L'anima del filosofo

*L'anima del filosofo*
L'anima del filosofo
Opera by Joseph Haydn
	Portrait of Haydn by Thomas Hardy, 1791
Translation	The Soul of the Philosopher
Other title	Orfeo ed Euridice
Librettist	Carlo Francesco Badini
Language	Italian
Based on	Myth of Orpheus
Premiere	9 June 1951; Teatro della Pergola, Florence

L'anima del filosofo, ossia Orfeo ed Euridice (The Soul of the Philosopher, or Orpheus and Euridice), Hob. 28/13, is an opera in Italian in four acts by Joseph Haydn and is one of the last two operas written during his life, the other being Armida (1783).The libretto, by Carlo Francesco Badini, is based on the myth of Orpheus and Euridice as told in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Composed in 1791 for His Majesty's Theatre during his first visit to England,^[1] the opera was never performed during Haydn's lifetime and only given its formal premiere in 1951.^[2]

Background

After his patron Prince Nikolaus Esterházy had died in 1790, Haydn travelled to London where he received a commission to write several symphonies. The impresario John Gallini offered him a contract to write an opera for The King's Theatre but due to a dispute between King George III and the Prince of Wales he was refused permission to stage it in May 1791. There are some uncertainties about why the opera was banned at the time.^{[clarification needed]}

The score was nearly completed but was not published in its complete form before the 20th century. It was partially published by Breitkopf & Härtel in c. 1807.^[3]

Various manuscripts were scattered in several European libraries.^[4] H. C. Robbins Landon did much to assemble the available scores.

Performance history

L'anima del filosofo remained unperformed until 9 June 1951, when it appeared at the Teatro della Pergola, Florence, with a cast including Maria Callas and Boris Christoff, under the conductor Erich Kleiber.

The UK premiere was in 1955, a concert performance at the St Pancras Festival. This was the debut of the baritone Derek Hammond-Stroud.^[5] It has been performed and recorded several times since then. The opera makes extensive use of the chorus.

Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role	Voice type	Premiere cast, 9 June 1951^[6] Conductor: Erich Kleiber
Orfeo	tenor	Thyge Thygesen
Euridice	soprano	Maria Callas
Plutone	bass	Mario Frosini
Creonte	bass	Boris Christoff
Baccante	soprano	Liliana Poli
Genio	soprano	Julanna Farkas
First courtier	baritone	Camillo Righini
Second courtier/Warrior	tenor	Gino Orlandini
Third courtier	baritone	Edio Peruzzi
Fourth courtier	tenor	Lido Pettini

Instrumentation

The opera is scored for a 12-instrument classical chamber orchestra:

Two flutes
Two oboes
Two clarinets
Two cors anglais
Two bassoons
Two horns
Two trumpets
Two trombones
timpani
harp
Strings
Continuo

Music

Haydn borrowed previously composed music as the basis for select portions of the opera. One notable example is Genio's "C Major" aria which was a reformed version of Flaminia's aria "Ragion nell'alma siede" from the 1773 opera, Philemon und Baucis.^[7]