Karkin people

For the language, see Karkin language.
Karkin
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( California)
Languages
English, formerly Karkin
Religion
Traditional tribal religion

The Karkin people (also called Los Carquines in Spanish) are one of eight Ohlone peoples, indigenous peoples of California.

History

The Karkin people have historically lived in the Carquinez Strait region in the northeast portion of the San Francisco Bay estuary.[1] They spoke the Karkin language, the only documentation of which is a single vocabulary obtained by linguist-missionary Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta at Mission Dolores in 1821[2] from Karkin speaker Mariano Antonio Sagnegse.[3] According to de la Cuesta, karkin means 'to trade.'[4][5] Although meager, the records of Karkin show that it constituted a distinct branch of Costanoan/Ohlone, strikingly different from the neighboring Chochenyo and other Ohlone languages spoken farther south and across the bay.[4] It is believed that there were about 200 Karkin speakers before colonization.[6]

Starting in 1787, some Karkin people began moving to Mission Dolores in present-day San Francisco.[7] In 1804 and 1807, Karkins resisted attempts by Mission Indians to recapture fugitive Indians who had escaped the mission.[8] The last Karkins moved to the mission between 1809 and 1810.[9] At the end of 1817, 49 Karkins were living at Mission Dolores.[10] By the end of 1823, 35 Karkin people lived at Mission Dolores, Mission San Francisco Solano, and Mission San Jose, seven of whom had been born in the missions.[11]

In 1925, Alfred Kroeber, then director of the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, declared the Ohlone extinct, which directly led to its losing federal recognition and land rights.[12]

The Confederated Villages of Lisjan is a tribe made up of Karkin and six other neighboring indigenous groups.[13]

Corrina Gould is a Karkin and Chochenyo activist who co-founded Indian People Organizing for Change and the Sogorea Te’ Land Trust,[14] and is the spokesperson for the Confederated Villages of Lisjan.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Milliken 1995:238
  2. ^ Milliken 2008:6
  3. ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:20
  4. ^ a b Beeler 1961
  5. ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:21
  6. ^ Levy 1978, cited in Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
  7. ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
  8. ^ Milliken 1995:180-182, 204-206, cited in Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
  9. ^ Milliken 1995:209-211, cited in Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
  10. ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:119
  11. ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:122
  12. ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (2022-12-11). "Indigenous Founders of a Museum Cafe Put Repatriation on the Menu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  13. ^ a b "Tribal History". Confederated Villages of Lisjan. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  14. ^ NoiseCat, Julian Brave (2018-03-22). "'It's About Taking Back What's Ours': Native Women Reclaim Land, Plot By Plot". HuffPost. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2021.

References

  • Beeler, Madison S. 1961. "Northern Costanoan." International Journal of American Linguistics 27: 191–197.
  • Callaghan, Catherine A. 1997. "Evidence for Yok-Utian." International Journal of American Linguistics 63:18–64.
  • Golla, Victor. 2007. "Linguistic Prehistory." California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds., pp. 71–82. New York: Altamira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
  • Levy 1978, cited in "Karkin". Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  • Milliken, Randall T. 1995. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Region, 1769–1810. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press.
  • Milliken, Randall T. 2008. Native Americans at Mission San Jose. Banning, CA: Malki-Ballena Press. ISBN 978-0-87919-147-4.
  • Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Ortiz, Beverly R.; Archaeological and Historical Consultants Oakland, California (June 2009). Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today (PDF) (Report). National Park Service Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco, California. Retrieved 16 August 2021.