Khirbet el-'Ormeh

Khirbet el-'Ormeh
Khirbet el-'Ormeh is located in the West Bank
Khirbet el-'Ormeh
Shown within the West Bank
Alternative nameMount Arumah, Mount Al-Arma, Mount Al-Urma
LocationWest Bank
Coordinates32°08′52″N 35°19′17″E / 32.14778°N 35.32139°E / 32.14778; 35.32139
Grid position180/172 PAL
Typefortification
Area30 dunam
Height843 m
History
PeriodsHellenistic to late Roman period
Site notes
Public accessYes

Khirbet el-'Ormeh (Arabic: خربة العرمة, romanized: Khirbet el-Urmah) or Horvat Ormah (Hebrew: חורבת עורמה) is an archaeological site located in the West Bank, around ten kilometers southeast of the Palestinian city of Nablus.[1] The site contains the remains of a Hasmonean-Herodian fortress consisting of a fortification wall, rectangular towers constructed in the Hellenistic style, and a series of large cisterns for storing rainwater.[2][3][4]

The site is in Area B of the West Bank, under partial control of the State of Palestine, and has been designated as a Palestinian Heritage Site.[5][6] In recent years, it has become the site of a conflict between Israeli settlers and Palestinians. According to an investigation in 2021 by Israeli website Ynet, part of the site has been damaged or dismantled by the Palestinian Authority. A new mosque ("mosque of the martyrs") and a solar power system have been built nearby.[7]

Location

Khirbet el-'Ormeh is situated atop a hill known as Mount Al-Arma or Mount Al-Urma (Arabic: جبل العرمة, romanized: Jebel el-Urmah), on an altitude of 843 meters above sea level.[2][3] It is located about 1.5 km northwest of the Palestinian town of Aqraba, and southeast of the Israeli settlement of Itamar.[7]

In the 1995 Oslo Accords, the site was classified as Area B (Palestinian civil control and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control).[7]

Biblical identification

Khirbet el-'Ormeh is commonly identified with Arumah,[8][4][9][10][11][12][excessive citations] a biblical toponym mentioned in the Book of Judges (9:41):[13] "Then Abimelek stayed in Arumah, and Zebul drove Gaal and his clan out of Shechem." The reference is in the context of story describing a local revolt against Abimelech, the king of Shechem and the son of judge Gideon.[14] It is believed that the Arabic name preserves the ancient biblical name.[citation needed]

Archaeology

Early visits

Khirbet el Ormeh, and the villages or Aqraba and Yanun, c.1880, PEF Survey of Palestine

In 1851-2 C.W.M Van De Velde passed by and noted "I believe I may recognise the Arumah of Judges ix 41".[15] The site appears on his maps of Palestine and Jerusalem. In 1870 Victor Guérin visited.[16]

In 1877 Herbert Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund travelled in the area, as part of The Survey of Western Palestine. Kitchener reported: "I rode out and examined the fine site of El'Ormah, south-east of Nablus. The position was very grand, standing high above the surrounding hills; from a distance the castle seems almost inaccessible ; by approaching it from the west, however, a narrow tongue of land leads to within a little of the top. A stiff climb along rock terraces and over scarped rocks leads to the plateau on the top on which the castle was situated. The foundations of two square towers of large drafted masonry, similar to Crusading work, still guard the southern entrance ; these and some cisterns and ruined houses are all that now remain ; the whole area of the plateau would be about three-quarters of an acre. The rock was scarped perpendicularly on the west side ; on the east and north sides the hill descended very steeply about 500 ft. to a valley ; on the south a very narrow ridge led to another small round hilltop, slightly lower than the fortress, which was equally inaccessible. The place must have been one of great strength ; the remains still existing do not seem to date from a period previous to the times of the Crusaders.".[17] The SWP noted in 1882: "A ruined castle, on a hillock, with a spring to the west. Large caves and cisterns exist north of it. The position is very fine, commanding all the neighbourhood. The rock is scarped in places. Drafted stones occur in the corner towers, and there are traces of other ruins."[18] The SWP cited C.W.M Van De Velde.[19] In 1881, Palmer wrote that the meaning of El Ormeh is "the dam".[20]

Archaeological surveys

Jebel el Urma, c.1940, with the towns of Aqraba and Yanun, Survey of Palestine

Khirbet el-'Ormeh has not yet been excavated but has been surveyed by various teams. It was first surveyed in the 1960s by the archaeological expedition of Dro-McCormick on behalf of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and again in 1968 as part of the Archaeological Survey of Israel.[2] Other surveys followed.[3]

Fortress

According to archaeologists, Khirbet el-'Ormeh was the site of a fortress with a complex water system.[2][11] The fortifications that have survived were mostly on the southern end of the summit.[4] A glacis was discovered on the east side of the wall line, at a level lower than the top of the mound, surrounding the mound on all sides.[2] At its bottom was a hewn shaft, which also served as a quarry for building stones. At its southern end is a fortified structure with two phases: the upper phase is built of ashlars with chisels, and the lower is built of coarse construction.[2]

Water system

Three large cisterns have been excavated on the southwestern slope of the northern spur, each with a vertical entrance door flush with the top and steps leading down from the door sill to the floor.[2][11] The southernmost of the cisterns measures 24.80 meters long, 12.05 meters wide, and 10 to 11 meters high. The others are only slightly smaller. These water facilities strongly resemble the Hasmonean and Herodian systems in Alexandrium and Hyrcania.[2]

Smaller findings

Potsherds found on the summit date to the Middle Bronze Age (II), the Late Bronze Age (I-II), the early Iron Age I (dominant) and Iron II periods as well as the Roman and Byzantine periods.[11] In the large building on the summit, potsherds from the Hellenistic and Roman periods were uncovered, along with some Byzantine sherds.[11] Hellenistic-style store-jars and a cooking pot were found on the building on the eastern side, along with ceramics dating from Iron Age (I-II), and a fragment of Roman terra sigillata pottery in the vicinity.[2] Persian period ceramics were also found at the site.[11]

In October 1984, nine Demetrius II coins dating from 146 to 138 BCE were found on the western and northern slopes of Khirbet el-'Ormeh.[2] The site also contained a coin minted by John Hyrcanus as well as seven pieces minted by his son and successor Alexander Jannaeus.[3]

Several rock-cut tombs are also found nearby.[11]

Analysis

Given its similarity to Hasmonean desert forts, it is likely that it was built by the Hasmoneans to guard the nearby town of Aqraba, and was later controlled by Herod.[2] Josephus (Wars 3.3.5) mentions Aqraba (Acrabatta) as being one of the administrative cities (toparchy) in Roman Judea.[21] Scholars estimate that the fortress was built as part of the war campaign of John Hyrcanus or Alexander Jannaeus against the Samaritans, or to protect Jewish pilgrims heading for Jerusalem.[7]

Following the First-Jewish Roman War, the area's importance declined, and the fort gradually fell into disuse.[2]

The site continued to be inhabited intermittently into the Late Islamic period. An Ottoman endowment deed of Hasseki Sultan's imaret in Jerusalem (1552) records the place name Manzalat al-ʽrmwy’t /Manzilit il-ʽUrmawiyāt/, “the camping ground of the ‘Urmawis (residents of 'Urma)", near Beit Liqya. The place-name possibly carries the name of people originally from Khirbet el-'Ormeh.[22][23]

Recent conflict and destruction

According to Israeli newspaper Makor Rishon, the site's destruction began in 2009, when Palestinians began using tractors and other heavy tools on the ancient site.[24] In 2018, Israeli activity around the site began to increase, following expansion of the nearby settlement of Itamar.[25] In early 2020, the Palestinian National Authority declared the hill a Palestinian Heritage Site, installing generators and perimeter lighting, and erecting a tent alongside a flag.[6] According to the Palestinian government, "Israeli settlers falsely claim that Mount 'Orma holds biblical importance as a pretext to take over the strategic hilltop."[26]

A campaign by Israeli settlers to “liberate Tel Aroma” began in February 2020.[5] An Israeli NGO, Shomrim al HaNetzach, organized a tour of the site in protest of what, according to its leaders, is deliberate destruction of the site by the Palestinian Authority.[27] Palestinians from the nearby town of Beita responded by staging daily sit-ins atop the hill.[28][25] In March 2020, these events turned into clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), in which 22-year-old Palestinian Islam Dweikat was killed.[29] In April 2020, 14 Palestinians were wounded and Mohammed Abdulkarim Khassab Hamayel,[30] a 15-year-old Palestinian, was shot and killed.[31][28][32][27] According to the IDF, about 500 Palestinians took part in the clashes, "throwing stones at IDF soldiers and burning tires."[27]

According to an investigation in 2021 by Israeli website Ynet, part of the site has been damaged or dismantled by the Palestinian Authority. Several ancient structures were destroyed and part of the Hasmonean-period wall was demolished.[7] Several Israeli media outlets reported that the site was used to build a new mosque ("mosque of the martyrs") and a solar power system was built nearby.[7][24][33]

  • Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 1880
    Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 1880
  • Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 1940
    Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 1940
  • Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 2018
    Jabal El 'Urma and Jabal Sabih in 2018

See also

References

  1. ^ Ross, James F. (1963). "Bible and Archaeology". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XXXI (2): 244. doi:10.1093/jaarel/XXXI.2.242. ISSN 0002-7189. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-04-28. On the maps Arumah is apparently located at Khirbet el-'Ormeh, some ten kilometers southeast of Nablus
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Eshel, H.; Erlich, Zeev H. (1988). "The fortress of Aqraba in Kh. Urmeh / מבצרה של עקרבה בחורבת עורמה". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (47): 17–24. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23401180. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  3. ^ a b c d רביב, דביר; Raviv, D.; זיסו, בועז; Zissu, B. (2017). "מבצר ארוּמָה (ח׳רבת אל–עורמה) - The Aruma Fortress (Khirbat al ʿUrma): אתר מימי הבית השני במזרח השומרון". Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / קדמוניות: כתב-עת לעתיקות ארץ-ישראל וארצות המקרא. נ' (153): 28–32. ISSN 0033-4839. JSTOR 26749354.
  4. ^ a b c Raviv, D. (2019). The Arumah fortress (Khirbet al-ʿUrma): a fortified sites from the Second Temple Period in eastern Samaria. Israel Exploration Journal, 69(2), 202-219.
  5. ^ a b "Ancient Sites Recruited in Battle Over Area C". Emek Shave. 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  6. ^ a b Report: Palestinians exploiting corona to destroy Hasmonean-era fortress (2020-05-11) Israel Hayom
  7. ^ a b c d e f קמר, אסף (2021-12-05). "החשמונאים מתהפכים בקברם: "מסגד השאהידים" נבנה על המבצר העתיק" [The Hasmoneans turn over in their graves: the "Martyrs' Mosque" was built on the ancient fortress]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  8. ^ Ross, James F. (1963). "Bible and Archaeology". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XXXI (2): 244. doi:10.1093/jaarel/XXXI.2.242. ISSN 0002-7189. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-04-28. On the maps Arumah is apparently located at Khirbet el-'Ormeh, some ten kilometers southeast of Nablus
  9. ^ Campbell Jr, E. F. (1983). Judges 9 and Biblical Archaeology. The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday, (1), p. 268. "Arumah, all agree, is at site 26, Khirbet 'el-Urmeh, a striking mountain top fortress with massive water storage facilities."
  10. ^ Daniel I. Block (13 October 2009). Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 & 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-310-25574-1.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Bull, Robert J.; Campbell, Edward F. (1968). "The Sixth Campaign at Balâṭah (Shechem)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 190 (190): 2–41. doi:10.2307/1356191. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356191. S2CID 222441522. The site's identification as Arumah of Judges 9:41 (and 31?) seems unimpeachable
  12. ^ Van De Velde, 1854, p. 303 "Amongst others, I noticed from this spot in a westerly direction, at about an hour's distance, a hill top on which are situated the ruins of M-'Arma, in which I believe I may recognise the Arumah of Judges  ix. 41, where Ablmelech remained after he had struck the first blow, and before he destroyed Shechem altogether."
  13. ^ Judges 9:41
  14. ^ Judges 9:41
  15. ^ Van De Velde, 1854, p. 303 "Amongst others, I noticed from this spot in a westerly direction, at about an hour's distance, a hill top on which are situated the ruins of M-'Arma, in which I believe I may recognise the Arumah of Judges  ix. 41, where Ablmelech remained after he had struck the first blow, and before he destroyed Shechem altogether."
  16. ^ Guérin, 1875, pp. 2-3: "A neuf heures quarante-cinq minutes, nous parvenons sur le sommet d'un plateau qui s'élève comme par étages successifs. Il était jadis entouré d'un mur construit en gros blocs mal équarris, dont il subsiste encore cà et là quelques assises inférieures. Les habitations qui remplissaient cette enceinte sont complétement rasées. Cet endroit porte le nom de Kharbet el-Eu'rmah, [] C'est probablement l'antique Aroumah, en hébreu [], en grec [], en latin Ruma, qui paraît avoir été dans le voisinage de Sichem et où Abirnélech se retira quelque temps [.....] Malgré le témoignage imposant de cette double autorité, je doute beaucoup, néanmoins, que cette ville de Rouma, en hebreu Roumah, doive être cherchée dans le voisinage de Diospolis el confondue avec Arimathie. Abimélech, en effet, assiégeant Sichem et dressant des embuches aux habitants de cette ville, quand ils opéraient des sorties, n'avait pas pu se retirer jusqu'auprès de la ville qui plus tard s'appela Diospolis; la chose est tout à fait invraisemblable, pour ne pas dire impossible; tandis que rien ne s'oppose à ce qu'il se soit retranché sur la hauteur, beaucoup plus rapprochée de Sichem, que couronnent actuellement les ruines du Kharbet ei-Eu'rmah, nom qui, d'ailleurs, semble plaider en faveur de l'identification que quelques critiques ont déjà proposée et qui me paraiah très-plausible."
  17. ^ Kitchener, 1878, pp. 63 -64
  18. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1882, p. 402
  19. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1882, p. 387
  20. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 258
  21. ^ Conder & Kitchener (1882). p. 386
  22. ^ Marom, Roy (2023-10-01). "Mamluk and Ottoman Endowment Deeds as a Source for Geographical-Historical Research: The Waqfiyya of Haseki Sultan (1552 CE)". Horizons in Geography. 103–104: 7.
  23. ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
  24. ^ a b כריש חזוני, הודיה (2021-09-14). "נמשך הרס העתיקות בתל-ארומה: "מנוגד לכל היגיון או מוסר"" [The destruction of antiquities in Tel Aroma continues: "Contrary to any logic or morality"]. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  25. ^ a b "'This is our mountain': Palestinians repel settlers emboldened by Netanyahu's words". Middle East Eye. 2020-03-05. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  26. ^ Reshaping and Imposing History: How the Israeli settler-colonial project takes over Palestinian land, history and heritage, PLO Department of Public Diplomacy & Policy
  27. ^ a b c "משרד הבריאות הפלסטיני: בן 15 נורה למוות על ידי צה"ל בעימותים ליד שכם" [Palestinian Health Ministry: a 15-year-old was killed by the IDF in clashes near Nablus]. הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  28. ^ a b The New Arab (2020-03-11). "Israeli forces kill teen Palestinian during anti-settlement sit-in". The New Arab. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  29. ^ "Palestinian shot by Israeli army succumbs to wounds - Occupied West Bank News". Al Jazeera. 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  30. ^ “Israeli settlement Activities in the occupied State of Palestine during the Month of March 2020”, ARIJ
  31. ^ "Palestinian teenager killed in West Bank clash". BBC News. 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  32. ^ "Palestinian teenager killed by Israeli soldiers in West Bank". Middle East Eye. 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  33. ^ כהן, שמעון (2021-02-04). "המבצר החשמונאי יהפוך למסגד לזכר ה"שהידים"?" [Will the Hasmonean fortress become a mosque in memory of the "martyrs"?]. Arutz 7 (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-06-05.

Bibliography