Koło

For other places with the same name, see Kolo.
Koło
Skyline of Koło
Skyline of Koło
Flag of Koło
Flag
Coat of arms of Koło
Coat of arms
Koło is located in Poland
Koło
Koło
Coordinates: 52°12′N 18°38′E / 52.200°N 18.633°E / 52.200; 18.633
Country Poland
VoivodeshipGreater Poland
CountyKoło
GminaKoło (urban gmina)
Established13th century
Town rights1362
Government
 • MayorKrzysztof Witkowski
Area
 • Total
13.85 km2 (5.35 sq mi)
Elevation
110 m (360 ft)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total
23,034
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
62-600 to 62-602
Area code+48 63
ClimateDfb
Car platesPKL
Websitehttp://www.kolo.pl

Koło (pronounced [ˈkɔwɔ]) is a town on the Warta River in central Poland with 23,101 inhabitants (2006). It is situated in the Greater Poland Voivodship and it is the capital of Koło County.[1]

History

Gothic Koło Castle, built in the 14th century on the river Warta

Koło is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was granted town status in 1362 by King Casimir III.[2] It was situated in a safe place near the royal castle, on the island in the branches of the Warta River; the town had no walls but only two gates. It was a royal city and the seat of a land county (starostwo niegrodowe).[1][p. 16–18]

In 1410 Koło was a gathering place of the Greater Poland nobility, which called for a war with the Teutonic Order (see Battle of Grunwald). In 1452 the Royal Castle in Koło was the place of meeting between King Casimir the Jagiellonian and the representatives of the Prussian Union (see: the Thirteen Years' War).

Preserved old wooden granary

From the early 15th century until 1716, Koło was the meeting place of the Provincial Parliament called Sejmik Generalny for the Greater Poland region, comprising the Poznań Voivodship, Kalisz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Voivodeships. The town evolved into a regional hub of trade and crafts especially in metals and textiles, and as a centre of pottery. In 1571 a contract was drafted with regard to the status of the Jews in Koło, in which the city's Christians have undertaken to provide protection to the Jews, in return for which the Jews were required pay a special annual municipal tax.[3]

Koło was destroyed twice, once in 1622 by the Lisowski forces, and in 1655 by the Swedes; the economy managed to revive only at the end of the 17th century. Until 1793 Koło belonged to Konin County of the Kalisz Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province. The 1st Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in the town.[4] Following the Second Partition of Poland, in the years 1793-1806 it was occupied by Prussia, but during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 it was temporarily liberated by the insurgents. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it formed part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.[5]

20th century

Stary Rynek ("Old Market Square") in the 1920s

After the return of Poland's sovereignty at the end of World War I, Koło was assigned to Łódź Voivodeship. A new railway line opened in 1921 from Kutno to Strzałkowo via Koło. According to the 1921 census, the population was 58.7% Polish and 40.2% Jewish.[6]

On September 2, 1939, during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, the Luftwaffe bombed a civilian evacuation train from Krotoszyn, killing almost 250 civilians. The Germans captured Koło on September 18, 1939. On September 19, Jewish males over the age of 14 were rounded up and sent to forced labour. The Jewish synagogue was set on fire the following day.[7] Many Poles were arrested and imprisoned in the local prison, and afterwards murdered in Rzuchów.[8] On November 11, 1939, the German police murdered there 80 people, who were previously imprisoned in Koło.[8] In November 1939, Poles from Koło were also murdered in other places, including Bugaj, Chełmno nad Nerem, Konin.[9]

The first Aktion, conducted by Wehrmacht soldiers and gendarmes, took place in December 1939, in which 100 Jews were executed.[10] In June 1940 the Germans expelled 514 Poles, merchants and craftsmen with entire families, mostly to the General Government, while some were deported to forced labour to Germany, and their houses, workshops and shops were handed over to German colonists in accordance to the Nazi Lebensraum policy.[11] In December 1940, the Jews were rounded up in a ghetto, which was liquidated the following year, in December 1941.[12] The remaining Jews were deported to Chełmno extermination camp, where they were killed in gas vans and buried in mass graves. Koło remained a transfer point for Jews deported to Łódź, and Nazi officials, including Heinrich Himmler, visited the town.[3][13]

Under German occupation, the town was renamed to Wartbrücken in 1940, and then to Warthbrücken in 1941 (which translates to "bridge on Warta river").

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively part of the Konin Voivodship.

Climate

The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), but using older data and the modified Trewartha classification the climate would be continental (Dc).[14][15]

Climate data for Koło, elevation: 102 m or 335 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		36.9
(98.4) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.7
(98.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		38.4
(101.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		16.8
(62.2) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		9.7
(49.5) 		34.5
(94.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		2.8
(37.0) 		13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		3.5
(38.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		0.4
(32.7) 		9.1
(48.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		5.2
(41.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −13.8
(7.2) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−16.9
(1.6)
Record low °C (°F) −28.6
(−19.5) 		−26.6
(−15.9) 		−21.2
(−6.2) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.3
(37.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−24.4
(−11.9) 		−28.6
(−19.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.6
(1.13) 		26.3
(1.04) 		34.8
(1.37) 		28.9
(1.14) 		57.1
(2.25) 		57.6
(2.27) 		80.7
(3.18) 		57.4
(2.26) 		49.8
(1.96) 		37.4
(1.47) 		35.2
(1.39) 		32.2
(1.27) 		526.0
(20.71)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 5.2
(2.0) 		5.0
(2.0) 		3.1
(1.2) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.0) 		2.3
(0.9) 		4.2
(1.7) 		5.2
(2.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 15.53 13.48 13.63 11.05 12.83 12.78 13.25 11.73 11.60 12.90 14.07 16.00 158.86
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 13.8 12.8 5.7 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 9.7 45.4
Average relative humidity (%) 87.1 83.9 78.2 70.0 71.0 71.5 71.8 70.9 78.2 83.9 89.3 88.9 77.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.1 69.4 127.9 197.6 250.9 247.9 254.2 247.3 162.2 110.5 49.1 38.8 1,805.1
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[24][25][26]

Sports

Sights of Koło (examples)
Gothic Exaltation of the Holy Cross church
Baroque Church of the Visitation
Town hall
A monument to the K-dron

Notable residents

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Koło is twinned with:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koło.

References

  1. ^ a b U.M.K. (2014). "KOŁO 2005: Ludność. Położenie geograficzne. Klimat. Dziedzictwo kulturowe" (PDF). Załącznik do Uchwały nr XXXVIII / 269 / 2005 Rady Miejskiej w Kole z dnia 28 czerwca 2005 roku. Urząd Miejski w Kole. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  2. ^ "Koło" - Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Volume I Archived 2016-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b Mahler, Rafael. "From the near and far past". Some information about the history of the Jews of Koło.
  4. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 7.
  5. ^ Załuski, Pamela; Załuski, Iwo (2000). Szlakiem Chopina po Polsce (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo JaR. p. 66. ISBN 83-88513-00-1.
  6. ^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom II (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1925. p. 22.
  7. ^ Dates of grief. Sefer Koło; Funfhundert yor Yiddish Kolo. 1958. Mordekhai Halter (ed.) p. 335.
  8. ^ a b Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 210.
  9. ^ Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 210-211, 276
  10. ^ "Execution Sites of Jewish Victims Investigated by Yahad-In Unum". Yahad Map. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  11. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 222, 224. ISBN 978-83-8098-174-4.
  12. ^ "International Jewish Cemetery Project". Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  13. ^ "Kolo (Muhlental), Poland". Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  14. ^ "Kolo, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  15. ^ "Figure 2. The derived Köppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  16. ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  19. ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  21. ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Koło Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  25. ^ "Koło Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  26. ^ "Koło Średnia wilgotność" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

Read other articles:

De Simiane

De SimianeD'oro, alternato a torri e gigli d'azzurroTitoli Marchese di Gordes Marchese di Pianezza e Livorno Marchese di Truchenu et d'Esparron-en-Trièves Marchese d'Esparron Marchese di Simiane-lez-Aix FondatoreGuiraud I de Simiane Manuale I de Simiane furono una famiglia provenzale che regnò nei paesi d'Apt e di Gordes durante tutto il Medioevo. Prese il suo nome da Simiane-la-Rotonde, comune della regione della Provenza-Alpi-Costa Azzurra. Indice 1 Storia 2 Ramo italiano: Simiana dei mar...

 

The Incredibles

The IncrediblesLogo filmSutradaraBrad BirdProduserJohn WalkerDitulis olehBrad BirdPemeran Craig T. Nelson Holly Hunter Sarah Vowell Spencer Fox Jason Lee Samuel L. Jackson Elizabeth Peña Penata musikMichael GiacchinoSinematografer Andrew Jimenez Patrick Lin Janet Lucroy PenyuntingStephen SchafferPerusahaanproduksi Walt Disney Pictures[1] Pixar Animation Studios[1] DistributorBuena Vista Pictures Distribution[1]Tanggal rilis 24 Oktober 2004 (2004-10-24) ...

 

José Alberto Costa

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. José Alberto Costa Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 31 Oktober 1953 (umur 70)Tempat lahir PortugalPosisi bermain GelandangKepelatihanTahun Tim 1996 Nagoya Grampus Eight José Alberto Costa (lahir 31 Oktober 1953) adalah pemain sepak bola asal Port...

Juragan Besar

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Juragan Besar[pranala nonaktif permanen][1] atau biasa disebut pemilik modal yang memilki sero sebagai alat penangkap ikan dan peralatan lain. Berperan sebagai pembuat keputusan di darat setelah mendengar saran dari juragan kecil. Pada ...

 

Leonard Seabrooke

Leonard SeabrookeLahir1974Elizabeth, South AustraliaKarier ilmiahBidangEkonomi politik internasionalHubungan internasionalSosiologi ekonomiInstitusiCopenhagen Business SchoolNorwegian Institute of International Affairs Leonard Seabrooke adalah dosen ekonomi politik internasional dan sosiologi ekonomi di Copenhagen Business School serta dosen peneliti di Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.[1] Penelitian Seabrooke lebih berfokus pada peran profesional dan ahli dalam penyelesa...

 

St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church (Providence, Rhode Island)

Historic church in Rhode Island, United States United States historic placeSt. Joseph's Roman Catholic ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of Rhode IslandShow map of the United StatesLocationProvidence, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°49′17″N 71°23′50″W / 41.82139°N 71.39722°W / 41.82139; -71.39722Built1851ArchitectPatrick C. KeelyArchitectural styleGothicWebsitehttps://stjosephprovidence.orgNRHP reference No.74000004 [1 ...

Evgueni Lifchits

Cet article possède des paronymes, voir Lifshitz, Lipschitz et Livchitz. Evgueni Mikhaïlovitch LifchitsBiographieNaissance 21 février 1915KharkivDécès 29 octobre 1985 (à 70 ans)MoscouSépulture Cimetière de KountsevoNom de naissance Евгений Михайлович ЛифшицNationalité russe → soviétiqueFormation Institut national de physique et de technologie de Kharkiv (1931-1933)Institut polytechnique de Kharkov (en) (1933-1934)Activités Physicien, universitaire, pr...

 

Park Ha-sun

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Park. Park Ha-sunLahir22 Oktober 1987 (umur 36)Korea SelatanTahun aktif2005–sekarang Nama KoreaHangul박하선 Park Ha-sun (lahir 22 Oktober 1987) adalah aktris asal Korea Selatan. Ia berperan sebagai Ratu Inhyeon,[1] dalam drama sejarah Korea Dong Yi. Filmografi Film Tahun Judul Peran Ref. 2006 APT Jung-hong 2007 Mom Never Dies Ji-hye 2008 BABO Ji-in 2010 Jumunjin So-hee I Came from Busan In-hwa 2011 The Last Blossom Jung Yeon-soo Ch...

 

Divine retribution

For the TV series, see Divine Retribution (TV series). Divine punishment redirects here. For the 1986 album by Diananda Galás, see The Divine Punishment. Supernatural punishment by a deity The End of the World, commonly known as The Great Day of His Wrath,[1] an 1851–1853 oil painting on canvas by the English painter John Martin.[2] According to Frances Carey, the painting shows the destruction of Babylon and the material world by natural cataclysm. This painting, Carey hol...

Willow Run Air Force Station

Former United States Air Force station 42°14′31″N 83°29′57″W / 42.24194°N 83.49917°W / 42.24194; -83.49917 (Willow Run AFS P-23) Willow Run Air Force Station is a former United States Air Force station that operated to the east of Willow Run Airport in Michigan. History In 1951, the United States Air Force exercised a right of return to Willow Run and established Willow Run Air Force Station to the east of the airport runway. On 7 April 1952 the sit...

 

Пугачёва, Алла Борисовна

Запрос «Пугачёва» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Алла Пугачёва На фестивале «Славянский базар в Витебске», 2016 год Основная информация Полное имя Алла Борисовна Пугачёва Дата рождения 15 апреля 1949(1949-04-15) (75 лет) Место рождения Москва, СССР[1]...

 

J. C. Squire

For other people named John Squire, see John Squire (disambiguation). J. C. SquireJ. C. Squire by the early 20th centuryBorn2 April 1884 Died20 December 1958  (aged 74)OccupationEditing staff  Sir John Collings Squire (2 April 1884 – 20 December 1958) was a British writer, most notable as editor of the London Mercury, a major literary magazine in the interwar period. He antagonised several eminent authors, but attracted a coterie that was dubbed the Squirearchy. He was also a...

Escudo Timor Portugis

Escudo Timor Portugisescudo timorense (Portugis) Uang terakhir pada tahun 1970.Uang terakhir pada tahun 1970. DenominasiSubsatuan 1/100centavoUang kertas20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 escudosUang koin10, 20, 50 centavos, 1, 2½, 5 and 10 escudosDemografiPenggunaTimor PortugisEmisiBank sentralBanco Nacional UltramarinoKotak info ini menunjukkan status terbaru sebelum mata uang ini dianggap usang. Escudo adalah mata uang Timor Portugis antara tahun 1959 hingga tahun 1976. Ia menggantikan Patac...

 

Mata'afa FC

Mata'afaNama lengkapManokwari Tanah Arfak Football ClubJulukanLaskar Tanah ArfakStadionStadion SanggengManokwari, Papua BaratPemilikPSSI Kabupaten ManokwariKetuaB. Salabai[1]ManajerZakarias Wanio[1]PelatihIshak Krey[2]LigaLiga 32023kompetisi belum berlangsung Manokwari Tanah Arfak Football Club (disingkat sebagai Mata'afa) adalah tim sepak bola Indonesia yang bermarkas di Stadion Sanggeng, Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat. Tim ini berkompetisi di Liga 3 Zona Papua Bara...

 

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана Штаб-квартира Баку, ул. С. Ахундова, AZ 1115 Локация  Азербайджан Тип организации Космическое агентство Руководители Директор: Натиг Джавадов Первый заместитель генерального директора Тофик Сулейманов Основание Осн�...

باغلي

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع باغلي (توضيح). باغلي   الإحداثيات 41°50′48″N 94°25′44″W / 41.846666666667°N 94.428888888889°W / 41.846666666667; -94.428888888889   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة غوذري  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 0.800795 كيلومتر مربع0.800796 ك�...

 

نادي الرائد

الرائد شعار نادي الرائد الاسم الكامل نادي الرائد الرياضي السعودي اللقب رائد التحدي [1] الاسم المختصر RAE الألوان   الأحمر   الأسود   الأبيض تأسس عام 1954 (منذ 70 سنة) الملعب ملعب نادي الرائد مدينة الملك عبدالله الرياضيةبريدة،  السعودية(السعة: 5000 ، 25,000) البلد...

 

إدوارد وليامز

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع إدوارد وليامز (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (فبراير 2019) إدوارد وليامز معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 نوفمبر 1892   الوفاة 20 يناير 1977 (84 سنة)   ونشستر  الجنسية المملكة ال�...

本家かまどや

株式会社本家かまどや種類 株式会社本社所在地 日本〒651-0097兵庫県神戸市中央区布引町1丁目1番5号本家かまどやビル設立 1980年11月7日業種 小売業法人番号 2140001010817 事業内容 持ち帰り弁当チェーン店運営 他代表者 金原弘周[1]（代表取締役社長）資本金 2,000万円従業員数 225名外部リンク https://www.honkekamadoya.co.jp/テンプレートを表示 株式会社本家かまどや（ほんけ...

 

اللغة البنجابية

اللغة البنجابية الاسم الذاتي (بpnb: پنجابی)‏(بالبنجابية: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)‏    الناطقون 125000000 (لغة أم) (2021)[1]  الكتابة شاه مكهي[2][3]،  وأبجدية كرمكهية  [لغات أخرى]‏[2][3]  النسب لغات هندية أوروبية لغات هندية أوروبيةلغات هندية إيرانيةلغات هندية آ�...