Kebur Zabagna

Kebur Zabagna
Kebur Zabagna
	Members of the Ethiopian Kebur Zabagna
Active	1917–1936; 1941–1974
Country	Ethiopian Empire
Branch	Army
Type	Imperial guard; Infantry
Size	9 Battalions
Garrison/HQ	Addis Ababa
Patron	Emperor of Ethiopia
Engagements	Second Italo-Ethiopian War Battle of Maychew; ; Korean War Battle of Pork Chop Hill; ;
Commanders
Ceremonial chief	Emperor of Ethiopia

The Kebur Zebenya (Amharic: ክቡር ዘበኛ, romanized: kəbur zãbãňňya, lit. 'honorable guard') was the Ethiopian imperial guard. Also known as the First Division, this unit served the dual purposes of providing security for the Emperor of Ethiopia, and being an elite infantry division. It was not, however, part of the organizational structure of the Ethiopian regular army as it was part of the Zebagna, the Addis Ababa Guard. The Kebur Zabagna was based in Addis Ababa.

History

Establishment

Richard Pankhurst dates the formation of the Imperial Bodyguard (previously known as the Mehal Sefari) to 1917, when the Regent Ras Tafari (later the Emperor Haile Selassie) assembled a unit under his direct control from men who had trained in the British army in Kenya as well as a few who had served under the Italians in Tripoli.^[1] In 1930 as Negus he invited a Belgian military mission to train and modernize the Ethiopian military, which included the Kebur Zabagna. The unit was organized in three battalions of trained regular infantry armed with rifles, machine guns and mortars; one battalion consisted of men from the earlier mahal safari. The Kebur Zabagna also had one heavy machine gun company. It was commanded by Ethiopian graduates of Saint Cyr, the French military academy, at the time of the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.^[2]

Italian occupation

As a unit, the Imperial Bodyguard only participated in the Battle of Maychew (31 March 1936), where they inflicted heavy losses on the 2nd Eritrean Division until the Ethiopian troops were forced to withdraw; the Imperial Guard thereafter served in the rearguard. Afterward, many of its members joined the various groups of the Ethiopian resistance. One of these was Kosrof Gorgorios Boghossian, a colonel in the Kebur Zabagna and of Armenian descent, who was the father of noted artist Skunder Boghossian^[3]^[4]

Post-occupation

Following the return of Emperor Haile Selassie to Ethiopia, the Kebur Zabagna was reconstituted, and a Swedish military mission aided in its training. Men for the Kagnew Battalion, which fought in the Korean War, were drawn from the Imperial Bodyguard.^[5] During the Korean War they were armed with American weapons which included the M1 Garand .30-06, M1 carbine .30 and some had M1911 .45 ACP pistols.

"It remained the elite force of the empire," notes historian Bahru Zewde, "until discredited in the wake of the attempted coup of 1960." That unsuccessful coup had been planned by its commander Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway, and his brother Germame Neway.^[6] In 1961 it numbered nine battalions; in 1969 some 7,000 men.

During the state visits of Elizabeth II and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Ethiopia, Emperor Hail Selassie's Silver Jubilee Golden State Carriage was drawn by team from the Imperial Guard on horseback in red and green uniforms.^[7]

The Kebur Zabagna was disbanded after the Derg consolidated their hold on Ethiopia.

Imperial Bodyguard Band

The first permanent military band in the country to be established the Imperial Bodyguard Band in 1929 under the direction of Swiss conductor Andre Nicod. It was notable for its implementation of western style military music conventions in a first for any African nation.^[8]

Notable members of the Kebur Zabagna

Commanders

General Mulugeta Buli (1941-1955)
Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway (April 1956-13 December 1960)
Major-General Tafessa Lemma (1974)

Soldiers

Abebe Bikila, professional athlete and member of the 5th Infantry Regiment.
Fisseha Desta, first Vice President of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991.

Bandsmen

Tilahun Gessesse^[9]
Mahmoud Ahmed.^[10]^[11]
Alexander Kontorowicz

Notes

^ Pankhurst, Richard (1968). Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800–1935. Addis Ababa: Haile Sellassie I University Press. p. 562.
^ Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia, second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 148
^ Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2006). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0313322730.
^ Legesse, Selamawit (2005). "Skunderism (The Third Annual Blen Art Show)". Blen. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
^ Bahru Zewde, A History, p. 186, and Fantahun Ayele, "The Ethiopian Army: from Victory to Collapse 1977–91, Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 2014, 12. ^{[ISBN missing]}
^ Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 254f. ^{[ISBN missing]}
^ Observer, Ethiopia (9 September 2022). "Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate recalls Queen Elizabeth II's Ethiopia visit". Ethiopia Observer. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
^ Kidane, Birhane (1993). The Origin and Development of the Imperial Guard Band (1924–1974). B.A. Thesis, Department of History, Addis Ababa University.
^ "Tilahun Gessesse laid to rest". Ethiopian News Agency. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ Falceto, Francis (1999). Almaz 1973 (Media notes). Éthiopiques. Mahmoud Ahmed. Buda Musique. 829792.
^ Mekonnen, Timkehet Teffera. "Timkehet Teffera (2018). Ethiopian Popular Music History Chapter I: Part II".