LEO (computer)

LEO I
Logo of LEO Computers Ltd 1954 until 1963
Also known asLyons Electronic Office I
ManufacturerJ. Lyons and Co.
Generation1
Release date1951; 73 years ago (1951)
CPU@ 500 kHz
Memory2K (2048) 35-bit words (i.e., 834 kilobytes) (ultrasonic delay-line memory based on tanks of mercury)
Removable storagepaper tape readers and punches, fast punched card readers and punches, and a 100 line a minute tabulator
PredecessorEDSAC
SuccessorLEO II

The LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) was a series of early computer systems created by J. Lyons and Co. The first in the series, the LEO I, was the first computer used for commercial business applications.

The prototype LEO I was modelled closely on the Cambridge EDSAC. Its construction was overseen by Oliver Standingford, Raymond Thompson and David Caminer of J. Lyons and Co. LEO I ran its first business application in 1951. In 1954 Lyons formed LEO Computers Ltd to market LEO I and its successors LEO II and LEO III to other companies. LEO Computers eventually became part of English Electric Company (EEL), (EELM), then English Electric Computers (EEC), where the same team developed the faster LEO 360 and even faster LEO 326 models. It then passed to International Computers Limited (ICL) and ultimately Fujitsu.

LEO series computers were still in use until 1981.

Origins and initial design

J. Lyons and Co. was one of the UK's leading catering and food manufacturing companies in the first half of the 20th century. In 1947, two of its senior managers, Oliver Standingford and Raymond Thompson, were sent to the United States to look at new business methods developed during World War II. During the visit, they met Herman Goldstine who was one of the original developers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer. Standingford and Thompson saw the potential of computers to help solve the problem of administering a major business enterprise. They also learned from Goldstine that, back in the UK, Douglas Hartree and Maurice Wilkes were actually building another such machine, the pioneering EDSAC computer, at the University of Cambridge.[1]

On their return to the UK, Standingford and Thompson visited Hartree and Wilkes in Cambridge and were favourably impressed with their technical expertise and vision. Hartree and Wilkes estimated that EDSAC was 12–18 months from completion, but said that this interval could be shortened by additional funding. Standingford and Thompson wrote a report to the Lyons' board recommending that Lyons should acquire or build a computer to meet their business needs. The board agreed that, as a first step, Lyons would provide Hartree and Wilkes with £2,500 for the EDSAC project, and would also provide them with the services of a Lyons electrical engineer, Ernest Lenaerts. EDSAC was completed and ran its first program in May 1949.[2]

Following the successful completion of EDSAC, the Lyons board agreed to start the construction of their own machine, expanding on the EDSAC design. The LEO computer room, which took up around 2,500 square feet of floor space, was at Cadby Hall in Hammersmith.[3]

The Lyons machine was christened Lyons Electronic Office, or LEO. On the recommendation of Wilkes, Lyons recruited John Pinkerton, a radar engineer and research student at Cambridge, as team leader for the project. Lenaerts returned to Lyons to work on the project, and Wilkes provided training for Lyons' engineer Derek Hemy, who would be responsible for writing LEO's programs. On 15 February 1951 the computer, carrying out a simple test program, was shown to HRH Princess Elizabeth.[4] The first business application to be run on LEO was Bakery Valuations, which computed the costs of ingredients used in bread and cakes.[5] This was successfully run on 5 September 1951,[4] and LEO took over Bakery Valuations calculations completely on 29–30 November 1951.[6][4]

Mary Coombs was employed in 1952 as the first female programmer to work on LEO, and as such she is recognized as the first female commercial programmer.[7][8][9][10][11]

Five files of archive material on the LEO Computer patent are held at the British Library and can be accessed through the British Library Archives catalogue.[12]

Design

LEO I's clock speed was 500 kHz, with most instructions taking about 1.5 ms to execute.[13][14][15] To be useful for business applications, the computer had to be able to handle a number of data streams, input and output, simultaneously. Therefore, its chief designer, John Pinkerton, designed the machine to have multiple input/output buffers. In the first instance, these were linked to fast paper tape readers and punches, fast punched card readers and punches, and a 100-line-per-minute tabulator. Later, other devices, including magnetic tape, were added. Its ultrasonic delay-line memory based on tanks of mercury, with 2K (2048) 35-bit words (i.e., 834 kilobytes), was four times as large as that of EDSAC. The systems analysis was carried out by David Caminer.[16]

Applications and successors

A circuit board from a LEO III computer

Lyons used LEO I initially for valuation jobs, but its role was extended to include payroll, inventory, and so on. One of its early tasks was the elaboration of daily orders, which were phoned in every afternoon by the shops and used to calculate the overnight production requirements, assembly instructions, delivery schedules, invoices, costings, and management reports. This was the first instance of an integrated management information system.[17] The LEO project was also a pioneer in outsourcing: in 1956, Lyons started doing the payroll calculations for Ford UK and others on the LEO I machine. The success of this led to the company dedicating one of its LEO II machines to bureau services. Later, the system was used for scientific computations as well. Met Office staff used a LEO I before the Met Office bought its own computer, a Ferranti Mercury, in 1959.[18]

In 1954, with the decision to proceed with LEO II and interest from other commercial companies, Lyons formed LEO Computers Ltd.

The first LEO III was completed in 1961; it was a solid-state machine with a 13.2 μs cycle time ferrite core memory.[19] It was microprogrammed and was controlled by a multitasking "Master program" operating system, which allowed concurrent running of as many as 12 application programs.

Users of LEO computers programmed in two coding languages: Intercode,[20] a low-level assembler type language; and CLEO (acronym: Clear Language for Expressing Orders), the COBOL equivalent.[21]

One of the features that LEO III shared with many computers of the day was a loudspeaker connected to the central processor via a divide-by-100 circuit and an amplifier which enabled operators to tell whether a program was looping by the distinctive sound it made.[22] Another quirk was that many intermittent faults were due to faulty connectors and could be temporarily fixed by briskly strumming the card handles.[citation needed]

Some LEO III machines purchased in the mid-to-late 1960s remained in commercial use at GPO Telephones, the forerunner of British Telecom, until 1981, primarily producing telephone bills.[5][19] They were kept running using parts from redundant LEOs purchased by the GPO.[citation needed]

Fate and legacy

In 1963, LEO Computers Ltd was merged into English Electric Company and this led to the breaking up of the team that had inspired LEO computers. The company continued to build the LEO III, and went on to build the faster LEO 360 and even faster LEO 326 models, which had been designed by the LEO team before the takeover.

English Electric LEO Computers (EEL) (1963), then English Electric Leo Marconi (EELM) (1964), later English Electric Computers (EEC) (1967), eventually merged with International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) and others to form International Computers Limited (ICL) in 1968. In the 1980s, there were still ICL 2900 mainframes running LEO programs, using an emulator written in ICL 2960 microcode at the Dalkeith development centre.[23] At least one modern emulator has been developed which can run some original LEO III software on a modern server.[24] ICL was bought by Fujitsu in 1990.

Whether its investment in LEO actually benefited J. Lyons is unclear. Nick Pelling notes that before LEO I the company already had a proven, industry-leading system using clerks that gave it "near-real-time management information on more or less all aspects of its business", and that no jobs were lost when the system was computerized. In addition, LEO Computers lost money on many of its sales because of unrealistically low prices.[25]

In 2018, the Centre for Computing History along with LEO Computers Society were awarded funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund for their project aiming to bring together, preserve, archive and digitise a range of LEO Computers artefacts, and documents.[26] The Centre's museum gallery has an area dedicated to LEO, and as of 2021 they are also working on a LEO virtual reality project.[27][3] In November 2021, to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the first successful full program run on LEO I, the project released a film about the history of LEO, which went on to win Video of the Year in the Association of British Science Writers Awards in July 2022.[28][29]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ferry (2003), Chapter 2
  2. ^ Ferry (2003), Chapter 3
  3. ^ a b Speed, Richard (30 November 2021). "70 years ago, 'computer for business' LEO ran first biz app". The Register. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Bird, Peter John (1994). LEO: The First Business Computer. Hasler. pp. 84, 86, 228. ISBN 9780952165101.
  5. ^ a b "Meet LEO, the world's first business computer". Science Museum. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  6. ^ Ferry (2003), Chapter 4
  7. ^ "Mary Coombs". The British Library.
  8. ^ computingheritage (5 September 2013), Mary Coombs shares her story, YouTube, retrieved 26 July 2018
  9. ^ Douglas, Ian (11 September 2013). "Bletchley Park celebrates women in computing". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  10. ^ "Women in Computing: a British Perspective – Google Arts & Culture". Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Mary Coombs – Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  12. ^ LEO Computer Patent, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 2 June 2020
  13. ^ The Staffordshire University Computing Futures Museum LEO Page Archived 23 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ World's First Business Computer, LEO, Turns 60, TechWeek Europe
  15. ^ Research, United States Office of Naval (1953). A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. p. 58.
  16. ^ Williams, Christopher (10 November 2011). "How a chain of tea shops kickstarted the computer age". The Daily Telegraph.
  17. ^ Frank, Land. "The story of LEO – the World's First Business Computer". Warwick University - Modern records centre. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  18. ^ "History of computing at the Met Office". Met Office website. Archived from the original on 9 December 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  19. ^ a b "Leo III installations". LEO Computers Society. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  20. ^ Berry, F. J. (1 February 1959). "Intercode, a Simplified Coding Scheme for AMOS". The Computer Journal. 2 (2). AMOS - Ferranti Mark I*: 55–58. doi:10.1093/comjnl/2.2.55. ISSN 0010-4620.
  21. ^ "Creative Computing". Creative Computing. 1985. Retrieved 4 June 2021. learned a language called Cleo which was similar in many ways to Cobol
  22. ^ LEO Computers Society website
  23. ^ Morgan, Tony (2012), THE DME LEO DME STORY (PDF)
  24. ^ Holdsworth, David, LEO III software preservation
  25. ^ Pelling, Nick (26 March 2002). "The Case for the First Business Computer". Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  26. ^ McGerty, Lisa (8 October 2018). "Centre for Computing History and LEO Computers Society win Heritage Lottery Fund support". Centre for Computing History website. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  27. ^ "History in the Making". Centre for Computing History LEO VR blog. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  28. ^ LEO: The Story of the World's First Business Computer – Computing History UK, retrieved 16 July 2022
  29. ^ "We Won Video of the Year! – Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

Further reading

  • Bird, P. J. (1994). LEO: The First Business Computer. Wokingham: Hasler Publishing Co. ISBN 0-9521651-0-4.
  • Caminer, D. T.; Aris, J. B.; Hermon, P. M.; Land, F. F. (1998). LEO: the incredible story of the world's first business computer. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-009501-9.
  • Campbell-Kelly, M., (1989). ICL: A Business and Technical History. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Caminer, D. T., Aris, J. B. B., Hermon, P. M. R., Land, F. F. (1996). User-Driven Innovation: The World’s First Business Computer. London: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-009501-9.
  • Carmichael, H., editor (1996). An ICL Anthology, Chapter 6: LEO, Laidlaw Hicks, Surbiton, UK.
  • Ferry, Georgina (2003), A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Tea Shops and the World's First Office Computer, London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 1-84115-185-8
  • Hally, M. (2005). Electronic Brains: stories from the dawn of the computer age. Washington:Joseph Henry Press. Chapter 5: LEO the Lyons Computer. ISBN 0-309-09630-8.
  • Land, F. F., (1997). LEO, the First Business Computer: A Personal Experience. In Glass, R. L., editor. In the Beginning: Recollections of Software Pioneers, pages 134–153. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA.
  • PEP, (1957). Three Case Studies in Automation, PEP, London.
  • Simmons, J. R. M., (1962). LEO and the Managers, MacDonald, London.
  • Aris, J. B. B. (1996). "Systems Design – Then and Now". Resurrection, Summer issue 1996.
  • Land, F. F. (1996). "Systems Analysis for Business Applications". Resurrection, Summer issue 1996.
  • Aris, J. B. B. (2000). "Inventing Systems Engineering". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 22, No. 3, July–September, pp. 4–15
  • Land, F. F. (2000). "The First Business Computer: A Case Study in User-Driven Automation". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 22, No. 3, July–September, pp. 16–26.
  • Caminer, D. T. (1958), "...And How to Avoid Them". The Computer Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1.
  • Caminer, D. T. (1997). "LEO and its Applications: The Beginning of Business Computing". The Computer Journal, Vol. 40, No. 10.
  • Caminer, D. T. (2003). "Behind the Curtain at LEO: A Personal Reminiscence". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 25, No. 2, April–June, pp3–13.
  • Hendry, J. (1988). "The Teashop Computer Manufacturer: J. Lyons". Business History, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 73–102.
  • Land, Frank (1999). "A Historical Analysis of Implementing IS at J. Lyons." In Currie, W. G.; Galliers, R. D., editors. Rethinking Management Information Systems, pp. 310–325. Oxford University Press.
  • Savard, John J. G. (2018) [2005]. "Computer Arithmetic". quadibloc. The Early Days of Hexadecimal. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. (Has information on the LEO III character set.)

Read other articles:

Koordinat: 0°29′48.5″S 117°08′38.0″E / 0.496806°S 117.143889°E / -0.496806; 117.143889 Kota SamarindaIbu kota provinsi Jembatan Mahakam SamarindaPanorama Kota Samarinda Tol Balikpapan - Samarinda LambangMotto: TepianTeduh, rapi, aman, dan nyaman[a]PetaKota SamarindaPetaTampilkan peta KalimantanKota SamarindaKota Samarinda (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°30′08″S 117°09′13″E / 0.5022°S 117.1536°E...

 

 

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Louis Delhaize Group, grup ritel lain yang berkantor pusat di Charleroi, Belgia. Artikel ini terlalu bergantung pada referensi dari sumber primer. Mohon perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber sekunder atau tersier. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Delhaize Le Lion / De LeeuwJenisPerseroan terbatas / Société anonymeIndustriRitelNasibDigabung dengan AholdPenerusAhold DelhaizeDidirikan1867; 156 tahun lalu (1867)Ditutup2...

 

 

Island in Vestfold, Norway LangøyaGrey geese at Langøya islandLangøyaLocation of the islandShow map of VestfoldLangøyaLangøya (Norway)Show map of NorwayGeographyLocationSandefjord, NorwayCoordinates59°09′46″N 10°19′42″E / 59.16264°N 10.3282°E / 59.16264; 10.3282Area0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi)Length1.5 km (0.93 mi)AdministrationNorwayCountyVestfoldMunicipalitySandefjord Municipality Langøya[1][2] is an island in Sande...

Kementerian Kesehatan dan Kesejahteraan衛生福利部Wèishēng Fúlì BùInformasi lembagaDibentuk17 Maret 1971 (sebagai Departemen Kesehatan)23 Juli 2013 (sebagai MOHW)Nomenklatur lembaga sebelumnyaDepartemen KesehatanWilayah hukumRepublik China (Taiwan)Kantor pusatKota TaipeiMenteriChen Shih-chung, MenteriLu Pau-ching, Ho Chi-kung, Deputi MenteriTsai Sen-tien, Wakil MenteriLembaga indukExecutive YuanSitus webwww.mohw.gov.tw Bekas gedung MOHW Kementerian Kesehatan dan Kesejahteraan Republi...

 

 

Lukisan 1848 berjudul Germania karya Philipp Veit Revolusi Eropa 1848 adalah rentetan pergolakan politik di seluruh benua Eropa. Periode kekacauan dimulai di Prancis, dan lalu menyebar ke seluruh Eropa. Revolusi terjadi di Prancis, negara-negara di Jerman, Kekaisaran Austria, negara-negara di Italia, Denmark, Wallachia, Polandia dan lainnya. Meskipun kebanyakan revolusi berhasil dipadamkan, terdapat jumlah kekerasan yang signifikan di banyak wilayah, dengan 10.000 orang disiksa dan dibunuh. R...

 

 

American actress (1931–2011) Mary MurphyMurphy in 1951Born(1931-01-26)January 26, 1931Washington, D.C., U.S.DiedMay 4, 2011(2011-05-04) (aged 80)Beverly Hills, California, U.S.Years active1951–1975Spouse(s)Dale Robertson (1956–1956; annulled)Alan Specht (1962–1967; divorced)Children1 Mary Murphy (January 26, 1931 – May 4, 2011) was an American film and television actress of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Murphy on The Lloyd Bridges Show (1963) Early years Murphy was born in W...

Neill BlomkampNeill Blomkamp di San Diego Comic-Con International tahun 2009Lahir17 September 1979 (umur 44)Johannesburg, Afrika SelatanTempat tinggalVancouver, British Columbia, KanadaPekerjaanSutradara, produser, penulis naskah, animatorTahun aktif1996–sekarangSuami/istriTerri TatchellAnak1 Neill Blomkamp (lahir 17 September 1979) merupakan seorang sutradara, produser, penulis naskah dan animator film Afrika Selatan. Ia dikenal sebagai sutradara dalam film District 9 (2009) dan...

 

 

Look up tailpiece in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This violin tailpiece has one fine tuner on the E string. Bass guitar tailpiece A tailpiece is a component on many stringed musical instruments that anchors one end of the strings, usually opposite the end with the tuning mechanism (the scroll, headstock, peghead, etc.). Function and construction Mandolin tailpiece, which simply anchors the strings solidly The tailpiece anchors the strings, so it must be strong enough to withstand their c...

 

 

Tallest buildings in Dubai (Marina 101 and the Address Boulevard not included) Skyline of Downtown Dubai at night Tallest hotels in Dubai Dubai, the largest city in the United Arab Emirates, is home to many extremely tall modern high-rises,[1] 108 of which stand taller than 180 metres (591 ft). The tallest building in Dubai is the Burj Khalifa, which rises 828 metres (2,717 ft) and contains 163 floors.[2] The tower has stood as both the tallest building in the ...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cartier. Cartier Logo de Cartier. Boutique Cartier à Paris aux Champs-Élysées. Création 1847 à Paris Fondateurs Louis-François Cartier Personnages clés Louis Cartier Forme juridique Société par actions simplifiée Siège social Paris France Direction Cyrille Vigneron[1], président et CEO de Cartier International Activité Joaillerie, Horlogerie, Maroquinerie, Accessoires, Parfums. Société mère Compagnie Financière Richemont SA Effectif 883...

 

 

1900年美國總統選舉 ← 1896 1900年11月6日 1904 → 447張選舉人票獲勝需224張選舉人票投票率73.2%[1] ▼ 6.1 %   获提名人 威廉·麥金利 威廉·詹寧斯·布賴恩 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 俄亥俄州 內布拉斯加州 竞选搭档 西奧多·羅斯福 阿德萊·史蒂文森一世 选举人票 292 155 胜出州/省 28 17 民選得票 7,228,864 6,370,932 得票率 51.6% 45.5% 總統選舉結果地圖,紅色代表�...

 

 

Pertempuran AnconaBagian dari the Kampanye Italia dalam Perang Dunia IIPosisi garis pertahanan Jerman (hijau), formasi Sekutu (biru) dan pergerakan maju pasukan Sekutu (merah) di Italia Utara, tahun 1944.Tanggal16 Juni–18 Juli 1944LokasiAncona, Italia43°36′43″N 13°30′52″E / 43.61194°N 13.51444°E / 43.61194; 13.51444Koordinat: 43°36′43″N 13°30′52″E / 43.61194°N 13.51444°E / 43.61194; 13.51444Hasil Kemenangan SekutuPihak ...

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修,以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引,幫助编辑這個條目。(幫助、討論) 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细,需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸,輔助�...

 

 

Federación Internacional de Boxeo Campeonato mundial de la Federación Internacional de BoxeoAcrónimo IBF/FIBTipo Organización sancionadora de BoxeoFundación 1983Sede central Springfield, Nueva Jersey, USADeporte boxeoPresidente Daryl J. PeoplesSitio web http://www.ibf-usba-boxing.com/[editar datos en Wikidata] La Federación Internacional de Boxeo (IBF o FIB) es una de las cuatro mayores organizaciones de boxeo reconocidas por el Salón Internacional de la Fama del Boxeo, junto...

 

 

Railway station in Brussels, Belgium MoensbergRailway StationMoensberg railway stationGeneral informationLocationUccle, Brussels-Capital RegionBelgiumCoordinates50°46′43″N 4°19′52″E / 50.7785°N 4.3312°E / 50.7785; 4.3312Owned bySNCB/NMBSOperated bySNCB/NMBSLine(s)26 (Schaarbeek-Halle)Platforms2Tracks2Passengers2014493 per day LocationMoensbergLocation within BelgiumShow map of BelgiumMoensbergMoensberg (Europe)Show map of Europe Moensberg railway station (F...

2017 British nature documentary television series Blue Planet IIGenreNature documentaryPresented byDavid AttenboroughComposers Hans Zimmer David Fleming Jacob Shea Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes7ProductionExecutive producers James Honeyborne Mark Brownlow Producers Miles Barton Orla Doherty Kathryn Jeffs Will Ridgeon John Ruthven Jonathan Smith Running time60 minutesProduction companies BBC Natural History Unit BBC Studios The Open University BBC Americ...

 

 

Piala FA 1990–1991Negara Inggris WalesJuara bertahanManchester UnitedJuaraTottenham Hotspur(gelar ke-8)Tempat keduaNottingham Forest← 1989–1990 1991–1992 → Piala FA 1990–1991 adalah edisi ke-110 dari penyelenggaraan Piala FA, turnamen tertua dalam sepak bola di Inggris. Edisi ini dimenangkan oleh Tottenham Hotspur setelah mengalahkan Nottingham Forest pada pertandingan final dengan skor 2–1. Final Artikel utama: Final Piala FA 1991 Tottenham Hotspur v Nottingham Forest...

 

 

Epithelial hyperplasia redirects here. For epidermis in general, see Epidermal hyperplasia. Medical conditionHeck's diseaseOther namesMultifocal epithelial hyperplasiaSpecialtyOral and maxillofacial surgery  Heck's disease, also known as Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia, is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple white to pinkish papules that occur diffusely in the oral cavity.[1][2]: 411  Can present with slightly pale, smoo...

Joseph L. Bristow Ledamot av USA:s senat från Kansas Tid i befattningen4 mars 1909–3 mars 1915 Företrädare Chester I. Long Efterträdare Charles Curtis Född Joseph Little Bristow22 juli 1861Wolfe County, Kentucky Död 14 juli 1944 (82 år)Fairfax County, Virginia Gravplats Gypsum Hill CemeterySalina, Kansas Politiskt parti Republikanska partiet Alma mater Baker University Maka Margaret Hendrix (1879−1932; hennes död) Joseph Little Bristow, född 22 juli 1861 i Wol...

 

 

CEV Champions LeagueSport Pallavolo TipoClub FederazioneCEV ContinenteEuropa OrganizzatoreCEV CadenzaAnnuale AperturaOttobre ChiusuraMaggio Partecipanti27 FormulaFase di qualificazioneFase a gironiFase a eliminazione direttaGrand Finale StoriaFondazione1960 Detentore Imoco Record vittorie Dinamo Mosca (11) Ultima edizioneCEV Champions League 2023-2024 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La CEV Champions League, fino all'edizione 1999-00 con il nome di Coppa dei Campioni, è la massima c...