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Kapurthala State
Kapurthala State
1774–1947
	Flag Coat of arms
	Kapurthala State in Punjab Province, 1909.
Status	Part of the Sikh Confederacy (1772–1801) ; Under the Sikh Empire (1801–1846) ; (Princely State under the East India Company) (1846–1857) ; (Princely State under the British Raj) (1857–1947)
Historical era	New Imperialism
• Established	1774
• Part of the Punjab States Agency	1930
• Accession to the Indian Union	1947
Area
1901	1,320 km2 (510 sq mi)
Population
• 1901	314,341
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sikh Confederacy
Patiala and East Punjab States Union
Today part of	Punjab, India
	Kapurthala state The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 14, p. 408–416.

Kapurthala State, was a kingdom and later Princely state of the Punjab Province of India. Ruled by Ahluwalia Sikh rulers, spread across 510 square miles (1,300 km²). According to the 1901 census the state had a population of 314,341 and contained two towns and 167 villages.^[1] In 1930, Kapurthala became part of the Punjab States Agency and acceded to the Union of India in 1947.

In colonial India, Kapurthala State was known for its communal harmony, with its Sikh ruler Jagatjit Singh building the Moorish Mosque for his Muslim subjects.^[2] At the time of the Indian independence movement, the ruler of the Kapurthala State opposed the partition of India and advocated for a united, secular country.^[3]

History

Origin

According to mythology, Krishna's descendant Gaj built the fort of Gajni, and lost his life in a battle against a joint Roman-Khorasani army.^{[citation needed]} His son Salibahan established the city of Sialkot, and started the Shak era after defeating the Shaks in 78 CE.^{[citation needed]}

After the Muslim conquest of Punjab, his descendants migrated to the Jaisalmer area, where they came to be known as Bhatti Rajput tribe. After Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jaisalmer, some of the Bhatti tribe people's migrated to Tarn Taran district, and got assimilated with Jats. In the 17th century, they joined Guru Hargobind's army. Ganda Singh of this family raided Lahore, whose governor Dilawar Khan persuaded him to join the Lahore army, and assigned him the fief of Ahlu and some other villages. Ganda Singh's son Sadhu (or Sadho) Singh lived in Ahlu, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. Sadhu Singh and his four sons married into Kalal families, because of which the family came to be known as Ahluwalia. The descendants of Sadhu Singh son Gopal Singh (who was the grandfather of Jassa Singh) established the royal family of Kapurthala.^[4] The British administrator Lepel Griffin (1873) dismissed this account as spurious.^[4] The Sikh author Gian Singh, in his Twarikh Raj Khalsa (1894), wrote that the Ahluwalia family adopted the Kalal caste identity much before Sadhu Singh.^[5]

The ruling dynasty of Kapurthala originated in the Ahluwalia misl. The Ahluwalia misl rose to prominence under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia,^[6]^[7] who was the first person to use the name "Ahluwalia". Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal, he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village of Ahlu and belonged to the Kalal community.^[8] He is regarded as the founder of the Kapurthala State.^[9]

Establishment

In 1774, Jassa Singh Kalal conquered Kapurthala from Rai Ibrahim Bhatti.^[10]^[11]

Even after other misls lost their territories to Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire, the emperor permitted the descendants of Jassa Singh to retain their estates. After the British took over the Sikh territories in 1846, Jassa Singh's descendants became the ruling family of the Kapurthala State.^[12]

Demographics

Religion in Kapurthala Princely State(1941)

Muslims (56.49%)

Sikhs (23.35%)

Hindus (16.27%)

Others (3.89%)

Religious groups in Kapurthala State (British Punjab province era)
Religious group	1881^[13]^[14]^[15]		1891^[16]		1901^[17]		1911^[18]^[19]		1921^[20]		1931^[21]		1941^[22]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	142,974	56.6%	170,557	56.91%	178,326	56.73%	152,117	56.73%	160,457	56.44%	179,251	56.59%	213,754	56.49%
Hinduism ^[a]	82,900	32.82%	89,463	29.85%	93,652	29.79%	61,426	22.91%	58,412	20.55%	64,319	20.31%	61,546	16.27%
Sikhism	26,493	10.49%	39,493	13.18%	42,101	13.39%	54,275	20.24%	64,074	22.54%	72,177	22.79%	88,350	23.35%
Jainism	214	0.08%	169	0.06%	226	0.07%	205	0.08%	228	0.08%	27	0.01%	380	0.1%
Christianity	35	0.01%	8	0%	39	0.01%	107	0.04%	1,100	0.39%	983	0.31%	1,667	0.44%
Buddhism	1	0%	0	0%	3	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	0	0%	0	0%	4	0%	3	0%	4	0%	0	0%	6	0%
Judaism	—	—	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	12,677	3.35%
Total population	252,617	100%	299,690	100%	314,351	100%	268,133	100%	284,275	100%	316,757	100%	378,380	100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Royal dynasty

List of rulers

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Reign	Ref.
Sardars
1	Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1718–1783)	1777 – 20 October 1783	^[23]^[24]
2	Bhag Singh Ahluwalia (1747–1801)	20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801	^{[citation needed]}
Rajas
3	Fateh Singh Ahluwalia (1784–1837)	10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837	^[25]^[26]^[27]
4	Nihal Singh (1817–1852)	20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852	^{[citation needed]}
5	Randhir Singh (1831–1870)	13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861	^[24]
Raja-i Rajgan
–	Randhir Singh (1831–1870)	12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870	^[24]
6	Kharak Singh (1850–1877)	2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877	^{[citation needed]}
7	Jagatjit Singh (1872–1949)	3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911	^[24]
Maharajas
–	Jagatjit Singh (1872–1949)	12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947	^[24]
Titular
–	Jagatjit Singh (1872–1949)	15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949	^[24]
8	Paramjit Singh		^{[citation needed]}
9	Sukhjit Singh		^{[citation needed]}

Crown Princes

Tikka Raja Shatrujit Singh^[3]

Dewan / Ministers of Kapurthala State

Dewan Banna Mal Gautam (Manager Of Oudh Estates of Maharaja Kapurthala)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Mathra Dass (Private Secretary)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Ramjas Dhir^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Acchru Mal Gautam (Revenue Minister) s/o Dewan Banna Mal^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Durga Dass Gautam^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Ambika Parshad Gautam (Accountant General)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Mohabbat Rai^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Abdul Hamid (Prime Minister)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Chief Secretary Of Kapurthala State)^{[citation needed]}
Sirdar Bhagat Ram Randev (Chief Judge)^{[citation needed]}
Sirdar Dwarka Dass Randev, Bar At Law S/O Dewan Shiv Narayan Randev (Assistant Manager Oudh and Last Chief Justice Of Kapurthala State)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Hari Chand Chopra (Finance Minister)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Saudagar Mal^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Badrinath^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Surendranath^{[citation needed]}
G.T Fisher (Chief Minister)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Sureshwar Dass (Home Minister)^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Ajudhia Dass (Revenue Minister)^{[citation needed]}
Sirdar Suchet Singh^{[citation needed]}
Sirdar Kishan Singh^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Raj Kumar Chopra (Chief Justice )^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Jermany Dass^{[citation needed]}
Dewan Kuljass Rai^{[citation needed]}

Orders of chivalry

The Royal House of Kapurthala awards three orders of chivalry; these knighthoods include:^{[citation needed]}

Nishan-i-Shahi, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1898)^{[citation needed]}
Nishan-i-Iftikhar, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1914)^{[citation needed]}
Nishan-i-Askari, awarded in three classes (founded by Maharaja Jagatjit Singh Bahadur in 1927)^{[citation needed]}

The decoration of the Nishan-i-Iftikhar includes the coat of arms of Kapurthala State.^[28]

Gallery

Qila Jallow Khana, Kapurthala State
Old Baradari at Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala State
Photograph of the State Gurdwara of Kapurthala State during a thanksgiving service
Old court complex, Kapurthala State
Photograph of Buggy Khana, Kapurthala State