 26% of Swazis would like or not mind having an LGBTQ neighbor.[30]
A 2019 survey showed that 59% of LGBTQ Swazis had been discriminated against or treated disrespectfully at public health facilities, with 30% being denied healthcare services.[31]
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
Illegal between males (unenforced, repeal proposed);[1] never criminalised between females[2]
Equal age of consent
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
Same-sex marriages
Recognition of same-sex couples
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
LGBTQ people allowed to serve openly in the military
^ abThe king has applied this descriptor in at least one other context. In 2021, Mswati III also called pro-democracy protests against his rule "satanic": "The country views that conduct as satanic," he said.[32]
References
^ abcdefBureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2021). "Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses". 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Eswatini (Report). United States Department of State. Retrieved 18 June 2022. While there are colonial-era common law prohibitions against sodomy, no penalties are specified, and there has never been an arrest or prosecution for consensual same-sex conduct.
^ abcILGA World; Lucas Ramon Mendos; Kellyn Botha; Rafael Carrano Lelis; Enrique López de la Peña; Ilia Savelev; Daron Tan (14 December 2020). State-Sponsored Homophobia report: 2020 global legislation overview update(PDF) (Report) (14th ed.). Geneva: ILGA. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 December 2020. Same-sex sexual activity is criminalised despite no law explicitly outlining this, as Section 252(1) of the Constitution (2005) states that Roman-Dutch Common Law, as interpreted in 1907, applies to any regulations or laws in place prior to independence in 1968 and not subsequently overturned. As such, "sodomy" remains a crime.
^Dube, Buhle; Magagula, Alfred (August 2016) [Previous update, June 2012], The Law and Legal Research in Swaziland, [Updated by: Magagula, Alfred and Nhlabatsi, Sibusiso], Hauser Global Law School Program, New York University School of Law - GlobaLex
^ abcdefTeeman, Tim (4 April 2018). "The LGBT Heroes Fighting to Hold the First Ever Pride in Swaziland". Retrieved 18 June 2022. Simelane said... '... the anti-sodomy law is not used to prosecute consenting adults,' he said. The police used the law to prosecute those accused of raping underage males.
^"Country profile: eSwatini". Human Dignity Trust. 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022. Same-sex sexual activity is prohibited under the common law, which criminalises acts of 'sodomy'. The penalty provided under the law is not known. Only men are criminalised under this law.
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