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Kuwana

桑名市
Kuwana 桑名市
City
	Kiso Three Rivers and Ise Bay from Mount Tado
	Flag Emblem
	Location of Kuwana in Mie Prefecture
	Kuwana
	Coordinates: 35°4′N 136°41′E / 35.067°N 136.683°E
Country	Japan
Region	Kansai
Prefecture	Mie
Government
• Mayor	Narutaka Itō
Area
• Total	136.68 km2 (52.77 sq mi)
Population (March 31, 2021)
• Total	141,045
• Density	1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
Phone number	0594-24-1136
Address	2-37 Chūōchō, Kuwana-shi, Mie-ken 511-8601
Climate	Cfa
Website	Official website
Symbols
Flower	Japanese iris
Tree	Flowering Dogwood

Kuwana (桑名市, Kuwana-shi) is a city located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2021^[update], the city had an estimated population of 141,045 in 60,301 households and a population density of 1000 persons per km².^[1] The total area of the city is 136.68 square kilometres (52.77 sq mi).

Geography

Kuwana is located in northern Mie Prefecture, facing the Pacific Ocean. It is located at the mouth of Kiso Three Rivers dividing Mie and Aichi Prefectures, the city has functioned as a regional center of fishing, industry, business, and culture.

Neighboring municipalities

Aichi Prefecture

Aisai
Yatomi

Gifu Prefecture

Kaizu

Mie Prefecture

Climate

Kuwana has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kuwana is 16.1 °C (61.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,616.3 mm (63.63 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.0 °C (82.4 °F), and lowest in January, at around 4.8 °C (40.6 °F).^[2]

Temperature: Maximum 39.8 °C (103.6 °F) (August 3, 2018), Minimum −6.4 °C (20.5 °F) (February 4, 1999)
Precipitation: Maximum 358.0 mm (14.09 in) (September 11, 2000)
Instantaneous wind speed: Maximum 27.8 meters/second (September 4, 2018)^[3]

Climate data for Kuwana (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1979−present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	17.7 (63.9)	20.6 (69.1)	24.9 (76.8)	30.8 (87.4)	34.1 (93.4)	37.5 (99.5)	39.7 (103.5)	40.4 (104.7)	38.0 (100.4)	32.3 (90.1)	26.3 (79.3)	21.9 (71.4)	40.4 (104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	9.2 (48.6)	10.2 (50.4)	13.9 (57.0)	19.3 (66.7)	24.0 (75.2)	27.1 (80.8)	31.0 (87.8)	32.7 (90.9)	29.0 (84.2)	23.3 (73.9)	17.3 (63.1)	11.6 (52.9)	20.7 (69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	4.8 (40.6)	5.5 (41.9)	8.9 (48.0)	14.2 (57.6)	19.1 (66.4)	22.8 (73.0)	26.7 (80.1)	28.0 (82.4)	24.4 (75.9)	18.6 (65.5)	12.6 (54.7)	7.3 (45.1)	16.1 (60.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	1.2 (34.2)	1.5 (34.7)	4.5 (40.1)	9.6 (49.3)	14.8 (58.6)	19.3 (66.7)	23.5 (74.3)	24.6 (76.3)	20.9 (69.6)	14.8 (58.6)	8.6 (47.5)	3.5 (38.3)	12.2 (54.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−5.3 (22.5)	−6.4 (20.5)	−4.4 (24.1)	0.2 (32.4)	6.0 (42.8)	11.6 (52.9)	16.3 (61.3)	15.5 (59.9)	10.9 (51.6)	4.5 (40.1)	−0.7 (30.7)	−5.0 (23.0)	−6.4 (20.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	54.3 (2.14)	63.2 (2.49)	112.8 (4.44)	141.7 (5.58)	166.8 (6.57)	209.5 (8.25)	193.2 (7.61)	137.1 (5.40)	233.3 (9.19)	165.8 (6.53)	79.7 (3.14)	59.0 (2.32)	1,616.3 (63.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	6.3	7.1	9.2	9.3	10.2	12.3	11.8	8.7	11.1	9.3	6.4	7.1	108.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours	159.8	158.3	188.5	194.3	199.9	154.2	175.2	218.6	163.3	167.1	157.8	156.7	2,093.6
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency^[3]^[2]

Demographics

Per Japanese census data,^[4] the population of Kuwana has increased steadily over the past 60 years.

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1950	78,754	—
1960	88,556	+12.4%
1970	101,403	+14.5%
1980	110,310	+8.8%
1990	124,042	+12.4%
2000	134,856	+8.7%
2010	140,281	+4.0%

History

During the late Heian period and Muromachi period, the area of modern Kuwana was known as Juraku-no-tsu (十楽の津) and was a major seaport on the east coast of Japan, controlled by a guild of merchants. The poet Socho described it in 1515 as a major city with over a thousand houses, temples and inns. During the Sengoku period, the area came under the control of the warlord Oda Nobunaga. The Sieges of Nagashima took place in 1571, 1573 and 1574, finally resulting in the destruction of the Ikkō-ikki by Nobunaga's forces. After Nobunaga's death, the area came under the control of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who initially installed Nobunaga's younger son Oda Nobukatsu as ruler as all of Ise Province. However, following the Battle of Odawara, Hideyoshi demoted Oda Nobukatsu, divided Ise Province into several domains, was assigned to Ujiie Yukihiro as a 22,000 koku domain in 1595. Ujiie Yukihiro sided with the pro-Toyotomi armies in the Battle of Sekigahara and was dispossessed by Tokugawa Ieyasu.^[5]

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, Kuwana was the castle town of Kuwana Domain, with a kokudaka of 150,000 koku. It was also the location of Kuwana-juku, as the forty-second post station on the vital Tōkaidō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto. Some travelers along the road would take ships and boats across Ise Bay from Miya-juku (located in present-day Nagoya near Atsuta Shrine) to Kuwana, which reportedly made the journey more enjoyable. As the trip across Ise Bay took a whole day, Kuwana became a necessary stop for most travelers, benefiting the city's numerous inns and restaurants which served fresh sea food. Kuwana was especially known for its clams. The shogunate recognized the strategic value of the location as both a seaport, and the domain was always ruled by a fudai daimyō, and from 1823 by the shinpan daimyō Hisamatsu clan. Matsudaira Sadaaki, the next-to-last daimyō of Kuwana served as the last Kyoto shoshidai and supported his brother, Matsudaira Katamori, daimyō of Aizu Domain. He fought in the Boshin War, finally surrendering to the Meiji government after the fall of the Republic of Ezo. With the abolition of the han system in July 1871 after the Meiji restoration, Kuwana Domain became “Kuwana Prefecture”, and later became Kuwana District within Mie Prefecture.^[5]

The area re-established itself as a regional commercial center and was noted for its metal casting industry. Kuwana Town was established in April 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to city status on April 1, 1937, as a result of a merger between existing towns and villages in the area. The city was devastated by Allied air raids on July 17 and July 24, 1945, during World War II, which destroyed some 90% of its urban area. Portions of the city were again heavily damaged in 1959 by the Isewan Typhoon.

On December 6, 2004, the towns of Nagashima and Tado (both from Kuwana District) were merged into Kuwana.

Government

Kuwana has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 26 members. Kuwana contributes four members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Mie 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy

Traditionally, Kuwana has been noted for its metal casting industry, which remains an important factor in the local economy, especially with the production on manhole covers and gratings. Another traditional industry that Kuwana was famous for was the production of Banko ware ceramics, and for its woodworking industries, including the production of wooden trays and furniture. Commercial fishing, especially the farming of hamaguri clams is also an important industry. Today, the city functions as a bed town for nearby Nagoya and Yokkaichi. A large housing estate called Ōyamada (大山田) is located west of central Kuwana.

Education

Kuwana has 27 public elementary schools and nine public middle schools operated by the city government and four public high schools operated by the Mie Prefectural Department of Education. There are also one private elementary school, middle school and high school. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.