Kattegat

Kattegat
Kattegatt
Map of waters
Map of the Kattegat and Skagerrak
Location in Europe
Location in Europe
Kattegat
Coordinates56°30′N 11°30′E / 56.500°N 11.500°E / 56.500; 11.500
Etymologylit. '"cat's gate"'
Basin countriesDenmark, Sweden
Surface area30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi)

The Kattegat (Danish: [ˈkʰætəkæt]; Swedish: Kattegatt [ˈkâtːɛˌɡat]) is a 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the peninsula of Jutlandin the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the Swedish provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Scania in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, though this is not the case in traditional Scandinavian usage.

The Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be dangerous to navigate due to many sandy, stony reefs and the tricky shifting currents. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged either by sand pumping or boulder clearance,[1] and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to protect the heavy international traffic on this small sea.

There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg, Aarhus, Aalborg, Halmstad, Varberg and Frederikshavn.

Geography

Älvsborg at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat

According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak is at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland and the southern boundary towards Øresund is at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania.[2]

Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the Danish river of Gudenå in Jutland.

The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø, Læsø and Anholt; due to their relatively dry climate, the last two are, perceived to belong to "the Danish desert belt".

A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, , which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore, the town of Mölle, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark.

Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg.[3][4]

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows:[5]

On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (57°54′N 11°27′E / 57.900°N 11.450°E / 57.900; 11.450) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island.

On the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:

Etymology

According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Nudansk Ordbog [da], the name is from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals.[6][7] At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', lit. 'the cat's strait'.[7]

An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus.[8]

History

Controlling and having access to the Kattegat have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.[9]

Beginning in 1429 in the Middle Ages, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues, a toll charged for passage through the Øresund, while Copenhagen sheltered and repaired ships and provided trade opportunities and protection from piracy. The dues were eventually lifted, in 1857.

Biology

The salinity in the Kattegat has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer's salinity is between 18‰ and 26‰, while that of the lower layer (separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft)) has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on par with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer, consisting of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea, has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km3 (114 cu mi) of seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.[10] During strong winds, the Kattegat's layers are completely mixed in places such as the Great Belt, making the overall salinity highly variable. This leads to some distinctive conditions for sealife in the area.[11]

Cold seeps, known locally as bubbling reefs (Danish: boblerev), can be found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike those in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat's cold seeps are at relatively shallow depths, generally from 0 to 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface.[12][13] The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the surface of the water.[13] Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall and support a rich biodiversity.[12][13] Due to their distinct properties, the Kattegat bubbling reefs are under protection and are recognized by the European Union (EU) as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180).[14]

Ecological collapse

The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia,[15] was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began to study the effects of heavy industry on the natural world.[16][17] Since then, research has leant much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, Denmark and the EU have begun costly, far-reaching domestic projects to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes[18] and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sum up a broad range of initiatives and include the so-called Nitrate Directives.[19] The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and not all goals have been met yet.[20]

Protections and regulation

Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.
Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.

Due to its very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.[21]

Several large areas of the Kattegat are designated under Natura 2000 and various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and support a thriving but threatened biodiversity. Protected areas include:

Denmark[22]

  • Grenen
  • The Bay of Aalborg, comprising a 1,774 km2 (685 sq mi) shallow sea area.
  • Beach meadows on Læsø and the stony reefs south of the island.
  • Anholt and the sea north of the island.

Sweden[23]

  • There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.
    There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.
  • Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
    Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
  • The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
    The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
  • There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.
    There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.
  • The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
    The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
  • All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.
    All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.

See also

References

  1. ^ Artificial Reefs
  2. ^ Convention No 3210. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  3. ^ Rolf Ask Clausen (2 October 2007). "Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]". Ingeniøren (in Danish). Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  4. ^ "En fast Kattegatforbindelse". kattegatforbindelse.dk (in Danish). Kattegatkomitéen. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  5. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas" (PDF) (3rd ed.). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  6. ^ Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry Kattegat.
  7. ^ a b Nudansk Ordbog (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry Kattegat.
  8. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Cattegat, The" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  9. ^ "Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  10. ^ Ærtebjerg, G., Andersen, J.H. and Schou Hansen (2003). "Hydrography". Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Matti Leppäranta nad Kai Myrberg (2009). Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer-Praxis. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9783540797036. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  12. ^ a b Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992). ""Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 103–112. Bibcode:1992MEPS...83..103J. doi:10.3354/meps083103.
  13. ^ a b c "Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases" (PDF). HELCOM. 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  14. ^ "Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt" (PDF). Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen. Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark). 20 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  15. ^ Druon, Jean-Noël; Schrimpf, Wolfram; Dobricic, Srdjan; Stips, Adolf (19 May 2004). "Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 272: 1–23. Bibcode:2004MEPS..272....1D. doi:10.3354/meps272001. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  16. ^ "Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'". UNEP. 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  17. ^ Karleskint, Turner and Small (2013). Introduction to Marine Biology (4 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 4. ISBN 978-1285402222.
  18. ^ Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). "Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish". Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Vol. 52. pp. 155–178. doi:10.1029/CE052p0155. ISBN 978-0-87590-266-1.
  19. ^ Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Danish Ministry of the Environment
  20. ^ Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25 October 2011). "Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  21. ^ "New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry". MT Online. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Natura 2000" (in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  23. ^ "Natura 2000" (in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
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