Kandalaksha

Kandalaksha
Кандалакша
Town
A view of Kandalaksha
A view of Kandalaksha
Flag of Kandalaksha
Flag
Coat of arms of Kandalaksha
Coat of arms
Location of Kandalaksha
Map
Kandalaksha is located in Russia
Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha
Location of Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha is located in Murmansk Oblast
Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha (Murmansk Oblast)
Coordinates: 67°09′25″N 32°24′42″E / 67.15694°N 32.41167°E / 67.15694; 32.41167
CountryRussia
Federal subjectMurmansk Oblast
Administrative districtKandalakshsky District
Founded11th century
Town status sinceApril 20, 1938[1]
Elevation
20 m (70 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[2]
 • Total
35,654
 • Municipal districtKandalakshsky Municipal District
 • Urban settlementKandalaksha Urban Settlement
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[3])
Postal code(s)[4]
184041
Dialing code(s)+7 81533
OKTMO ID47608101001

Kandalaksha (Russian: Кандала́кша; Finnish: Kantalahti; Swedish: Kandalax or formerly Candalax; Karelian: Kannanlakši; Northern Sami: Gáddeluokta; Skolt Sami: Käddluhtt) is a town in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea, north of the Arctic Circle. Population: 35,654 (2010 Census);[2] 40,564 (2002 Census);[5] 54,080 (1989 Soviet census).[6]

Etymology

According to the most common version, the name of the town comes from its location on the shore of Kandalaksha Bay, where "laksa" means "lip" (in Karelian lakši — «bay»), Kanda — name of the river that traverses the town.[7] According to other sources, the name of the bay may come from the Sámi names Kantlukht (kannҍt — hill, a dry place among a swamp, лӯххт — bay) or Kandaslukht (ка̄нҍтэсь — pack saddle, лӯххт — bay, which means: “the bay where horse packs were reloaded”), or from Kantaalahti ( Finnish kantaa — to feed, bear fruit and Finnish lahti — bay).[8]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19264,195—    
193922,172+428.5%
195938,222+72.4%
197042,656+11.6%
197945,430+6.5%
198954,080+19.0%
200240,564−25.0%
201035,654−12.1%
202129,138−18.3%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Source: Censuses[9][10][11][12]

History

The settlement was founded the 11th century but may have existed as a temporary stop for fishermen from the 9th century.[citation needed] In the 13th century, it became a part of the Novgorod Republic along with the southern part of the Kola Peninsula, and in 1478 was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1915, the construction of a seaport started, and in 1918 a railroad connecting Moscow to Murmansk running through Kandalaksha was opened. On August 29, 1927, Kandalaksha was made the administrative center of the newly established Kandalakshsky District,[13] and on June 1, 1932, it was granted work settlement status.[1] Status of a town of district significance was granted to it on April 20, 1938.[1] On February 9, 1940, Kandalaksha was administratively separated from the district and granted the status of a town of oblast significance.[1]

In July 1941, during World War II, the town was the primary target of an unsuccessful German-Finnish offensive which attempted to cut the strategic Kirov Railway.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 19, 1959, the Councils of Deputies of Kandalaksha and of Kandalakshsky District were merged into one Kandalaksha Town Council of Deputies.[14] While the district was nominally retained as a separate administrative division, all its subdivisions were administratively subordinated to the town's Council of Deputies.[14]

Since 1995, Vitino oil port operates near Beloye More a few kilometers south of Kandalaksha.

Kandalaksha Mayor Nina Varlamova was murdered in an attack in December 2008.[15]

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Kandalaksha railway station

Twin towns and sister cities

Kandalaksha is twinned with:

Geography

The town is located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea, north of the Arctic Circle.

Climate

Kandalaksha has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with mild, rainy summers, and cold, snowy winters.

Climate data for Kandalaksha (Climate ID:22217)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.6
(88.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		32.0
(89.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.7
(18.1) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−5
(23) 		4.9
(40.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.4
(11.5) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		1.0
(33.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −15.8
(3.6) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−12
(10) 		−3.1
(26.3)
Record low °C (°F) −43.5
(−46.3) 		−41.6
(−42.9) 		−34.6
(−30.3) 		−27.9
(−18.2) 		−15
(5) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−21.8
(−7.2) 		−30.4
(−22.7) 		−39.5
(−39.1) 		−43.5
(−46.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6) 		34
(1.3) 		30
(1.2) 		28
(1.1) 		45
(1.8) 		56
(2.2) 		75
(3.0) 		63
(2.5) 		56
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		46
(1.8) 		44
(1.7) 		571
(22.5)
Average rainy days 1 2 3 9 18 18 18 18 19 15 6 3 130
Average snowy days 24 23 22 15 9 1 0 0 1 11 21 24 151
Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 81 75 72 69 74 79 84 86 89 87 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 3.2 45.0 129.2 184.6 231.1 271.5 267.6 186.6 110.6 55.8 9.6 0.0 1,494.8
Source 1: Roshydromet[16]
Source 2: NOAA (sun)[17]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 52–53
  2. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  3. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  4. ^ Local post office info http://www.russianpost.ru/PostOfficeFindInterface/FindOPSByPostOfficeID.aspx?index=184041 Archived October 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  6. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  7. ^ Pospelov, E. M. (2008). Geograficheskie nazvanii︠a︡ Rossii: toponimicheskiĭ slovarʹ: bolee 4,000 nazvaniĭ geograficheskikh obʺektov Rossii. Moskva: AST : Astrelʹ. ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5. OCLC 433173167.
  8. ^ Vinogradov, Anatoliy (2009). "Kandalksha//Kola encyclopedia".
  9. ^ "(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units".
  10. ^ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более". Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
  11. ^ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.
  12. ^ "Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года". Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  13. ^ Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 35
  14. ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 55
  15. ^ Malpas, Anna (December 18, 2008). "Mayor Stabbed To Death". Moscow Times. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ^ "Climate of Kandalaksha" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  17. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kandalaksha". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 9, 2024.

Sources

  • Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север".