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Kingdom of Derge
སྡེ་དགེ་
Kingdom of Derge སྡེ་དགེ་
13th century–1956
Capital	Dêgê
Common languages	Khams Tibetan
Government	Monarchy
Derge Gyalpo
• 16??–16??	Lodro Tobden
• ?–1812	Tsewang Lhamo
• 1897–1908	Doje Senkel
• 1926–1942	Tsewang Donden
• 1942–1956	Jamyang Palmo
History
• Established	13th century
• Gombo Namgye Rebellion	1853
• Annexed by Qing China	1908
• Restored by Tibet	1913
• incorporated into PR China	1950
• Land Reform Movement	1956
	Succeeded by
China
Today part of	China

The Kingdom of Derge (Tibetan: སྡེ་དགེ་, Wylie: sde dge; Chinese: 德格王國) was a large kingdom in Kham, whose estate was founded in the 13th century by the Gar Clan of Sonam Rinchen in present-day Pelyul County.^[1] The Gar Clan traces its lineage to minister Gar Tongtsen at Songsten Gampo's 7th century court, and the kingdom lasted until the 20th century.^[2] After the 1630s, the Derge Kingdom became a major center of Tibetan culture, printing, industry, Tibetan Buddhism, and politics, and the seat of its kingdom was in the town of Degé.^[2] The kings of Derge belonged to the 1300-year old Gar Clan lineage,^[2]

At its height, the population of the kingdom consisted of 12–15,000 families.^[4]

The northern border of the kingdom was defined by Tso Ngon Lake; on the east, the boundary terminated at those states that utilized the Horpa variation of the Rgyalrongic languages, Chantui and Litang; the southern and western boundaries were defined by Batang, Sanai, Gonjo and Draya; and Lhato and Chamdo, respectively.^[4] During the Qing dynasty, a Derge king requested a Tusi title in 1728.^[5]^[6] The kingdom was known for its metal working and was an important center in the establishment of the Rimé movement in Tibetan Buddhism.^[7]^[8] The royal family of Derge were known as supporters of art, producing such artists as Situ Panchen, the kingdom's senior court chaplain, who is also known for his contributions to medicine and religion.^[9]^[10] Regent Queen Tsewang Lhamo (d. 1812) was known for her support of the Nyingma school and for commissioning the printing its texts, including The Collected Tantras of the Nyingma.^[11]^[12]

History

Degé became the capital of the kingdom in the 15th century under the reign of Lodro Tobden, the 31st in the line of the Derge kings.^[13] It was he who invited Thang Tong Gyalpo to establish the now renowned Gongchen Monastery in the region.^[13] The kingdom expanded during the 18th century under the reign of Tenpa Tsering, who conquered territories to the north.^[13]

In the early 1900s, Eric R. Coales prepared a report that included information about the "recent" history of the kingdom for the British.^[14] According to Coales' report, in 1895, the Viceroy of Sichuan sent forces into Chantui, led by General Chang Chi, who advanced further into Derge.^[15] The king and his family were imprisoned in Chengdu.^[16] By the time political intrigue in China had forced the troops to withdraw, the king had died, leaving behind two sons, Doje Senkel and Djembel Rinch'en. The former of these enjoyed the support of the Chinese, but the latter, who may have been illegitimate, had backers in Chantui. The two struggled over the throne until 1908, when Doje Senkel appealed for assistance to the Chinese General Chao Eh-Feng, who was on military campaign in the area to secure the political primacy of China.^[16] Djembel Rinch'en was driven to take sanctuary with the Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso; Doje Senkel yielded the kingdom to China in exchange for an allowance.^[17] The Chinese retained direct control of Derge until 1918.^[13]

The palace of the Derge kings, located next to the Parkhang Monastery, was demolished after 1950 and a school was built on the site.^[18]

References

^ Chhosphel, Samten (March 2011). "Katokpa Dampa Deshek". The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters.
^ ^a ^b ^c McCue, Gary (1999). Trekking in Tibet: A Traveler's Guide (2 ed.). The Mountaineers Bookl. p. 239. ISBN 0-89886-662-6. Derge kingdom.
^ Teichman, Eric (1922). Travels of a Consular Officer in Eastern Tibet: Together with a History of the Relations between China, Tibet and India. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 158–159, plate XXXIX.
^ ^a ^b Coales, Oliver R. (2003). "Narrative of a journey from Tachienlu to Ch'amdo and back via Batang". In McKay, Alex (ed.). The History of Tibet. Routledge. p. 223. ISBN 0-415-30844-5.
^ Li, Jianglin (2022). When the Iron Bird Flies: China's Secret War in Tibet. Stanford University Press. p. 322. ISBN 9781503629790.
^ Wouters, Jelle (2022). Routledge Handbook of Highland Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN 9781000598582.
^ Rockhill, William Woodville (1891). The Land of the Lamas: Notes of a Journey Through China, Mongolia and Tibet. Century Co. p. 228. Derge kingdom.
^ Huber, Toni (2008). The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage & the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India. University of Chicago Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-226-35648-8.
^ Berger, Patricia Ann (2003). Empire of Emptiness: Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 0-8248-2563-2.
^ "Situ Panchen: Creation and Cultural Engagement in 18th-Century Tibet". Rubin Museum of Art. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ Ronis, Jann (October 2011). "Powerful Women in the History of Degé: Reassessing the Eventful Reign of the Dowager Queen Tsewang Lhamo (d. 1812)". Proceedings du deuxième séminaire international des Jeunes Tibétologues (ISYT), Paris 2009. Vol. 21. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines. pp. 61–81. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
^ Ronis, Jann (May 2013). "Tsewang Lhamo". The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dorje, Gyurme (1999). Tibet Handbook: The Travel Guide (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 469. ISBN 1-900949-33-4.
^ Coales, 202.
^ Coales, 222-223.
^ ^a ^b Coales, 224.
^ Coales, 224-225.
^ McCue, 241.