The settlement of Kawhia is located on the northern coast of the inlet, and was an important port in early colonial New Zealand.[5] The area of Kawhia comprises 16 to 20 hectares (40 to 50 acres) and is the town block that was owned by the New Zealand Government. The government bought it from the Europeans in 1880 "not from the original Māori owners, but from a European who claimed ownership in payment of money owed by another European".[5]
History and culture
Waterfront at Kawhia pictured between 1908 and 1915. St Elmo boarding house in the foreground."Welcome to Kawhia" sign
Early history
Kawhia Harbour is the southernmost location where kauri trees historically grew.[6]
Kawhia is known in Māori lore as the final resting-place of the ancestral waka (canoe) Tainui. Soon after arrival, captain Hoturoa made it first priority to establish a whare wananga (sacred school of learning) which was named Ahurei.[7] Ahurei is situated at the summit of the sacred hill behind Kawhia’s seaside marae – Maketu Marae. The harbour area was the birthplace of the prominent Māori warrior chief Te Rauparaha of the Ngāti Toa tribe, who lived in the area until the 1820s, when he, and his tribe along with Ngāti Rārua and Ngāti Koata migrated southwards.
Tainui was buried at the base of Ahurei by Hoturoa himself, and other members of the iwi. Hoturoa marked out the waka with two limestone pillars, which he blessed. Firstly, there is "Hani (Hani-a-te-waewae-i-kimi-atu) which is on the higher ground and marked the prow of the canoe".[8] Marking the stern of the canoe, Hoturoa placed the symbol of Puna, the spirit-goddess of that creation story. "In full it is named Puna-whakatupu-tangata, and represents female fertility, the spring or source of humanity".[7] It is said that a pure woman who touches this stone will be given the gift of a child, and become pregnant. There have been cases of women using Puna when they have had difficulty conceiving a child.
Marae
Maketu Marae is located next to Kawhia Harbour. The main meeting house of the marae, Auau ki te Rangi, is named after Hoturoa’s father, who was a high chief (ariki) and was built and opened in 1962.[9]
The eldest and most prestigious meeting house that was first built on Maketu Marae is Te Ruruhi (the Old Lady) which was used as the dining hall until 1986. It was replaced by a two-storey dining hall, Te Tini O Tainui, to cater for the large numbers that visit for occasions such as annual poukai, tangi and hui.[10] The marae is affiliated to Waikato through the hapū of Ngāti Mahuta, with connections to Ngāti Apakura, Ngāti Hikairo, and Ngāti Te Wehi.[11]
Six other marae are also based at or near Kawhia Harbour:
Mōkai Kainga Marae and Ko Te Mōkai meeting house is a meeting place for the Ngāti Maniapoto hapū of Apakura and Hikairo, and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Apakura.
Mokoroa Marae and Ngā Roimata meeting house is a meeting place for the Waikato hapū of Ngati Kiriwai.
Ōkapu or Oakapu Marae and Te Kotahitanga o Ngāti Te Wehi meeting house is a meeting place for the Waikato hapū of Ngāti Mahuta and Ngāti Te Wehi.
Waipapa Marae and Ngā Tai Whakarongorua and Takuhiahia meeting houses are a meeting place for the Ngāti Maniapoto hapū of Hikairo, and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Hikairo and Ngāti Puhiawe.[9][11]
Rākaunui Marae and Moana Kahakore meeting house is on Ngati Tamainu (Waikato) land, the hapu of whichu are Ngāti Te Kiriwai, Ngati Huiarangi, Ngati Te Kanawa, and Ngati Mahuta). It also affiliates to Ngāti Ngutu, Ngāti Paretekawa of Maniapoto, and Ngāti Apakura.
In October 2020, the Government committed $196,684 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Ōkapu Marae, creating 16 jobs.[12]
European history
265 ft (81 m) long Waiharakeke bridge, where Harbour Rd crosses an arm of the harbour, opened in 1909
The Kawhia Harbour area was important to the kauri gum trade of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, as it was the southernmost area where the gum could be found.[6]
The Kawhia Settler and Raglan Advertiser was established in May 1901 by William Murray Thompson and Thomas Elliott Wilson, who also ran the Bruce Herald, Waimate Times, Egmont Settler[13] (later briefly part of Taranaki Central Press at Stratford)[14][15] and the Mangaweka Settler. From 1909 Edward Henry Schnackenberg, whose father was a missionary here from 1858 to 1864, owned the paper, until it closed in April 1936.[13]
In January 2018, the health board issued a statement that there was no additional risk from tuberculosis in Kawhia after reports of three possible cases.[16][17]
Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Kawhia as a rural settlement, which covers 0.93 km2 (0.36 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 410 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 441 people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Pirongia Forest statistical area.
Kawhia had a population of 384 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 45 people (13.3%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 6 people (−1.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 162 households, comprising 198 males and 186 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female, with 66 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 51 (13.3%) aged 15 to 29, 147 (38.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 120 (31.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 55.5% European/Pākehā, 57.0% Māori, 5.5% Pacific peoples, 1.6% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46.1% had no religion, 37.5% were Christian, 7.0% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 39 (12.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 99 (31.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 18 people (5.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 81 (25.5%) people were employed full-time, 69 (21.7%) were part-time, and 21 (6.6%) were unemployed.[18]
Before 2018, Kawhia was in its own statistical area[19]
Year
Population
Households
Median age
Median income
National median
2001
507
198
44.1
$12,100
$18,500
2006
390
171
49.2
$15,100
$24,100
2013
339
153
53.8
$19,200
$27,900
In 2013 231 dwellings were unoccupied.[20] In the much wider Pirongia Forest area, 396 dwellings were unoccupied in 2018,[18] when it was estimated that 70% of Kawhia's houses were holiday homes.[21]
As of 2017, New Zealand's median centre of population is located around one kilometre off the coast of Kawhia.[22]
Pirongia Forest statistical area
Pirongia Forest statistical area covers 490.80 km2 (189.50 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 1,070 as of June 2024,[23] with a population density of 2.2 people per km2.
Pirongia Forest, which includes Pirongia Forest Park had a population of 966 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 138 people (16.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 69 people (7.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 393 households, comprising 498 males and 468 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female. The median age was 50.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 189 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 117 (12.1%) aged 15 to 29, 417 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 243 (25.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 64.3% European/Pākehā, 46.9% Māori, 3.1% Pacific peoples, 1.6% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 6.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 54.0% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian, 3.7% had Māori religious beliefs and 1.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 81 (10.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 246 (31.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 60 people (7.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 270 (34.7%) people were employed full-time, 141 (18.1%) were part-time, and 39 (5.0%) were unemployed.[24]
2 hours either side of low tide (for tide times, see tide-forecast.com)[25] about 100 m off the Tasman Sea beach, 4 km from Kawhia (see 1:50,000 map[26]), oozes hot water, which can be formed into shallow bathing pools with a spade.[27]
A council sample taken on 30 March 2006 listed these in the water.[28]
Te Puia Springs are on the beach to the right from this track across the dunes.
about 100 metres of beach oozes hot water, which is uncovered for about 4 hours at spring low tides, but not at neap tides.
Kawhia County Council
Former Kawhia County Council office in 2020, now Kāwhia Museum
Kawhia County Council was formed in 1905[29] and first met on 12 July 1905.[30] New offices were built by Buchanan Bros in 1915-16 over the former beach,[31] and designed by Hamilton architects and engineers, Warren and Blechynden.[32] In 1923, Kawhia County covered 330 sq mi (850 km2) and had a population of 1,098, with 52 mi (84 km) of gravel roads, 95 mi (153 km) of mud roads and 125 mi (201 km) of tracks.[33] Kawhia Town Board was formed in 1906, with an area of 470 acres (190 ha). Its population in 1923 was 195, when it had 6 mi 14 ch (9.9 km) of streets and a 10 acres (4.0 ha) domain.[34] The County merged into Ōtorohanga and Waitomo in 1956, after a Local Government Commission inquiry.[35]
Kāwhia Community Board
The Community Board meets monthly[36] and consists of 4 members, plus the Kāwhia - Tihiroa Ward councillor. Three members are elected from the Kawhia area and one from Aotea.[37]
Pou Maumahara unveiled in 2016
Pou Maumahara
In 2016, a 5 m (16 ft) tall pou maumahara (remembrance pillar) was put up at Omimiti Reserve, behind the museum. Te Kuiti Stewart began carving it in 2014, from a Pureora Foresttotara. It represents 150 years of Kīngitanga on one side and the Elizabeth Henrietta's 1824 arrival, on the other. At night it is floodlit, with coloured LED lights inside.[38]
Kawhia hospital in 1963, with Te Maika and Albatross Point in the distance and the Methodist Church near the centre
Hospital
Kawhia hospital overlooked the town, on the site of Te Puru pa,[39] which became the Armed Constabularyredoubt in 1863.[40] Like the County Office, the hospital was also designed by Warren and Blechynden and opened in 1918.[41] It was still a cottage hospital in 1948,[42] but had become a maternity hospital by 1959[43] and closed in March 1967.[44]
Education
Kawhia School is a Year 1–8 co-educational state primary school.[45][46] It is a decile 1 school with a roll of 46 as of August 2024.[47][48]
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