Juiz de fora (office)

For the city and municipality in Brazil, see Juiz de Fora.

João Baptista Felgueiras, a juiz de fora in Viana do Castelo

A juiz de fora (pronounced [ˈʒwiʒ ðɨ ˈfɔɾɐ]; lit. 'judge from the outside' or 'outsider judge') was a magistrate appointed by the King of Portugal to serve in the municipalities where the intervention of an impartial and unbiased judge - usually from outside of the town - was necessary. Often, the judges also assumed a political role, being appointed to preside over municipal councils (câmaras) in order to provide some central control.

History

The office arose in Portugal in 1327, under King Afonso IV, as a type of itinerant magistrate, appointed by the Crown. His main function was to ensure compliance with the Law on behalf of the King. The authority of the juiz de fora was far superior to that of ordinary local judges.

The appointment of a juiz de fora was justified by the need for a truly free, impartial judge, brought in from outside of the town to guarantee fair trials judge. The position could not be exercised at the place of origin or habitual residence of the magistrate, nor were they allowed other links with the local population such as marriage or close friendship .

As part of the process of formation of the structure of the Portuguese State, the Crown invested in the strength of the municipalities and local authorities, in order to weaken the hold of feudal lords.

The final consolidation of the office was carried out by King John III in 1532 who undertook a major centralization programme. By 1580, when the Iberian Union emerged with the reign of Philip I of Portugal (Philip II of Spain), there were more than fifty Portuguese municipalities governed by juízes de fora.

The office was also later created in the Portuguese Overseas territories, specially in Brazil. In the areas of difficult access and administration of Brazil, the office of juiz de fora was used as a means of control to prevent the adoption of measures conflicting with the interests of the Crown.

After the Restoration of the Independence, the Kingdom of Portugal concentrated all its effort in consolidating the newly recovered power, looking not to start unnecessary conflicts and Brazilian municipalities maintained their autonomy until the last years of the seventeenth century. The first juiz de fora in Brazil was appointed in 1696 in Salvador, beginning a transition phase that would last for over a hundred years.

The office was abolished after the establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy and the resulting separation of the executive and judicial powers. The judicial functions of the former juízes de fora were assumed by juízes de direito (judges of law), who do not have any political or administrative functions.

See also

Read other articles:

Ćevapi

ĆevapiĆevapi Bosnia di dalam somun.SajianMain courseDaerahBalkansBahan utamaMeat (lamb, or beef, somun, onionSunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini  Media: Ćevapi Ćevapi (pelafalan [tɕɛv̞ǎːpi]) or ćevapčići (formal diminutive, [tɕɛv̞ǎptʃitɕi], ћевапчићи) adalah hidangan panggang daging cincang, jenis kebab, ditemukan secara tradisional di negara-negara Eropa tenggara yang dianggap sebagai hidangan nasional di ...

 

 

Third Vajpayee ministry

Union Council of Ministers headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee Third Vajpayee ministry20th ministry of the Republic of IndiaDate formed13 October 1999Date dissolved22 May 2004People and organisationsHead of stateK. R. Narayanan (until 25 July 2002)A. P. J. Abdul Kalam(from 25 July 2002)Head of governmentAtal Bihari VajpayeeDeputy head of governmentL. K. AdvaniMember parties National Democratic Alliance  Bharatiya Janata Party  Shiv Sena  Shiromani Akali Dal  Lok Janshakti ...

 

 

Films américains sortis en 1906

Listes de films américains 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 ►► Liste de films américains sortis en 1906. Titre Réalisateur Distribution Genre Notes The Automobile Thieves James Stuart Blackton James Stuart Blackton, Florence Lawrence Drame policier Sorti sur les écrans le 10 novembre 1906. Histoire d'un jeune couple auteur d'une série de cambriolages. Ils sont l'objet d'une poursuite à l'issue de laquelle les deux sont tués. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces James Stuart ...

Fabrizio Provitali

Fabrizio Provitali Provitali in azione al Cagliari nel 1989 Nazionalità  Italia Altezza 186 cm Peso 84 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Termine carriera 2003 Carriera Giovanili 19??-19?? Ostia Mare19??-19?? Roma Squadre di club1 1987-1988 Perugia21 (0)1988-1990 Cagliari59 (17)1990-1991 Vicenza18 (2)1991-1994 Modena97 (33)1994-1995 Avellino23 (12)1995-1996 Venezia23 (5)1996-1997 Spezia16 (1)1997-1999 Rieti49 (41)1999-2001 Triestina46 (19)...

 

 

Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah

Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia TengahSingkatanCAFATanggal pendirian9 Januari 2015; 9 tahun lalu (2015-01-09)TipeOrganisasi olahragaKantor pusatDushanbe, TajikistanJumlah anggota 6Presiden Rustami EmomaliWakil Presiden Khurshed MirzoSitus webwww.the-cafa.com Asosiasi Sepak Bola Asia Tengah (CAFA)[1] adalah asosiasi negara-negara yang bermain sepak bola di Asia Tengah. Pada Juni 2014, kehadiran asosiasi ini disetujui oleh Konfederasi Sepak Bola Asia dan disetujui pada Kongres Luar Biasa ...

 

 

Catholic Church in Lebanon

Catholic Churchin LebanonSaint Maron, Founder of the Maronite ChurchTypeNational polityClassificationCatholicOrientationEastern ChristianityTheologyCatholic theologyPolityEpiscopalPopePope FrancisPatriarchBechara Boutros al-RahiRegionLebanonLanguageArabic, AramaicFounderSaint PeterSaint MaronMembers1.34 million in 2020Part of a series on theCatholic Church by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic...

History of the petroleum industry in Canada

This article is part of a series onPetroleum in Canada Early history Story of natural gas Oil sands and heavy oil The frontiers Gas liquids Resources and producers Oil reserves Petroleum companies Categories Oil fields Oil refineries Oil companies Economy of CanadaEnergy policy of Canadavte Part of a series on theEconomy of Canada Economic history of Canada Banking history Petroleum history Energy policy of Canada Canadian dollar Sectors Primary sector Agriculture Energy Petroleum Electricit...

 

 

Verzenay

Verzenaycomune Verzenay – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneGrand Est Dipartimento Marna ArrondissementReims CantoneMourmelon-Vesle et Monts de Champagne TerritorioCoordinate49°10′N 4°09′E / 49.166667°N 4.15°E49.166667; 4.15 (Verzenay)Coordinate: 49°10′N 4°09′E / 49.166667°N 4.15°E49.166667; 4.15 (Verzenay) Superficie10,57 km² Abitanti1 089[1] (2009) Densità103,03 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postal...

 

 

2B (film)

2009 American film2BDirected byRichard KroehlingWritten byBob CoenEric NadlerChristian PlummerProduced byBob CoenEric NadlerStarringJames RemarKevin CorriganJane KimHayley DuMondCinematography Lisa Rinzler Dylan Verrechia Music byMichael GalassoJihaeRelease date October 2, 2009 (2009-10-02) (Woodstock) Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish 2B is a 2009 science fiction film directed by Richard Kroehling and starring James Remar, Kevin Corrigan, Jane Kim, ...

Go Back (Jeanette song)

2000 song by Jeanette Biedermann Go BackSingle by Jeanettefrom the album Enjoy! ReleasedSeptember 25, 2000Recorded2000GenrePopLength3:24LabelKubaPolydorUniversalSongwriter(s)Frank JohnesTom RemmWonderbraProducer(s)CobraJeanette singles chronology Go Back (2000) Will You Be There (2001) Go Back is a song by German recording artist Jeanette. It was written by Frank Johnes, Tom Remm, and Kristina Wonderbra Bach and produced by Cobra for her debut studio album Enjoy! (2000). Released as the album...

 

 

April 1914

Month of 1914 1914 January February March April May June July August September October November December << April 1914 >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30   The following events occurred in April 1914: Laying the last spike of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in Fort Fraser, British Columbia Colorado National Guard soldiers entering strike zone at Ludlow, Colorado April 1, 1914 (Wednesday) Burston St...

 

 

Kevin Mitnick

American hacker (1963–2023) Kevin MitnickMitnick in 2010BornKevin David Mitnick(1963-08-06)August 6, 1963Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedJuly 16, 2023(2023-07-16) (aged 59)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.Other namesThe Condor, The Darkside HackerOccupations Information technology consultant Author Organizations Mitnick Security Consulting Chief Hacking Officer at KnowBe4, Inc Board member ofKnowBe4Criminal charge(s)1995: Wire fraud (14 counts), possession of unauthorized acce...

Carl Ludwig Sprenger

German botanist Carl Ludwig SprengerBorn(1846-11-30)30 November 1846Güstrow, Mecklenburg, GermanyDied13 December 1917(1917-12-13) (aged 71)Corfu, GreeceNationalityGermanKnown forCollected seeds for botanical gardensScientific careerFieldsBotanyAuthor abbrev. (botany)Sprenger Canna Italian Group 'Austria', Sprenger 1893 Carl Ludwig Sprenger was a German botanist, born on 30 November 1846 at Güstrow, Mecklenburg and died 13 December 1917 on the island of Corfu (Kérkyra).[1...

 

 

Dabney Coleman

Dabney ColemanColeman pada 2001LahirDabney Wharton Coleman(1932-01-03)3 Januari 1932Austin, Texas, A.S.Meninggal16 Mei 2024(2024-05-16) (umur 92)Santa Monica, California, A.S.PekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1961–2019Suami/istriAnn Courtney Harrell ​ ​(m. 1957; c. 1959)​Jean Hale ​ ​(m. 1961; c. 1984)​Anak4Karier militerPengabdian Amerika SerikatDinas/cabangAngkatan Darat Amerika SerikatL...

 

 

فرناندو غابرييل غارسيا

فرناندو غابرييل غارسيا   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 31 أغسطس 1981 (العمر 42 سنة)بوينس آيرس الطول 1.90 م (6 قدم 3 بوصة)* مركز اللعب حارس مرمى الجنسية أرجنتيني الحياة العملية المهنة لاعب كرة يد  الرياضة كرة اليد  المنتخب الوطني الأعوام المنتخب الظهور (الأهداف) منتخب الأرجن�...

Hamlet

Sampul muka cetakan Hamlet tahun 1605 The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, atau biasanya disingkat Hamlet adalah sandiwara tragedi karya William Shakespeare yang ditulis sekitar tahun 1599-1601. Drama ini adalah salah satu tragedi Shakespeare yang terkenal. Terjemahan ke dalam bahasa Indonesianya berjudul Hamlet, Pangeran Denmark dan dilakukan oleh Trisno Sumardjo.[1] Tragedi ini menceritakan tentang seorang raja yang meninggal dengan misterius, jandanya lalu menikah dengan sauda...

 

 

Second inauguration of William McKinley

29th United States presidential inauguration Second presidential inauguration of William McKinleyDateMarch 4, 1901; 123 years ago (1901-03-04)LocationUnited States Capitol,Washington, D.C.Organized byJoint Congressional Committee on Inaugural CeremoniesParticipantsWilliam McKinley25th president of the United States— Assuming officeMelville FullerChief Justice of the United States— Administering oathTheodore Roosevelt25th vice president of the United States— Assuming of...

 

 

.tp

Former Internet country code top-level domain for East Timor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: .tp – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) .tp.tp Domain RegistrationIntroducedDecember 1997RemovedFebruary 2015TLD typeCountry code top-...

Snow Bowl (1950)

For other uses, see Snow Bowl (disambiguation). College football gameThe Snow BowlPostcard for the game Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes (4–3–1) (6–2) 9 3 Head coach: Bennie Oosterbaan Head coach: Wes Fesler AP 8 1234 Total Michigan 2700 9 Ohio State 3000 3 DateNovember 25, 1950Season1950StadiumOhio StadiumLocationColumbus, OhioAttendance79,868 The Snow Bowl is the nickname of a college football game played on November 25, 1950, between the teams of the Univer...

 

 

Rumah kaki seribu

Rumah Kaki Seribu Rumah kaki seribu adalah rumah adat asli dari penduduk suku Arfak yang menetap di Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat.[1] Rumah adat tersebut dijuluki demikian karena menggunakan banyak tiang penyangga di bawahnya, sehingga jika dilihat memiliki banyak kaki seperti hewan kaki seribu. Sedangkan untuk bagian atapnya dibuat dari daun jerami atau daun sagu. Sementara untuk tiangnya menggunakan kayu, yang terdiri dari kayu berukuran tinggi dan pendek. Fungsi dari tiang kayu ...