The Kudmi Mahato[note 1] are a tribal community in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha of India. They are primarily agriculturalist.[2][3]
Kudmi were classified as a Notified Tribe by the British Raj under the terms of the Indian Succession Act introduced in 1865 as they have customary rules of succession.[7][page needed][8][9] Kudmi of Chotanagpur are different from Kurmi of Gangetic plain.[10] According to Mahanta (2003) kudmi follow totemism which stamps them as Dravidian descent and resembles to Dravidian tribe around them according to book The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (1891) written by Herbert Hope Risley.[11][12][13][14] Subsequently, in 1913, they were classified as a Primitive tribe. Then they were omitted from the list of communities listed as tribes in the 1931 census.[15]
They were not in the list of Scheduled Tribes drawn up in 1950. They are included in the list of Other Backward Classes in the States of Jharkhand,[16] West Bengal[17] and Odisha.[18][19] In 2004, the Government of Jharkhand recommended that they should be listed as a Scheduled Tribe rather than Other Backward Class.[20] The Tribal Research Institute of Government of India recommended against this proposal, claiming they are a sub-caste of the Kunbi and thus different to tribal people.[21][22][23] Therefore, In 2015, the Government of India refused to approve the recommendation of Jharkhand government to list the Kudmi Mahato as Schedule Tribe.[23]
The language of Kudmi is Kudmali/Kurmali. But according to study, Kurmali language have vocabulary which is neither Dravidian nor Austro-asiatic. The Kudmi people once spoke a distinct language, neither Munda nor Dravidian but also not Indo-Aryan, and at some point switched to the regional Indo-Aryan lingua franca of that time, leaving a distinct substrate in their new language.[24][25]
In April 2023, a Kudmi organization of West Bengal and Jharkhand engaged in rail blockages and demanded Scheduled Tribe status,[26] a demand which was opposed by some scheduled tribes.[27][28]
Social organisations of this tribal community have agitated for scheduled tribe status and recognition of their traditional Sarna religion.[29] During the 20th century, some Kudmis of Chhotanagpur underwent a social change of Kshatriyaization along with the other Kurmi of North India[30] and elevated their status as Kshatriya.[31][32]
Historically, the Kudmi Mahatos have been a noble class[33] who were landowning zamindars.[34][35][36] They exhibit upper-caste status[37][38] and performed priestly functions in the temples situated in western Rarh region.[39]
The traditional occupation of Kudmi is agriculture. Kudmi are divided into 81 clans or gushti including Keshriar, Hindoiar, Bagh Banuar, Naguar, Punoriar, Bangsoar, Sankhuar, Kanbindha, Katiar, Dumriar, Karuar etc.[23][40][41]
They are nature worshippers.[42][43][44][45] Bari Puja, Karam, Chait Parab, Jitiya, Bandna, Tusu Parab are some of the major festivals of Kudmis. They worship Budha Baba in Madapthan and Garam at garamthan. Jhumair and Chhau are their folk dance.[46][47]
According to National Institute of Biomedical Genomics(NIBMG), the Kudmi Mahatos genetically cluster together with other Indo-European speaking populations of Bengal & Orissa region[48] indicating less genetic distance between both the populations. The study also identifies the Kudmi population as Indo-European speaking who have a geographic proximity with the Mundari speaking populations, also mentioned by Genome India Project(GIP).[49]
Although clustered together with other Indo-European populations such as Rahri Brahmins, Kayastha, Mahishya and Oriya Brahmin, they show a considerable affinity with the Austro-Asiatic populations.[48]
The Kudmi Mahato community played a role in various rebellions in India's freedom struggle. From the Chuar Rebellion to the Quit India Movement, many Kudmi Mahatos were martyred. Raghunath Mahato was a notable leader of the Chuar Rebellion in India's freedom struggle against the British. The rebellion he waged against the British is known as the Chuar Rebellion. His Slogan "Apna Gaon, Apna Raaj; Dur Bhagao Bideshi Raaj".[50][51][52][53][54]
Buli Mahato was the hero martyr of Kol Rebellion and Bhumij Rebellion.[55][56][57][58] Then came the Neel Rebellion 1843-1848 led by Gopal Mahato. Chanku Mahato then led the Santhal Rebellion in Godda district.[59] Also in the Sepoy Mutiny eleven were hanged together with Sukdev Mahato. In addition, Kanka Mahato, Rajani Mahato, Suchand Mahato, Kalicharan Mahato, Gopinath Mahato, Kalia Mahato etc. led the Medi Movement of Orissa. After that, the Kudmis also actively participated in the non-cooperation movement. Five Kudmi Mahato youths were martyred in this movement. These are Gokul Mahato, Mohan Mahato, Sheetal Mahato, Sahadeva Mahato, Ganesh Mahato.[60][61] Many were also jailed. Girish Mahato, Nanku Chandra Mahato, Govinda Mahato, Dasharath Mahato, Chunaram Mahato, Mathan Mahato and others were imprisoned in Hazaribagh Jail during Mahatma Gandhi's civil disobedience movement. Padak Mahato was also imprisoned in Bhagalpur Jail. Sagar Mahato, Bhajahari Mahato, Bhim Mahato, Satyakinkar Mahato, Mohini Mahato were imprisoned for doing satyagraha in 1941. Then in 1942, Satyakinkar Mahato was imprisoned from Manbazar during the Quit India movement. Chunaram Mahato and Govinda Mahato were martyred during the siege of Manbazar police station in 1942. Among the women Bhavini Mahato played a prominent role. Jagadish Mahato of (Dhanbad-Parabasnia) also took an active part in the Quit India movement. Many others are also involved.[62][63][64][65][66]
Another remarkable thing is that the Kurmis of Chota nagpur have no sub-division, no sub-caste or even no sub groups. This singleness of the unity of the community totally differentiates it from the Kurmis of Bihar who are divided into sub-castes, e.g., the Awadhia, Ghamaila, Kochaisa, Dhanuk, Joshwar, Sindriya, etc. This lack of division singularly confirms that the Kurmis of Chotanagpur have migrated somewhere from central part of India, where they have their original kinsmen, Kunbis. .. The totemistic organization of the Kurmis further indicate that Kurmis of Chotanagpur are distinct and different from the Kurmis of North Bihar who have titular gotras.
A striking feature of these peasant based social movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is the quality of their leadership. A new educated elite, which had begun to penetrate the lower and middle rungs of government service, provided the organizational frame for the status claims among communities formerly identified as servile. This is most evident among Kurmis, the first peasant community to organize a campaign for Kshatriya identity. By the 1890s the Kurmi-Kshatriya movement was being coordinated on a broad, transregional level.
And there was much wonder in the mind of the non-Kurmis of Manbhum that Panchet raja, having come up from the ancient Kshatriya royal family of the district, accepts the Kurmis as Kurmi Kshatriyas.
There can be no question but that the Kurmi Mahtos are completely Hinduized and have been for many years. They are in general much better educated, much more prosperous and enterprising, than the other aboriginal tribes or the low-caste Hindus, and they have succeeded in retaining their self-respect in a degree which is uncommon among primitive tribes converted to Hinduism. It is doubtless this circumstance which is now leading them not only to identify themselves with a Hindu caste which happens to bear the same name but also to join with that caste in affirming their Kshatriya origin.
Though the Kurmis include so many noble families, their social position in Bengal Proper is not high.
{{cite book}}
Panchkote Raj, also known as Panchkot Zamindari or Kashipur Raj, was a family of Kudmi (Kurmi) community Zamindars who ruled in the western fringe areas of present-day West Bengal, India and some of the adjacent areas in present-day Jharkhand.
The major community of this region is Kudmi community and it is historically proven that they are rebellious in nature and are reluctant to be a slave, in other words they like to be independent and non-interference of outsiders, preferring the profession of cultivation. As they are one of the major community and are cultivators, owned a vast track of land. It is widely believed that if the said community was being included in the Schedule Tribe list, it was impossible to acquire their land to establish major industrial city like Bokaro, Dhanbad, and Jamshedpur.
Both the Ind and the Chhata festivals are closely connected with what may be called the semi-feudal zamindari system of the district, and the celebrations take place only at present or past headquarters of one or other of the local Rajas, and by way of imitation, of one or two wealthy Kurmi landholders.
The Kurmi Mahato people exhibit an upper-caste status in the Pargela village and in lieu of that treat the Bhumij and scheduled castes in an inferior way.
In the villages in the Jungle Mahal area of Purulia district, most of the villages do not have Brahmins. The Mahatos and Kshatriyas are the upper castes there.
The Kurmi Mahatos of western Ráŕh also performed priestly functions in many such temples.
Indonesia's Got TalentMusim 4PresenterRobby PurbaJuriIvan GunawanRossaDenny SumargoReza OktovianPemenangFemme FataleTempat keduaDarak BadarakLokasiJakarta Concert Hall, iNews Tower, Kebon Sirih, Jakarta Pusat Negara asalIndonesiaRilisSaluran asliRCTITanggal tayang11 Juni 2023 –sekarangKronologi Musim← SebelumnyaMusim 3 Indonesia's Got Talent (musim 4) (atau Indonesia's Got Talent 2023) merupakan musim keempat dari acara pencarian bakat Indonesia's Got Talent yang mulai ditayangkan …
Мохамед Земмамуш Мохамед Земмамуш Особисті дані Повне ім'я Мохамед Ламін Земмамуш Народження 2 січня 1985(1985-01-02) (38 років) Міла, Алжир Зріст 190 см Громадянство Алжир Позиція воротар Інформація про клуб Поточний клуб «УСМ Алжир» Номер 1 Професіональні клуби* Роки К
Celeste Plak Información personalNacimiento 26 de octubre de 1995 (28 años)TuitjenhornNacionalidad NeerlandesaCaracterísticas físicasAltura 1,90 mPeso 84 kg EducaciónEducada en Johan Cruyff Institute Información profesionalOcupación Voleibolista Carrera deportivaDeporte VoleibolPerfil de jugadorPosición Receptor/atacanteEquipos Alterno Apeldoorn Foppapedretti Bergamo Igor Gorgonzola Novara Aydın Büyükşehir Belediye SK[1]Selección Selección femenina de voleibol de l…
この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。(2014年3月) 独自研究が含まれているおそれがあります。(2014年3月)出典検索?: シクストゥス5世 ローマ教皇 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL…
(9976) 1993 TQ ВідкриттяВідкривач Сейдзі Шіраї,Шудзі ХаякаваМісце відкриття Обсерваторія ХідакаДата відкриття 9 жовтня 1993ПозначенняТимчасові позначення 1993 TQ 1971 WC 1977 AL2 1980 WVКатегорія малої планети Астероїд головного поясуОрбітальні характеристики[1] Епоха 4 листопада 2013…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2018) عبد الرحمن دامفا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 27 ديسمبر 1991 (32 سنة) بانجول الطول 1.84 م (6 قدم 1⁄2 بوصة) مركز اللعب وسط الجنسية غامبيا معلومات النادي ال…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please h…
Dieser Artikel behandelt den Liedtexter. Zum englischen Musiker, Produzenten und Sänger siehe Tim Rice-Oxley. Tim Rice, 2020 Sir Timothy Miles Bindon „Tim“ Rice (* 10. November 1944 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England) ist ein britischer Musical- und Filmmusiktexter. Er ist Emmy-, Grammy-, Oscar- und Tony-Award-Preisträger. Rice gehört somit zum kleinen Kreis der Personen, die alle vier großen Preise der amerikanischen Unterhaltungsindustrie (EGOT) in einer regulären Wettbewerbskatego…
Chính phủ hiện đại ở Việt Nam xuất hiện vào khoảng tháng 4 năm 1945 với sự thành lập của cơ quan Nội các nhà Nguyễn gồm các Bộ trưởng. Tuy nhiên, một Chính phủ đúng nghĩa có quyền thực thi hành pháp lại chỉ xuất hiện vào tháng 9 năm 1945 dưới chế độ Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa. Từ đó cho đến nay, tên gọi cũng như mức độ quyền lực của chức vụ đứng đầu Chính phủ tại Việt Na…
Navinchandra Ramgoolam Navinchandra Ramgoolam (नवीन चन्द्र रामगुलाम) (lahir 13 Juli 1947) adalah Perdana Menteri Republik Mauritius. Ia menjabat untuk periode pertama pada 1995 hingga 2000 dan terpilih kembali pada 5 Juli 2005, setelah Alliance Sociale (sebuah koalisi antara partainya sendiri yaitu Partai Buruh, Partai Xavier-Luc Duval, dan beberapa kelompok kecil lainnya) mengalahkan koalisi MMM-MSM dari Perdana Menteri waktu itu Paul Bérenger, pada pemil…
Waterloo adalah singel pertama dari album kedua grup pop Swedia ABBA, Waterloo dan berada di bawah label Epic dan Atlantic. Karya tersebut juga merupakan singel pertama dimana grup tersebut tampil dengan nama ABBA. Pranala luar Classic pop video of Waterloo Abba4therecord.com[pranala nonaktif permanen] Lirik lengkap di MetroLyrics lbsDaftar pemenang Kontes Lagu EurovisionNegara pemenang1950-an Swiss Belanda Prancis Belanda 1960-an Prancis Luxembourg Prancis Denmark Italia Luxembourg Aust…
2003 video gameVietcongDeveloper(s)PterodonIllusion SoftworksCoyote Games (PS2, Xbox)Publisher(s)GatheringPlatform(s)Windows, PlayStation 2, XboxReleaseWindowsNA: March 26, 2003EU: April 17, 2003PlayStation 2, XboxNA: September 15, 2004PAL: October 22, 2004Genre(s)Tactical first-person shooterMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Vietcong is a 2003 tactical first-person shooter video game developed by Pterodon in cooperation with Illusion Softworks and published by Gathering for Microsoft Windows. I…
هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (نوفمبر 2021) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضل…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: All Inclusive 2008 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2008 Chilean filmAll InclusiveFilm posterDirected byRodrigo Ortuzar LynchWritten byJulio RojasPaula del FierroProduced byLaur…
Pride in exaggerated masculinity For other uses, see Machismo (disambiguation). Macho redirects here. For other uses, see Macho (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Masochism. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original …
De Vier Heemskinderen, hoekpand Wijdstraat/Achter de Kerk anno 2010 De Vier Heemskinderen is een monumentaal hoekpand aan de Wijdstraat, Torenstraat en Achter de Kerk in de Nederlandse stad Gouda. Beschrijving Detail van een plattegrond van Gouda uit 1585, de pijl wijst naar het pand op de hoek van de Wijdstraat, Torenstraat en Achter de Kerk Het pand zou dateren uit 1568.[1] Het schilddak is 17e-eeuws en de voorgevel is 19e-eeuws. De zolderverdieping heeft een zogenaamde mezzaninovorm, …
2014年冬季奥林匹克运动会菲律宾代表團菲律宾国旗IOC編碼PHINOC菲律賓奧林匹克委員會網站www.olympic.ph(英文)2014年冬季奥林匹克运动会(索契)2014年2月7日至2月23日運動員1參賽項目1个大项旗手Michael Christian Martinez(英语:Michael Christian Martinez)历届奥林匹克运动会参赛记录(总结)夏季奥林匹克运动会192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024冬…
泰勒·斯威夫特現場演出列表2023年,斯威夫特在時代巡迴演唱會上演出。巡迴演唱會6單場演唱會3音樂節21其他現場演出213 美國創作歌手泰勒·斯威夫特共參與了6次巡迴演唱會, 3場單場音樂會, 21場音樂節和其他213次現場演出。 2006年至2007年,斯威夫特通過多次現場演出來宣傳她的首張錄音室專輯《泰勒·斯威夫特》,[1]并在之後參與並擔任了雷可福磊斯,[2]乔治·斯…
Russian writer You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (July 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: …
Swiss linguist (1857–1913) Ferdinand de SaussureBorn(1857-11-26)26 November 1857Geneva, SwitzerlandDied22 February 1913(1913-02-22) (aged 55)Vufflens-le-Château, Vaud, SwitzerlandAlma materUniversity of GenevaLeipzig University (PhD, 1880)University of BerlinEra19th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolStructuralism, linguistic turn,[1] semioticsInstitutionsEPHEUniversity of GenevaMain interestsLinguisticsNotable ideasStructural linguisticsSemiologyLangue and paro…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.144.224.210