Katanga Province

Katanga Province
Province du Katanga
Former province
Congo provinces in 1914
Congo provinces in 1914
Coordinates: 09°S 26°E / 9°S 26°E / -9; 26
Country DR Congo
Established1966 (1966)
Dissolved2015 (2015)
CapitalLubumbashi
Largest cityLubumbashi
Area
 • Total
496,871 km2 (191,843 sq mi)
Population
 (2010 est.)
 • Total
5,608,683
 • Density11/km2 (29/sq mi)
DemonymKatangese
Official:French
National:Swahili
Other:English
Malachite specimen, showing the original botryoidal form and a polished face of the opposite half of the specimen. Mines in the vicinity of Kolwezi supply much of the polishing-grade malachite in the world.
Another malachite specimen from Katanga, on display at the Royal Ontario Museum.

Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province.[1]

Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second-largest city in the Congo.[2][3]

History

Main article: History of Katanga

Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE.[4]

In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Msiri, the King of Katanga, (no such title exist, Msiri is a title for local authority in area controlled by Kazembe) held out against both, but eventually Katanga was subsumed by the Belgian Congo.[5][page needed]

After 1900, the Societe Generale de Belgique practically controlled all of the mining in the province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK). This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin.

In 1915, a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. After World War I ended a factory was built at Olen; the secrecy was lifted at the end of 1922 with the announcement of the production of the first gram of radium from the pitchblende.[6] By the start of World War II, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project.[7]

Mine de Shinkolobwe. The uranium for the Manhattan Project and the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki came from Shinkolobwe mine.

In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported the secession of Katanga province from the Congo. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This led to the assassination of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963, then was reintegrated.[8]

In 2005, the new constitution specified that Katanga was to be split up into separately administered provinces.[9]

Militias such as Mai Mai Kata Katanga led by Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga fought for Katanga to secede, and his group briefly took over the provincial capital Lubumbashi in 2013.[8]

In 2015, Katanga Province was split into the constitutional provinces of Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga.[10][11]

Economy

Copper mining is an important part of the economy of Katanga province.[12] Cobalt mining by individual contractors is also prevalent. A number of reasons have been advanced for the failure of the vast mineral wealth of the province to increase the overall standard of living. The local provincial budget was US$440 million in 2011.[13][14]

Mining

Main article: Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a hub for many of the country's biggest mining companies. The Democratic Republic of Congo produces "more than 3 percent of the world’s copper and half its cobalt, most of which comes from Katanga".[15]

Major mining concessions include Tilwezembe and Kalukundi.

Mining companies

  • Gécamines, (La Générale des Carrières et des Mines, the former UMHK), the state-owned copper-cobalt mining company, had monopoly concessions in the province.
  • Katanga Mining Ltd TSX:KAT operates a major mining complex in Katanga province, producing refined copper and cobalt with the "potential of becoming Africa’s largest copper producer and the world’s largest cobalt producer".[16] Katanga Mining Ltd is majority-owned by Swiss commodity trader Glencore DCC.[17] A joint venture of Katanga Mining (75%) and Gécamines (25%) began mining Tilwezembe, an open-pit copper and cobalt mine, in 2007.[18]

Geography

Hills of Katanga

The province bordered Angola and formed the entire Congolese border with Zambia. It also bordered Tanzania – although on Lake Tanganyika rather than on land. Katanga has a wet and dry season. Rainfall is about 1,200 mm (49 in).[19]

The province was divided in 2015 into five successor provinces, based on the districts of Katanga at that time:

Education and medical care

The University of Lubumbashi, located in the northern part of Lubumbashi city, is the largest university in the province and one of the largest in the country.

TESOL, the English Language School of Lubumbashi, is a secondary school that serves the expatriate community. It was founded in 1987 on the grounds of the French School, Lycée Français Blaise Pascal, which suspended operations in 1991 with a new French School starting in 2009.[20]

Katanga province has the highest rate of infant mortality in the world, with 184 of 1000 babies born expected to die before the age of five.[21]

Provincial assembly building of Katanga in Lubumbashi

Transportation

The Congo Railway provides Katanga Province with limited railway service centered on Lubumbashi. Reliability is limited. Lubumbashi International Airport is located northeast of Lubumbashi. In April 2014, a train derailment killed 63 people.[22]

People

See also

References

  1. ^ "Katanga | province, Democratic Republic of the Congo". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  2. ^ George, Mr Francis Stevens (6 February 2014). China and Africa Love Affair. Francis Stevens George. ISBN 9781494998516. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Biggest Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". WorldAtlas. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  4. ^ McKenna, Amy, ed. (2011). The History of Central and Eastern Africa. Britannica Guide to Africa. Rosen Education Service. p. 9. ISBN 978-1615303229.
  5. ^ Crawford, Daniel (1912). Thinking Black: 22 Years Without a Break in the Long Grass of Central Africa. New York: George H. Doran.
  6. ^ Uranium's scientific history - Part 2
  7. ^ Williams, Susan (2016). Spies in the Congo. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 76–77, 289. ISBN 9781610396547.
  8. ^ a b Jullien, Maud (12 August 2013). "Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede". BBC Africa. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo: Article 2". Wikisource. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  10. ^ The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Archived 27 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 January 2015. (in French)
  11. ^ Election of governors: definite results expected on 18 April Archived 28 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Okapi, 27 March 2016. (in French)
  12. ^ "COPPER". congo-pages.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  13. ^ "Katanga: le budget 2011 s'élève à 396 milliards de Francs congolais". Radio Okapi. 21 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.
  14. ^ The State vs. the People: Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo (PDF) (Report). Amsterdam: Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa. 2006. ISBN 90-78028-04-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  15. ^ Kavanagh, Michael J. (23 March 2013). "Congolese Militia Seizes UN Compound in Katanga's Lubumbashi". Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  16. ^ "History: dead link". Katanga Mining. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  17. ^ Katanga Mining (Report). Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  18. ^ "An Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited..." (PDF). SRK Consulting. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  19. ^ "Katanga, or Shaba (province, Democratic Republic of the Congo) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  20. ^ English-speaking School of Lubumbashi (TESOL), page from 2007, Internet Archive, Accessed 3 March 2013.
  21. ^ "DR Congo eyes a greater share of its mineral riches". BBC News Online. 22 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  22. ^ "Scores killed in DR Congo train crash". Al Jazeera. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katanga.

Read other articles:

Air Canada Penerbangan 143

Air Canada Penerbangan 143Air Canada Penerbangan 143 mendarat di Gimli.Ringkasan kecelakaanTanggal23 July 1983RingkasanKehabisan bahan bakar di udara, Kelalaian PerawatanLokasidi atas Quebec, Ontario dan Manitoba, KanadaPenumpang60Awak8Cedera10Tewas0Selamat69 (all)Jenis pesawatBoeing 767-200OperatorAir CanadaRegistrasiC-GAUNAsalMontreal-Dorval International AirportPerhentianBandara Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier InternasionalTujuanBandara Internasional Edmonton Gimli Glider adalah sebuah nama ...

 

Iron Maiden

Biografi ini tidak memiliki sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak dapat dipastikan. Bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus.Cari sumber: Iron Maiden – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Untuk alat penyiksa, lihat Iron maiden (alat). Ir...

 

Entamoeba gingivalis

Entamoeba gingivalis Entamoeba gingivalis Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Filum: Amoebozoa Kelas: Archamoebae Genus: Entamoeba Spesies: E. gingivalis Nama binomial Entamoeba gingivalisGros, 1849 Entamoeba gingivalis adalah protozoa non-patogen dan diketahui sebagai amoeba pertama dalam manusia yang dideskripsikan. Entamoeba gingivalis merupakan parasit pada gusi dan gigi manusia. Referensi Roberts L. and Janovy J. Foundations of Parasitology. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York. 20...

List of Resident Evil film characters

This article is about the characters introduced in the live-action films. For the game characters also found in the films, see List of Resident Evil characters. This list describes original characters introduced in the Resident Evil series of live-action horror films directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. The characters are described, below, using in-universe tone. Alice Milla Jovovich as Alice in Resident Evil: Afterlife Alice (portrayed by Milla Jovovich) is the main protagonist of the Resident ...

 

1841 New Hampshire gubernatorial election

New Hampshire gubernatorial election 1841 New Hampshire gubernatorial election ← 1840 March 9, 1841 1842 →   Nominee John Page Enos Stevens Party Democratic Whig Popular vote 29,116 21,230 Percentage 56.33% 41.07% Governor before election John Page Democratic Elected Governor John Page Democratic Elections in New Hampshire Federal government Presidential elections 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 186...

 

Rick Scott

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scott. Rick Scott Portrait officiel de Rick Scott (2019). Fonctions Sénateur des États-Unis En fonction depuis le 8 janvier 2019(5 ans, 3 mois et 12 jours) Élection 6 novembre 2018 Circonscription Floride Législature 116e, 117e et 118e Groupe politique Républicain Prédécesseur Bill Nelson 45e gouverneur de Floride 4 janvier 2011 – 8 janvier 2019(8 ans et 4 jours) Élection 2 novembre 2010 Réélection 4 novembre 2014 Lieuten...

Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)

Fireworks at the first Games, 15 August 1924 The Tailteann Games or Aonach Tailteann was an Irish sporting and cultural festival held in the Irish Free State in 1924, 1928, and 1932. It was intended as a modern revival of the Tailteann Games held from legendary times until the Norman invasion of Ireland; as such it drew inspiration from the Modern Olympics revival of the Ancient Olympics. Croke Park, the Dublin headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association, was the venue for the opening ce...

 

Justin Morneau

Canadian baseball player (born 1981) Baseball player Justin MorneauMorneau with the Minnesota Twins in 2006First basemanBorn: (1981-05-15) May 15, 1981 (age 42)New Westminster, British Columbia, CanadaBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutJune 10, 2003, for the Minnesota TwinsLast MLB appearanceOctober 2, 2016, for the Chicago White SoxMLB statisticsBatting average.281Home runs247Runs batted in985 Teams Minnesota Twins (2003–2013) Pittsburgh Pirates (2013) Colo...

 

4 Squadron SAAF

4 SquadronSupermarine Spitfire Mk.IXActiveApril 1939-December 1939March 1941-October 1945January 1951-October 1958November 1961-September 1991[1]CountryBranchSouth African Air ForceRoleFighter Bomber · Counter InsurgencyMotto(s)Mors Hosti (Death to the Enemy)[1]InsigniaSquadron Identification CodeKJ 1942-1945[2] (1942–1943)[3] (Squadron OC: Maj S.F. du Toit flew with personal identification code DUT in 1942-1943[4])4 Squadron InsigniaMil...

Lancia Lybra

Lancia LybraDescrizione generaleCostruttore Lancia Tipo principaleBerlina 3 volumi Altre versioniStation wagon Produzionedal 1999 al 2005 Sostituisce laLancia Dedra Sostituita daLancia Delta (2008) Esemplari prodotti164.660[1] Altre caratteristicheDimensioni e massaLunghezza4466 mm Larghezza1743 mm Altezza1462 (Berlina) mm1470 (Station Wagon) mm Passo2593 mm Massada 1250 a 1420 kg AltroAssemblaggioFiat Rivalta (1999-2002)Fiat Mirafiori (2002-2005) ...

 

For You, for Me

2009 concert tour by Kylie Minogue For You, For MeNorth American tour by Kylie MinogueStart date30 September 2009 (2009-09-30)End date13 October 2009 (2009-10-13)Legs1No. of shows9Box office$3.1 million ($4.4 million in 2023 dollars)[1]Kylie Minogue concert chronology KylieX2008(2008) For You, for Me(2009) Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour(2011) For You, for Me (promoted as KylieUSA2009) was the eleventh concert tour by Australian singer Kylie Minogue.[2]...

 

Vela (architettura)

Vela dipinta con l'Ascensione, Andrea di Bonaiuto, Cappellone degli Spagnoli, Santa Maria Novella, Firenze La vela è uno dei quattro (o più) spicchi della volta a crociera o anche la superficie a volta che copre uno spazio quadrato. Le vele che formano la volta a crociera sono anche chiamate unghie La vela ha una particolare importanza in Italia, dove veniva decorata da affreschi. Nelle quattro vele della tipica volta a crociera venivano dipinti spesso episodi collegabili con il numero quat...

美国众议院

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...

 

Social structure of China

Metropolitan Civil Examination Records from the Sixth Year of the Hongzhi Reign (1493) The social structure of China has an expansive history which begins from the feudal society of Imperial China to the contemporary era.[1] There was a Chinese nobility, beginning with the Zhou dynasty. However, after the Song dynasty, the powerful government offices were not hereditary. Instead, they were selected through the imperial examination system, of written examinations based on Confucian th...

 

Gerhard von Tiesenhausen

Latvian architect Gerhard von Tiesenhausenvon Tiesenhausen circa 1898BornGerhard Diedrich Jakob von Tiesenhausen(1878-03-26)26 March 1878Dorpat, Livonian Governorate, Russian Empire (Now Tartu  Estonia)Died26 October 1917(1917-10-26) (aged 39)Tiraspol, Russian republic (Now  Republic of Moldova)NationalityBaltic GermanKnown forarchitectureMovementArt nouveau Gerhard Diedrich Jakob von Tiesenhausen (Latvian: Gerhards fon Tīzenhauzens; 26 March 1878, Tartu – 26 October 19...

Andrej Kljuev

Questa voce sull'argomento ciclisti russi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Andrej Kljuev Nazionalità  Russia Ciclismo Specialità Strada, pista Termine carriera 2011 CarrieraSquadre di club 2006Omnibike2007Moscow Stars2008San Marco-Caneva2009-2010Moscow2011 Amore & VitaPalmarès  Europei su strada Oro Sofia 2007 In linea U23  Mondiali su pista Bronzo Los Angeles 2004 Ins sq. J. Oro Vienna 2005 Madison J.  E...

 

Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Gorontalo (disambiguasi). Koordinat: 0°53′N 122°39′E / 0.883°N 122.650°E / 0.883; 122.650 Kabupaten Gorontalo UtaraKabupatenPantai di Pulau Saronde LambangMotto: Gerbang Emas Gerakan Pembangunan Ekonomi MasyarakatPetaKabupaten Gorontalo UtaraPetaTampilkan peta SulawesiKabupaten Gorontalo UtaraKabupaten Gorontalo Utara (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°47′28″N 122°52′07″E / 0.791°N 122.8687...

 

John A. Bennett

American convicted of rape and attempted murder John Arthur BennettBennett shortly after his arrestBorn(1936-04-10)April 10, 1936Chatham, Virginia, U.S.DiedApril 13, 1961(1961-04-13) (aged 25)United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.Cause of deathExecution by hangingCriminal statusExecutedConviction(s)Attempted premeditated murderRapeCriminal penaltyDeath Military careerBuriedFort Leavenworth Military Prison CemeteryFort Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.AllegianceU...

Johnson County, Kansas

County in Kansas, United States County in KansasJohnson CountyCountyFormer Johnson County Courthouse in Olathe (2009). It opened in 1952, closed in 2020, then demolished in 2021 after a new courthouse was finished.[1][2]Location within the U.S. state of KansasKansas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 38°52′N 94°52′W / 38.867°N 94.867°W / 38.867; -94.867Country United StatesState KansasFoundedAugust 25, 1855Named forThomas JohnsonSe...

 

KDON-FM

Radio station in Salinas, California KDON-FMSalinas, CaliforniaBroadcast areaMonterey - Salinas - Santa Cruz - Central California CoastFrequency102.5 MHz (HD Radio)Branding102.5 K-DonProgrammingFormatRhythmic ContemporarySubchannelsHD2: Kids Club RadioAffiliationsCompass Media NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKION, KOCN, KPRC-FM, KTOM-FMHistoryFirst air date1960; 64 years ago (1960) (as KSBW-FM)Former call signsKSBW-FM (1960–1975)KBE...