Kivalina, Alaska

Kivalina
Kivalliñiq
City
Aerial view of Kivalina
Aerial view of Kivalina
Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska.
Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska.
Coordinates: 67°43′38″N 164°32′21″W / 67.72722°N 164.53917°W / 67.72722; -164.53917
CountryUnited States
StateAlaska
BoroughNorthwest Arctic
IncorporatedJune 23, 1969[1]
Government
 • MayorAustin Swan, Sr.[2]
 • State senatorDonny Olson (D)
 • State rep.Tom Baker (R)
Area
[3]
 • Total
4.16 sq mi (10.78 km2)
 • Land1.63 sq mi (4.23 km2)
 • Water2.53 sq mi (6.55 km2)
Elevation
13 ft (4 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
444
 • Density272.23/sq mi (105.08/km2)
Time zoneUTC-9 (Alaska (AKST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)
ZIP Code
99750
Area code907
FIPS code02-39960
GNIS feature ID1413348, 2419411

Kivalina (kiv-uh-LEE-nuh)[4] (Inupiaq: Kivalliñiq) is a city[5][6] and village in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 377 at the 2000 census[7] and 374 as of the 2010 census.[5]

The island on which the village lies is threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion caused by climate change. As of 2013, it is predicted that the island will be inundated by 2025.[8] In addition to well-publicized impacts of climate change, the Village of Kivalina has been a party in several environmentally related court cases.[9][10][11]

History

Kivalina is an Inupiat community first reported as "Kivualinagmut" in 1847 by Lt. Lavrenty Zagoskin of the Imperial Russian Navy. It has long been a stopping place for travelers between Arctic coastal areas and Kotzebue Sound communities. Three bodies and artifacts were found in 2009 representing the Ipiutak culture, a pre-Thule, non-whaling civilization that disappeared over a millennium ago.[12]

It is the only village in the region where people hunt the bowhead whale. The original village was located at the north end of the Kivalina Lagoon, but was relocated.

In about 1900, reindeer were brought to the area and some people were trained as reindeer herders.

An airstrip was built at Kivalina in 1960. Kivalina incorporated as a second-class city in 1969. During the 1970s, a new school and an electric system were constructed in the city.

On December 5, 2014, the only general store in Kivalina burned down.[13] In July 2015, a newer store was opened after months of rebuilding to make the store more convenient and safe.[14]

Geography

Kivalina is on the southern tip of a 12 km (7.5 mi) long barrier island located between the Chukchi Sea and a lagoon at the mouth of the Kivalina River.[15] It lies 130 km (81 mi) northwest of Kotzebue. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km2), of which, 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of it is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) of it (51.55%) is water.

Climate

Kivalina has a dry subarctic climate with long very cold winters and short cool summers. August is the wettest month of the year, while December is the snowiest month.

Climate data for Kivalina, Alaska (Kivalina Airport) (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1998-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 47
(8) 		52
(11) 		48
(9) 		62
(17) 		68
(20) 		96
(36) 		94
(34) 		89
(32) 		65
(18) 		58
(14) 		40
(4) 		39
(4) 		96
(36)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 32.0
(0.0) 		34.4
(1.3) 		28.0
(−2.2) 		38.3
(3.5) 		54.4
(12.4) 		70.6
(21.4) 		72.0
(22.2) 		65.8
(18.8) 		57.5
(14.2) 		44.4
(6.9) 		32.0
(0.0) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		74.4
(23.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 6.6
(−14.1) 		9.7
(−12.4) 		9.4
(−12.6) 		23.6
(−4.7) 		38.2
(3.4) 		50.0
(10.0) 		56.3
(13.5) 		54.5
(12.5) 		46.2
(7.9) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		17.3
(−8.2) 		10.0
(−12.2) 		29.4
(−1.5)
Daily mean °F (°C) −1.2
(−18.4) 		1.3
(−17.1) 		0.9
(−17.3) 		14.8
(−9.6) 		32.1
(0.1) 		43.9
(6.6) 		50.9
(10.5) 		49.1
(9.5) 		40.6
(4.8) 		25.6
(−3.6) 		11.4
(−11.4) 		2.9
(−16.2) 		22.7
(−5.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) −9.0
(−22.8) 		−7.1
(−21.7) 		−7.6
(−22.0) 		6.0
(−14.4) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		37.8
(3.2) 		45.5
(7.5) 		43.7
(6.5) 		35.1
(1.7) 		20.6
(−6.3) 		5.5
(−14.7) 		−4.1
(−20.1) 		16.0
(−8.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −33.2
(−36.2) 		−34.4
(−36.9) 		−28.6
(−33.7) 		−16.8
(−27.1) 		9.5
(−12.5) 		29.1
(−1.6) 		37.7
(3.2) 		34.6
(1.4) 		23.0
(−5.0) 		5.3
(−14.8) 		−15.1
(−26.2) 		−27.3
(−32.9) 		−39.9
(−39.9)
Record low °F (°C) −50
(−46) 		−54
(−48) 		−41
(−41) 		−33
(−36) 		−9
(−23) 		21
(−6) 		33
(1) 		28
(−2) 		12
(−11) 		−8
(−22) 		−30
(−34) 		−41
(−41) 		−54
(−48)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.28
(7.1) 		0.44
(11) 		0.18
(4.6) 		0.56
(14) 		0.57
(14) 		0.79
(20) 		1.41
(36) 		2.33
(59) 		1.52
(39) 		0.93
(24) 		0.51
(13) 		0.17
(4.3) 		9.69
(246)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.3 5.3 3.0 4.7 6.4 6.1 11.7 13.0 11.5 8.1 5.7 4.1 84.9
Source: NOAA[16][17]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
192087—
19309913.8%
194098−1.0%
195011719.4%
196014221.4%
197018832.4%
198024128.2%
199031731.5%
200037718.9%
2010374−0.8%
202044418.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]

Kivalina first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated (native) village. It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the census of 2010, there were 374 people, and 99 households.[19] The population density was 202.1 inhabitants per square mile (78.0/km2). There were 80 housing units at an average density of 42.9 per square mile (16.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 3.45% White and 96.55% Native American. The Native Village of Kivalina is a federally recognized tribe with an elected tribal council.[19] The City of Kivalina, organized under the Northwest Arctic Borough under the State of Alaska, has an elected mayor and city administrator and a 7-member city council.[19] Per the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, NANA Corporation owns the surface and sub-surface rights to the city site and surrounding area.[19] Manilaaq Association serves the community as an Alaska Native non-profit regional corporation providing social, tribal and health care services.[19]

In 2010, there were 78 households, out of which 61.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.83 and the average family size was 5.50. In the village the population was spread out, with 44.0% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $30,179. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $8,360. About 25.4% of families and 26.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over.

Environmental issues

Due to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site 12 km (7.5 mi) from the present site; studies of alternate sites are ongoing.[20] According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million.[21] Since the temperatures in the Arctic as rising is it heavily impacting the Kivalina community.[22] The sea ice that was once there helping to protect the city has now disappeared. Due to these rising sea levels maybe people are out of homes and since resources are becoming scarce it is leading to overcrowding and poor sanitation.[23]

In 2011, Haymarket Books published "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" by Christine Shearer.

Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation

Main article: Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation

The city of Kivalina and a federally recognized tribe, the Alaska Native Village of Kivalina, sued ExxonMobil, eight other oil companies, 14 power companies and one coal company in a lawsuit filed in federal court in San Francisco on February 26, 2008, claiming that the large amounts of greenhouse gases they emit contribute to global warming that threatens the community's existence.[24] The lawsuit estimated the cost of relocation at $400 million.[25] The suit was dismissed by the United States district court on September 30, 2009, on the grounds that regulating greenhouse emissions was a political rather than a legal issue and one that needed to be resolved by Congress and the Administration rather than by courts.[26]

Kivalina v Teck Cominco

In 2004, Kivalina underrepresentation from the co-founder of Center on Race Poverty and Environment, Luke Cole, sued Canadian mining company Teck Cominco, operator of the Red Dog Mine, for polluting its water drinking water source and subsistence fish resources through their discharge of mine waste into the Wulik River. Teck Cominco settled the suit in 2008 by agreeing to build a wastewater pipeline from the mine to the ocean that would bypass discharging into the Wulik River.[11][27] However, the pipeline was not constructed and the alternative settlement clause was followed.

Kivalina v. US EPA

In 2010, the Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council brought suit against the US EPA for failing to adequately address public comments in their permitting of the Red Dog Mine discharge plan under the National Pollutant Discharge Elilmination System (NPDES). In 2012, the US Ninth Circuit court upheld the decision of the EPA Appeals Board to not review the permit, citing the insufficiency of the Tribe's argument.[10][28]

"Orange goo"

Orange goo

On August 4, 2011, it was reported that residents of the city of Kivalina had seen a strange orange goo wash up on the shores. According to the Associated Press, "Tests have been conducted on the substance on the surface of the water in Kivalina. City Administrator Janet Mitchell told the Associated Press that the substance has also shown up in some residents' rain buckets."[29] On August 8, 2011, Associated Press reported that the substance consisted of millions of microscopic eggs.[30] Later, officials of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) confirmed that the orange colored materials were some kind of crustacean eggs or embryos,[31][32][33] but subsequent examination resulted in a declaration that the substance consisted of spores from a possibly undescribed species of rust fungus,[34] later revealed to be Chrysomyxa ledicola.[35]

Sea level rise and coastal erosion

On numerous occasions the community has been inundated by storm surges and been forced to evacuate.[36] While the risk of inundation from sea water has always existed, storms caused extensive flooding in 1970, 1976, 2002, 2004, and spurred a village-wide evacuation in 2007.[36] To slow erosion, the US Army Corps of Engineers conducted a rip-rap revetment project along the tip of the barrier island[19] and adjacent to the airport.

Other climate change impacts

In addition to increased flooding from storm surges, bank erosion along the Wulik River causes increased turbidity which affects the city's drinking water source and complicates water treatment.[36]

Relocation

Due to severe sea wave erosion during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site 12 km (7.5 mi) from the present site.[37] In 2009, Kivalina was identified by a GAO report as one of 31 environmentally threatened communities in Alaska.[38] Relocation to a site off the barrier island to higher ground has had little progress.[38] According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the Government Accountability Office (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million. In 2018, a decision was made to build an evacuation road across the Kivalina Lagoon to provide a means for the community to escape devastating storms that can inundate the barrier island. Additionally, the road will connect the village with the proposed new school site on K-Hill.[37]

Kivalina in the media

Kivalina's environmental issues were prominently featured in The 2015 Weather Channel documentary "Alaska: State of Emergency" hosted by Dave Malkoff. Kivalina was one of the two towns featured in the Al Jazeera English Fault Lines documentary, When the Water Took the Land.[39][40] The community, who were originally nomadic, were given an ultimatum that they would have to settle in the permanent community or their children would be taken from them.[41] The village's plight was also examined in Kivalina, an hourlong documentary released as part of the PBS World series America ReFramed. The Atlantic did a photo journalism story documenting climate change in Kivalina in their September 2019 article, The Impact of Climate Change on Kivalina, Alaska.[42]

Education

The McQueen School, operated by the Northwest Arctic Borough School District, serves the community.[43] As of 2017 it had 141 students, with Alaska Natives making up 100% of the student body.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 81.
  2. ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 87.
  3. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  4. ^ "Kivalina". Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Kivalina city, Alaska". Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  6. ^ "Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies" (PDF). Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2013.
  7. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  8. ^ Stephen Sackur (July 30, 2013). "The Alaskan village set to disappear underwater in a decade". BBC News.
  9. ^ "Adams v. Teck Cominco Alaska, Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1031 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Hansen, Clare (2013). "Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council v. United States Environmental Protection Agency". Public Land and Law Review: Article 10 – via scholarship.law.umt.edu.
  11. ^ a b Rosen, Yereth (September 4, 2008). "Zinc producer settles suit over Alaskan mine waste". Reuters. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  12. ^ "Remains of ancient inhabitants found in Kivilina." Anchorage Daily News, 25 August 2009 Archived August 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ DeMarban, Alex, "Fire Destroys General Store in Arctic Village of Kivalina", December 5, 2014. Alaska Dispatch News. Web. December 11, 2014
  14. ^ "This is climate change: Alaskan villagers struggle as island is chewed up by the sea" LA Times, 30 August 2015
  15. ^ Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact, Section 117 Expedited Erosion Control Project Kivilana Alaska, ACOE (PDF) (Report). September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  16. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  17. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  18. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e f City of Kivalina (2015). "City of Kivalina Hazard Mitigation Plan" (PDF).
  20. ^ An Alaska island is Losing Ground, Los Angeles Times, November 25, 2007
  21. ^ Abate, Randall S. (May 2010). "Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time" (PDF). Washington Law Review. 85: 197–252.
  22. ^ "User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska", Wikipedia, April 3, 2024, retrieved April 5, 2024
  23. ^ "User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska", Wikipedia, April 3, 2024, retrieved April 5, 2024
  24. ^ "Eskimo village sues over global warming", CNN News, February 26, 2008
  25. ^ Felicity Barringer (February 27, 2008). "Flooded Village Files Suit, Citing Corporate Link to Climate Change". New York Times. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
  26. ^ Order Granting Motions to Dismiss, N.D. Cal., September 30, 2009
  27. ^ "World's largest lead and zinc mine (Red Dog mine) found in violation of Clean Water Act". www.iatp.org. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  28. ^ "Adams v. Teck Cominco Alaska, Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1031 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  29. ^ "Mysterious orange goo washes up in Alaska village". Forbes. ANCHORAGE, Alaska. Retrieved August 9, 2011.[dead link‍]
  30. ^ Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs[dead link‍], Associated Press, August 8, 2011
  31. ^ D'Oro, Rachel. "Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs". The Associated Press. Anchorage, Alaska: Google Search. Retrieved August 9, 2011.[dead link‍]
  32. ^ "Mysterious Orange Goo Baffles Remote Alaska Village". Fox News. August 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
  33. ^ "Mystery Orange Goo in Remote Alaskan Village Identified". Fox News. August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
  34. ^ "Orange Goo on Alaska Shore Was Fungal Spores". Fox News. August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  35. ^ "Alaska "Orange Goo" Rust Spores Confirmed". NCCOS News. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. February 9, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012. An "orange goo" covered the Inupiat village of Kivalina, Alaska, last summer. Six months later the substance was confirmed by forestry experts at the USDA Forest Service and the Canadian Forest Service to be rust fungi uredospores of Chrysomyxa ledicola.
  36. ^ a b c Brubaker, M., Berner, J., Bell, J. N., & Warren, J. (2011). Climate Change in Kivalina Alaska.pdf (p. 70) [Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08-X59]. ANTHC. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/26952/Climate%20Change%20HIA%20Report_Kivalina.pdf
  37. ^ a b "Kivalina Evacuation and School Site Access Road, Transportation & Public Facilities". dot.alaska.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  38. ^ a b Alaska Native Villages: Limited Progress Has Been Made on Relocating Villages Threatened by Flooding and Erosion (Report). U. S. Government Accountability Office. June 3, 2009. GAO-09-551.
  39. ^ "Alaska: When the Water Took the Land". Fault Lines. Al Jazeera English. December 22, 2015.
  40. ^ Alaska News (December 18, 2015). "Al Jazeera documentary tells tale of two eroding Alaska villages". Alaska Dispatch News.
  41. ^ Arnold, Elizabeth (July 29, 2008). "Tale Of Two Alaskan Villages". Day to Day. NPR.
  42. ^ Taylor, Alan. "Photos: The Impact of Climate Change on Kivalina, Alaska - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  43. ^ "Relocating Kivalina | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit". toolkit.climate.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  44. ^ Home. McQueen School. Retrieved on March 26, 2017.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kivalina, Alaska.

Read other articles:

Fire from the Heartland

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Fire from the HeartlandSutradaraStephen K. BannonProduserDavid N. BossieStephen K. BannonDitulis olehStephen K. BannonPemeranMichele BachmannDeneen BorelliAnn CoulterS. E. CuppDana LoeschCynthia LummisPenata musikDavid CebertSinematograferMatthe...

 

 

Amoya

Amoya TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoGobiiformesFamiliGobiidaeGenusAmoya Herre, 1927 lbs Amoya adalah genus Gobi dalam keluarga Gobiidae yang berasal dari Samudera Hindia dan Samudra Pasifik bagian barat. Spesies Saat ini ada lima spesies yang diakui dalam genus ini:[1] Amoya gracilis (Bleeker, 1875) (Bluespotted mangrovegoby) Amoya madraspatensis (F. Day, 1868) (Manyband goby) Amoya moloanus (Herre, 1927) (Barcheek Amoya) Amoya signata (W. K. H. Peters, 185...

 

 

Missions étrangères de Paris

Pour les articles homonymes, voir MEP. Missions étrangères de ParisLogo des MEPHistoireFondation 1663CadreSigle MEPType Prêtres séculiersPays  FranceCoordonnées 48° 51′ 07″ N, 2° 19′ 22″ EOrganisationFondateur Alexandre de Rhodes, Pierre Lambert de La Motte, François Pallu, Ignace Cotolendi, François de Montmorency-LavalSupérieur général Vincent Sénéchal (depuis 2021)Site web missionsetrangeres.commodifier - modifier le code - modifier...

Gastone Martelli

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Gastone Martelli Nazionalità  Italia Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Termine carriera 1937 Carriera Squadre di club1 1926-1927 Anconitana? (?)1929-1936 Bologna93 (1)1936-1937 Alessandria? (?) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo �...

 

 

Index of law articles

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2017) Law Outline Lists Index Portal Category vte This collection of lists of law topics collects the names of topics related to law. Everything related to law, even quite remotely, should be included on the alphabetical list, and on the appropriate topic lists. All links on topical lists should also appear in the main alphabetical listing. The process of creating lists is ongoing – these lists are neither complete...

 

 

Durée du jour

Article principal : Jour. Durée du jour dans l'année (débutant à l'équinoxe de printemps) pour diverses latitudes de l'Hémisphère Nord :   0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 66,56 degrés (cercle arctique). Jour, nuit, aube et crépuscule. La durée du jour (ou longueur du jour), au sens strict, est le temps compris chaque jour entre le moment où le limbe supérieur du Soleil apparaît au-dessus de l'horizon, au lever de soleil, jusqu'à sa disparition en dessous, lors du...

Cristian Raúl Ledesma

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori argentini è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Cristian Ledesma Ledesma nel 2008 Nazionalità  Argentina Altezza 176 cm Peso 74 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex centrocampista) Termine carriera 2016 - giocatore CarrieraSquadre di club1 1997-1999 Argentinos Juniors54 (0)1999-2002 River Plate43 (0)2002-2003 Amburgo16 (0)2003 Monterre...

 

 

Institutio

Bagian dari seriKalvinismeYohanes Kalvin Latar Belakang Kekristenan Reformasi Protestan Protestantisme Teologi Teologi Yohanes Kalvin Teologi Perjanjian Pembaptisan Perjamuan Kudus Asas-Asas Regulatif Predestinasi Skolastisisme Teolog Hulderikus Zwingli Martinus Bucer Petrus Martir Vermigli Henrikus Bullinger Yohanes Kalvin Yohanes Knox Teodorus Beza Zacharias Ursinus Caspar Olevianus Guido de Bres Francis Turretin Jonathan Edwards Friedrich Schleiermacher Charles Hodge Herman Bavinck Karl Ba...

 

 

Pot-holder

Crocheted potholders A potholder made from multiple fabrics A pot-holder is a piece of textile (often quilted) or silicone used to cover the hand when holding hot kitchen cooking equipment, like pots and pans. They are frequently made of polyester and/or cotton. Crocheted pot-holders can be made out of cotton yarn as a craft project/folk art. A pot-holder offers protection for only one hand at a time. To lift a pan with two hot handles using both hands, two pot-holders are needed. For holding...

أزمة غزة عام 2008

قطاع غزة. تصاعدت أزمة غزة 23 يناير 2008 عندما قام جنود من حركة حماس بعملية انفجارية بالقرب من حدود معبر رفح، هو جزء من الحاجز المنشأ عام 2003. قَدّرت هيئة الأمم المتحدة أنه ما يقارب المليون ونصف المليون من سكان غزة قطعوا المعبر باتجاه مصر باحثين عن الغذاء والإمدادات. ثم قامت قوات ...

 

 

The Camp, Gloucestershire

Human settlement in EnglandThe CampThe CampLocation within GloucestershireOS grid referenceSO91340936Civil parishMiserdenDistrictStroudShire countyGloucestershireRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPoliceGloucestershireFireGloucestershireAmbulanceSouth Western List of places UK England Gloucestershire 51°46′58″N 2°07′37″W / 51.78279°N 2.12692°W / 51.78279; -2.12692 The Camp is a hamlet in the south of Gloucestersh...

 

 

Fyodor Rostopchin

Moscow Governor In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vasilyevich and the family name is Rostopchin. Fyodor RostopchinPortrait by Salvatore TonciGovernor-General of MoscowIn office24 May [O.S. 12 May] 1812 – 11 September [O.S. 30 August] 1814Preceded byIvan GudovichSucceeded byAlexander TormasovPresident of the Collegium of Foreign AffairsIn office17 April [O.S. 6 April] 1799 – ...

Tiple

Fretted string instrument TipleTiple, classic 12-string musical instrumentString instrumentClassification String instrument (plucked)Hornbostel–Sachs classification321.322(Composite chordophone)Playing range C3 - A5Related instruments Colombian tiple, Timple A tiple (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtiple], literally treble or soprano), is a plucked typically 12-string chordophone of the guitar family. A tiple player is called a tiplista. The first mention of the tiple comes from musicolog...

 

 

Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Conan DoyleSinh22 tháng 5 năm 1859Edinburgh, ScotlandMất7 tháng 7, 1930(1930-07-07) (71 tuổi)Hampshire, AnhNghề nghiệpNhà văn viết tiểu thuyết, truyện ngắn, nhà thơ, bác sĩThể loạiTruyện trinh thám, tiểu thuyết lịch sử, chuyện thật Ảnh hưởng bởi Edgar Allan Poe, Émile Gaboriau Ảnh hưởng tới Agatha Christie và các tác giả truyện trinh thám khác Chữ ký Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (22 tháng 5 năm 1859 – 7 th�...

 

 

Campionato mondiale di calcio Under-20 1997

Campionato mondiale di calcioUnder-20 1997 Competizione Campionato mondiale di calcio Under-20 Sport Calcio Edizione 11ª Date dal 16 giugno 1997al 5 luglio 1997 Luogo  Malaysia(6 città) Impianto/i 6 stadi Risultati Vincitore Argentina(3º titolo) Secondo Uruguay Terzo Irlanda Quarto Ghana Statistiche Miglior giocatore Nicolás Olivera Miglior marcatore Adaílton (10) Incontri disputati 52 Gol segnati 165 (3,17 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1995 199...

Paraguayan polka

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (May 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a ...

 

 

Greg Bell (politician)

7th Lieutenant Governor of Utah This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Greg Bell politician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to rem...

 

 

Silver 'n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres

1979 studio album by Horace SilverSilver 'n Strings Play the Music of the SpheresStudio album by Horace SilverReleased1979RecordedNovember 3 & 10, 1978, October 26 & November 2, 1979StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJGenreJazzLabelBlue NoteProducerHorace SilverHorace Silver chronology Silver 'n Percussion(1977) Silver 'n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres(1979) Guides to Growing Up(1981) Silver 'n Strings Play the Music of the Spheres is an album by jazz pianist H...

Governo Craxi II

Governo Craxi II Stato Italia Presidente del ConsiglioBettino Craxi(PSI) CoalizioneDC, PSI, PRI, PSDI, PLI LegislaturaIX Legislatura Giuramento1º agosto 1986 Dimissioni3 marzo 1987 Governo successivoFanfani VI18 aprile 1987 Craxi I Fanfani VI Il Governo Craxi II è stato il quarantatreesimo esecutivo della Repubblica Italiana, il secondo della IX legislatura. Rimase in carica dal 1º agosto 1986[1][2] al 18 aprile 1987 per un totale di 260 giorni, ovvero 8 mesi e 17 gior...

 

 

Davy Jones's locker

Sailor legend For other uses, see Davy Jones' Locker (disambiguation). Davy Jones' lockerDavy Jones' Locker, by John Tenniel, 1892First appearanceFour Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts (1726)GenreNautical folkloreIn-universe informationTypeEuphemism for oceanic abyss, the resting place for sailors drowned at sea.CharactersDavy Jones Davy Jones pictured by George Cruikshank in 1832, as described by Tobias Smollett in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle[1] Davy Jones' locker is a met...