Killing of Amadou Diallo

"Amadou Diallo" redirects here. For others with the same name, see Amadou Diallo (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Mamadou Diallo (disambiguation), Hamidou Diallo, or Amad Diallo.

Killing of Amadou Diallo
Amadou Diallo
DateFebruary 4, 1999; 25 years ago (1999-02-04)
Time12:40 AM EST
LocationNew York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°49′39.1″N 73°52′48.1″W / 40.827528°N 73.880028°W / 40.827528; -73.880028
TypePolice killing, shooting
ParticipantsEdward McMellon
Sean Carroll
Kenneth Boss
Richard Murphy
DeathsAmadou Diallo
ChargesSecond-degree murder
Reckless endangerment
VerdictNot guilty
LitigationLawsuit filed against city and officers for $61 million; settled for $3 million
Daniels, et al. v. the City of New York (class-action lawsuit)

In the early hours of February 4, 1999, an unarmed 23-year-old Guinean student named Amadou Diallo (born September 2, 1975) was fired upon with 41 rounds and shot a total of 19 times by four New York City Police Department plainclothes officers: Sean Carroll, Richard Murphy, Edward McMellon, and Kenneth Boss. Carroll later claimed to have mistaken Diallo for a rape suspect from one year earlier.

The four officers, who were part of the Street Crime Unit, which had expanded in size under mayor Rudy Giuliani, were charged with second-degree murder and acquitted at trial in Albany, New York.[1] A firestorm of controversy erupted after the event, as the circumstances of the shooting prompted outrage both within and beyond New York City. Issues such as police brutality, racial profiling, and contagious shooting were central to the ensuing controversy.

Early life

Diallo was one of four children born to Saikou and Kadiatou Diallo, and part of a historic Fulbe trading family in Guinea. He was born in Sinoe County in Liberia on September 2, 1975,[2] while his father was working there, and while growing up followed his family to Togo, Singapore, Thailand, and back to Guinea. In September 1996, he followed other family members to New York City and started a business with a cousin. According to his family's lawyer, he sought to remain in the United States by filing a political asylum application, falsely claiming that he was from Mauritania and that his parents had been killed in fighting.[3] He sold video cassettes, gloves, and socks on the sidewalk along 14th Street during the day.[4]

Death

In the early morning of February 4, 1999, Diallo was standing near his building of residence after returning from a meal. At about 12:40 a.m., officers Edward McMellon, Sean Carroll, Kenneth Boss, and Richard Murphy were looking for a serial rapist in the Soundview section of the Bronx. While driving down Wheeler Avenue, the police officers observed Diallo standing in front of his building entrance looking up and down the street. They stopped their unmarked car intending to question Diallo. When they ordered Diallo to show his hands, he ran up into the building entrance and reached into his pocket to produce what turned out to be his wallet.[5] Assuming Diallo was drawing a firearm, one officer fired as he was walking up the stairs. The recoil of the gun caused the officer to fall backwards. The other three officers, believing their partner was shot, fired their weapons. The four officers fired 41 shots[6] with semi-automatic pistols,[7][1][8] hitting Diallo 19 times, fatally wounding him. Eyewitness Sherrie Elliott stated that the police continued to shoot even though Diallo was already down.[5][9]

The investigation found no weapons on or near Diallo; what he had pulled out of his jacket was a wallet. The internal NYPD investigation ruled that the officers had acted within policy, based on what a reasonable police officer would have done in the same circumstances. Nonetheless, the Diallo shooting led to a review of police training policy and switching away from the use of full metal jacket (FMJ) bullets.[10]

On March 25, 1999, a Bronx grand jury indicted the four officers on charges of second-degree murder and reckless endangerment.[11] On December 16, a court ordered a change of venue to Albany, New York because of pretrial publicity. On February 25, 2000, after three days of deliberation, a jury composed of four black and eight white jurors acquitted the officers of all charges.[5]

Aftermath

The killing prompted an outpouring of protest, culminating in 1,200 arrests of protesters in New York City, as well as Rep. John Lewis and Rev. Al Sharpton becoming involved. [12] The head of the NAACP urged the United States Attorney General to take action.[13]

In March 2000, the United States Department of Justice found that the NYPD Street Crimes Unit, to which the 4 officers belonged, engaged in racial profiling.[14]

In April 2000, Diallo's mother and father filed a $61 million lawsuit against the city and the officers, charging gross negligence, wrongful death, racial profiling, and other violations of Diallo's civil rights. In March 2004, they accepted a $3 million settlement, one of the largest in the City of New York for a single man with no dependents under New York State's "wrongful death law", which limits damages to financial loss by the deceased person's next of kin.[15] Anthony H. Gair, representing the Diallo family, argued that federal common law should apply.[further explanation needed]

In April 2002, as a result of the killing of Diallo and other controversial actions, the Street Crime Unit was disbanded. In 2003, Diallo's mother published a memoir, My Heart Will Cross This Ocean: My Story, My Son, Amadou, with the help of author Craig Wolff.

Diallo's death became an issue in the 2005 New York City mayoral election. Bronx borough president and mayoral candidate Fernando Ferrer, who had protested against the circumstances of the killing at the time, was criticized by the Diallo family and many others for telling a meeting of police sergeants that although the shooting had been a tragedy, the officers had been "over-indicted".[16]

Officer Kenneth Boss had previously been involved in an incident in which an unarmed black man was shot.[17][18] After the trial, Boss was reassigned to desk duty, but in October 2012, Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly restored Boss's ability to carry a firearm. As of 2012, he was the only one of the four officers still working for the NYPD.[19] In 2015, he was promoted to sergeant in accordance with state civil service law, which is not subject to review by top department officials.[20] The next year, he was named "sergeant of the year" by his union.[21] He retired from law enforcement in 2019.[22]

A report from Capital New York[23] reported that 85 IP addresses belonging to the New York Police Department had made changes to Wikipedia pages about NYPD misconduct and also to articles about people killed in police interventions, including this article.[24] One of these edits changed the statement "Officer Kenneth Boss had previously been involved in an incident in which an unarmed man was shot, but continued to work as a police officer" to "Officer Kenneth Boss was previously involved in an incident in which a man armed was shot."[23] Two policemen associated with these edits were reported to receive only "minor reprimands".[25][26]

In April 2021, Diallo's mother was interviewed about her reaction to the conviction of Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin for the murder of George Floyd. She said it was hard to tell if a corner had been turned in police accountability but it was "a right step in the right direction."[27]

Cultural references to Diallo

Music

  • Bruce Springsteen's song "American Skin (41 Shots)"[28][29]
  • "Diallo" by Wyclef Jean;[30]
  • "New York City Cops" off The Strokes' debut album Is This It had the incident as the inspiration.[31] Singer Julian Casablancas revealed that this was a political song influenced by the shooting of Amadou Diallo in a March 2018 Vulture interview.[32]
  • "I Find It Hard to Say (Rebel)" by Lauryn Hill;[33]
  • "Lament for the Late AD" by Terry Callier.[34]
  • The Public Enemy album There's a Poison Goin' On has a song titled "41:19" based on the number of rounds fired at and striking Diallo and contains lyrics concerning police harassment and violence.[35]
  • Electro pop band Le Tigre lamented the Diallo shooting in their song "Bang! Bang!", which ends with a vocal chorus counting numbers that ends with 41, the number of shots fired.[36]
  • The piece "Amadou Diallo", included in the album Ethnic Stew and Brew by jazz trumpeter Roy Campbell, Jr., was inspired by the shooting, ending with a rapid burst of notes replicating the 41 gunshots.[37]
  • The incident also served as the basis for Erykah Badu's track "A.D. 2000" (the abbreviation standing for Diallo's initials), from the album Mama's Gun.
  • In the CD version of their album Let's Get Free, Dead Prez pays tribute to Amadou Diallo by putting a 41-track moment of silence between tracks 16 ("It's Bigger Than Hip-Hop") and 17 ("Propaganda").
  • In his album The Beautiful Struggle, Talib Kweli speaks of "Brother Amadou as [...] a modern day martyr."[38] Kweli makes further reference to the shooting in his song "The Proud": "It's in they job description to terminate the threat/So 41 shots to the body is what he can expect".[39]
  • The phrase "Mom, I'm going to college" is attributed as Amadou Diallo's last words, featured in the third movement of Joel Thompson's seven-movement cantata Seven Last Words of the Unarmed.[40]
  • The song "DPA (As Seen On T.V.)" by Company Flow (2000) makes a direct reference to Diallo and to the acquittal of the officers accused of his murder. In the lyrics, El-P raps “…or rock that polo vest with forty one magnets / and see if it metastasize when cornered by dragnet” .[41]
  • The song "FATHER FIGURE" by Tobe Nwigwe featuring Black Thought and Royce da 5'9 includes a reference to the shooting, as well as the killing of Breonna Taylor. In the lyrics, Royce da 5'9 raps "Probably pop a cop or two to honor Breonna or Amadou Diallo"[42]
  • The song "Thanks, Bastards!" by Mischief Brew includes the line: "So when there's 41 bullets, there's 41 thousand thorns in your side", referring to the number of bullets fired at Diallo, and observing the outrage which ensued.[43]
  • American metal band Trivium also made a track about the murder of Amadou, called "Contempt Breeds Contamination". It was released on their The Crusade album.
  • The song "Welcome To The Terrordome" by Pharoahe Monch, a cover of the Public Enemy song of the same name, includes the line "They murdered Amadou Diallo" in its intro.
  • The song "Things I've Seen" by Spooks, mentions him ("You bust, Amadou Diallo is us").

Film

  • In 2000, a group of human rights organizations completed The Day After Diallo, a short video about police violence against people of color in the context of the killing of Amadou Diallo. The video was co-produced by WITNESS, New York City Police Watch and The Ella Baker Center for Human Rights.[44][45]
  • The 2002 movie 25th Hour references "corrupt cops" with their "41 shots, standing behind a blue wall of silence" in reference to the killing of Amadou Diallo.[46]

Television

  • The case is explored in the third episode of the Netflix miniseries Trial by Media titled "41 Shots".
  • BBC Production: Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends Season 2 Episode 3. Louis Theroux visits New York City to explore various pro-black movements. The episode is filmed in the aftermath of Diallo's murder.
  • In NYPD Blue, Season 6 Episode 20, they bring in 2 suspects who references the 41 shots that Diallo had received.

Visual arts

  • A drawing by Art Spiegelman showing a police officer at a shooting gallery with a banner reading "41 shots 10¢" was featured on the cover of The New Yorker on March 8, 1999. 250 police officers picketed the magazine's headquarters in response.[47]

Books

  • Ko, Lisa (2024). Memory Piece. New York: Riverhead. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-593-54210-1.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Medaglia, Angelica. "Amadou Diallo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  2. ^ Thompson, Ginger; Garry Pierre-Pierre (February 12, 1999). "Portrait of Slain Immigrant: Big Dreams and a Big Heart". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  3. ^ Waldman, Amy (March 17, 1999). "His Lawyer Says Diallo Lied on Request for Political Asylum". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  4. ^ Cooper, Michael (February 5, 1999). "Officers in Bronx Fire 41 Shots, And an Unarmed Man Is Killed". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c EDT, Jorge Solis On 6/18/20 at 10:33 AM (June 18, 2020). "Who was Amadou Diallo and why is the story of his death still relevant?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Cooper, Michael (February 5, 1999). "Officers in Bronx Fire 41 Shots, And an Unarmed Man Is Killed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  7. ^ Sha Be Allah (February 4, 2015). "Today In Black History: An Unarmed Amadou Diallo Is Shot 41 Times By NYPD 16 Years Ago". The Source. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  8. ^ Malcolm Gladwell. How We Think Without Thinking: Malcolm Gladwell on Great Decision Makers (2005).
  9. ^ Fritsch, Jane (February 26, 2000). "The Diallo Verdict: The Overview; 4 Officers In Diallo Shooting Are Acquitted Of All Charges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  10. ^ Fritsch, Jane (February 11, 2000). "TDevastating Wound Came Late, Diallo Defense Contends". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  11. ^ "New York Officers Charged With Murder". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. April 1, 1999. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  12. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1999/04/18/diallos-death-and-the-costs-of-protest/2fe84f54-b964-4157-8c4f-0ffaa6d4c7c4/
  13. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/08/nyregion/police-killing-draws-national-notice.html
  14. ^ "Amadou Diallo's Killing Resulted in a Big Change to the NYPD — but What Happened to the Cops Who Shot Him?". May 19, 2020.
  15. ^ Moses, Ray. "Opening Statements: The Amadou Diallo Killing" Archived December 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Center for Criminal Justice Advocacy. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  16. ^ Cardwell, Diane (March 18, 2005). "For Ferrer and the Police, a Shifting Relationship". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  17. ^ Amy Goodman; Juan González, (February 14, 2000). "One of Four Police Officers on Trial for the Murder of Amadou Diallo Killed Before" Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Democracy Now! Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  18. ^ Joseph P. Fried, (April 6, 1999). "Diallo Defendant Is Cleared in a '97 Killing" Archived April 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  19. ^ Rzuderman, Wendy; J. David Goodman (October 2, 2012). "Diallo's Mother Asks Why Officer Who Shot at Her Son Will Get Gun Back". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  20. ^ Morrison, Aaron (December 17, 2015). "Do Black Lives Matter? NYPD Officer Kenneth Boss Promoted To Sergeant 16 Years After Killing Unarmed Amadou Diallo". International Business Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  21. ^ Jack, Newsham; Katherine, Long; Nick, Robins-Earl. "What happened to 70 cops involved in notorious killings". Insider. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  22. ^ Parascandola, Rocco (July 31, 2019) Remaining officer in shooting of unarmed man retires Archived February 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. The Daily News of Newburyport . Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Weill, Kelly (March 13, 2015). "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza". Capital New York. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015.
  24. ^ Popper, Ben (March 13, 2015). "The NYPD may be editing the Wikipedia pages of people it killed". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  25. ^ "2 NYPD Officers Who Edited Wikipedia Pages Face Slap on Wrist". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  26. ^ Vincent, James (March 17, 2015). "NYPD officers who edited Wikipedia entry on Eric Garner won't be punished". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  27. ^ "Amadou Diallo's mother talks Chauvin verdict: 'No time for celebration'". April 21, 2021. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  28. ^ Susman, Gary (April 23, 2003). "American Skin". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  29. ^ Varga, George (October 4, 2020). "Bon Jovi digs deep with new 2020 album: 'As you see the world and its injustices, one would hope you grow'". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  30. ^ Ed Thompson, (October 12, 2006). "Trivium – The Crusade" Archived June 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. IGN. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  31. ^ "Revisiting the Strokes' electric performance of anti-police brutality anthem 'New York City Cops', 2001". June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  32. ^ Marchese, David (March 12, 2018). "Julian Casablancas on His Album, the Strokes, and How Money Ruined Modern Pop". Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  33. ^ Sarah Murphy, (October 17, 2016). "Lauryn Hill Unveils New Version of "I Find It Hard to Say (Rebel)"" Archived June 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  34. ^ Denise Benson. "Terry Callier Alive" Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. exclaim.ca. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  35. ^ Burrows, Alex (August 2, 2022). "Every Public Enemy album ranked from worst to best". Loudersound.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  36. ^ Nelson, Chris (April 2, 2001). "Springsteen, Public Enemy, Le Tigre Fire Back At Diallo Shooting". Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017., MTV. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  37. ^ Hendrickson, Tad. Ethnic Stew and Brew, Original Liner Notes.
  38. ^ Talib Kweli feat. John Legend. "Around My Way", In The Beautiful Struggle, 2004.
  39. ^ Talib Kweli "The Proud", Quality
  40. ^ "Joel Thompson's Seven Last Words of the Unarmed – Minnesota Orchestra". www.minnesotaorchestra.org. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  41. ^ Company Flow "DPA (As Seen On T.V.)", Def Jux Records Presents
  42. ^ Tobe Nwigwe "FATHER FIGURE" 'https://genius.com/Tobe-nwigwe-father-figure-lyrics'
  43. ^ Mischief Brew 'https://genius.com/Mischief-brew-thanks-bastards-lyrics'
  44. ^ "The Day After Diallo". The Hub / WITNESS Media Archive. May 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  45. ^ NYC Policewatch/Ella Baker Center for Human Rights (2000). "The Day After Diallo". Internet Archive. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  46. ^ 25th Hour (2002) - Quotes - IMDb. Retrieved April 11, 2024 – via www.imdb.com.
  47. ^ Wadler, Joyce (March 5, 1999). "Seeking More Than a Smile From Cartoons". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.