Judith River Formation

Judith River Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 79–75.3 Ma
↓
Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofJudith River Group
Sub-unitsParkman Sandstone Member, McClelland Ferry Member, Coal Ridge Member, Woodhawk Member
UnderliesBearpaw Formation
OverliesClaggett Formation, Pakowki Formation
Thicknessmax 360 meters (1,180 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone and sandstone
Location
Region Montana
Country United States
Type section
Named forJudith River near the confluence with the Missouri River
Named byF.V. Hayden, 1871;[2] F.B. Meek, 1876.[3]

The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana, and is part of the Judith River Group. It dates to the Late Cretaceous, between 79 and 75.3 million years ago,[4] corresponding to the "Judithian" land vertebrate age. It was laid down during the same time period as portions of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana[5] and the Oldman Formation of Alberta.[6] It is an historically important formation, explored by early American paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope, who named several dinosaurs from scrappy remains found here on his 1876 expedition (such as Monoclonius). Modern work has found nearly complete skeletons of the hadrosaurid Brachylophosaurus.

Lithology

The Judith River Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.[1] Coal beds, bentonite and coquinas are also observed.

Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument

Relationship with other units

The Judith River Formation conformably overlies the Claggett Formation and Pakowki Formation. It is overlain by the Bearpaw Formation.[1] It is equivalent to the Belly River Formation in the southern Canadian Rockies foothills, the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta and the Wapiti Formation in the northwestern plains.

Sub-divisions

Missouri River carved through the Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument

The Judith River Formation is divided into four members, the Parkman Sandstone Member, the McClelland Ferry Member, the Coal Ridge member, and the Woodhawk Member.[7] The McClelland Ferry Member (78.7-76.3 Ma) is believed to be equivalent to the Oldman Formation, with the Coal Ridge Member (76.3-75.3 Ma) equivalent to the Dinosaur Park Formation.[4]

Fauna

Dinosaurs of Judith River Formation

Faunal list follows a review published by Ashok Sahni in 1972 unless otherwise noted.[8]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

There are three potential species of discoglossid frogs. Hip bones, possibly representing a North American member of the European spadefoot toad family are also known from the formation.

Amphibians of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Habrosaurus

H. dilatus

A siren.

Lisserpeton

L. bairdi

A scapherpetonid salamander.

Opisthotriton

O. kayi

A possible lungless salamander.

Prodesmodon

P. copei

A lungless salamander.

Scapherpeton

S. tectum

A scapherpetonid salamander.

Fish

Bony fish

Bony fishes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Belonostomus Belonostomus longirostris An aspidorhynchiform.
Cyclurus C. fragosus A bowfin.[9]
Lepisosteus L. occidentalis Scales[10] A gar.
?Paralbula ?P. sp. A bonefish.
Priscosturion P. longipinnis McClelland Ferry[11] Upper Campanian[11] A sturgeon.
Psammorhynchus P. longipinnis McClelland Ferry[11] Upper Campanian[11] Preoccupied name, renamed Priscosturion.[12]
Polyodontidae Indeterminate A paddlefish. Known remains exceeded size of Chinese paddlefish, total length would exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft).[13]


Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fishes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Myledaphus

M. bipartitus

A stingray.

Choristoderes

Choristoderes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Champsosaurus

C. sp.

Champsosaurus

Crocodilians

Crocodilians of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Brachychampsa

B. montana

An alligatorid.
Brachychampsa
Deinosuchus

Leidyosuchus

L. canadensis

An alligatoroid.
Deinosuchus D. hatcheri[14] Two giant dorsal vertebrae and a number of osteoderms. An enormous alligatoroid.

Lizards

Lizards of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Chamops

C. segnis

A whiptail.

Exostinus

E. lancensis

A knob-scaled lizard.

Leptochamops

L. denticulatus

A whiptail.

Paraderma

P. bogerti

A parasaniwid.

Parasaniwa

P. wyomingensis

A parasaniwid.

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Edmontonia E. longiceps Isolated teeth[15] A nodosaurid.
Edmontonia
Zuul
Zuul Z. crurivastator middle Coal Ridge Cranial and postcranial skeletal remains and soft tissue, type specimen An ankylosaurid

Hadrosaurs

Hadrosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images

Brachylophosaurus

B. canadensis

middle McClelland Ferry

A hadrosaurid which was one of the more common dinosaurs in the area.[16]

Brachylophosaurus
Probrachylophosaurus
Corythosaurus C. sp.[17] middle Coal Ridge two partial skeletons A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid

Diclonius

D. calamarius

"Teeth."[18]

Nomen dubium

D. pentagonius

"Fragmentary dentary with teeth,"[18] type specimen

A dubious hadrosaurid

D. perengulatus

"Teeth."[18]

Nomen dubium

Hadrosaurus

H. paucidens

Reclassified as Lambeosaurus? paucidens

?"Kritosaurus"

?"K." breviceps

A dubious hadrosaurid

?Lambeosaurus

?L. paucidens

"Squamosal, maxilla."[18]

Nomen dubium. An indeterminate lambeosaurine.[19]

Paleoscincus

P. costatus

"Tooth,"[10] type specimen

A dubious ankylosaur

Probrachylophosaurus

P. bergei

lower McClelland Ferry

A brachylophosaurin hadrosaur

Pteropelyx

P. grallipes

"Skeleton lacking skull."[20]

A dubious hadrosaurid

Trachodon

T. mirabilis

Isolated teeth, type specimen[10]

A dubious hadrosaurid

Marginocephalians

Ceratopsians
Ceratopsians reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images

Albertaceratops

A. nesmoi[21]

Reclassified as Medusaceratops lokii

Avaceratops
Judiceratops
Furcatoceratops
Lokiceratops
Medusaceratops
Mercuriceratops
Monoclonius
Spiclypeus

Avaceratops

A. lammersi[21]

lower McClelland Ferry

"[Two] partial skulls, skeleton, juvenile,"[22] type specimen

A ceratopsid

Ceratops

C. montanus

"occipital condyle, paired horn cores,"[23] type specimen

A dubious ceratopsid

Dysganus

D. bicarinatus

"Isolated teeth."[23]

Nomen dubium

D. encaustus

"Single tooth and [five] tooth fragments."[18] "Isolated teeth."[23]

Nomen dubium

D. haydenianus

"Isolated teeth."[23]

Nomen dubium

D. peiganus

"Tooth."[23]

Nomen dubium

Furcatoceratops F. elucidans Fergus County, Montana[24] Upper Coal Ridge[24] Nearly complete subadult skeleton.[24] A ceratopsid

Judiceratops[25]

J. tigris[25]

lower McClelland Ferry

A ceratopsid

Lokiceratops

L. rangiformis[26]

Kennedy Coulee lower McClelland Ferry Disarticulated, associated skeleton including most of the skull and fragmentary postcrania[26]

A ceratopsid

Medusaceratops

M. lokii[27]

lower McClelland Ferry

Bonebed[27]

A ceratopsid

Mercuriceratops

M. gemini[28]

lower Coal Ridge

"one apomorphic squamosal"[28]

A ceratopsid

Monoclonius

M. crassus[21]

lower Coal Ridge

"[Five] skulls, [one] complete."[22] Type specimen

A dubious ceratopsid

Spiclypeus S. shipporum McClelland Ferry[29] Partial skull, vertebrae, ribs, humerus, ilium, femur, tibia, and fibula. A ceratopsid
Pachycephalosaurs
Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Colepiocephale C. lambei[30] Kennedy Coulee lower McClelland Ferry "nearly complete frontoparietal dome" A pachycephalosaurid closely related to Stegoceras.
Colepiocephale
Hanssuesia H. sternbergi A pachycephalosaurid. Also present in the Dinosaur Park and Oldman Formations. Possible synonym of Stegoceras.
Hanssuesia

Theropods

Dromaeosaurs

Dromeosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Dromaeosaurus

D. albertensis

Ox Hill Quarry, Careless Creek Quarry, Hidden Valley Quarry & Blackbird Ridge Quarry.[31] lower McClelland Ferry

Teeth[31]

A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation

Dromaeosaurus
Saurornitholestes

D. explanatus

"Tooth."[32]

Possible relative of Saurornitholestes

D. laevifrons

"Tooth."[32]

Possible relative of Saurornitholestes

Saurornitholestes S. langstoni Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[31] Lower McClelland Ferry Numerous teeth[31] A dromaeosaurid

Zapsalis[33]

Z. abradens

"Teeth,"[32] type specimen

A dromaeosaurid

Troodonts

Troodonts reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Theropod "A" Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley, Blackbird Ridge & Jensen Ranch quarries.[31] 28 teeth[31] Teeth of a large theropod distinct from those of tyrannosaurids
Troodon

Troodon

T. formosus

Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat & Hidden Valley quarries.[31]

Teeth (type specimen),[10][31] egg

A troodontid, possibly dubious.

Tyrannosaurs

Tyrannosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Aublysodon

A. lateralis

"Isolated teeth,"[34][35] type specimen

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

Daspletosaurus
Gorgosaurus

A. mirandus

Teeth, type specimen

Possible junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

Daspletosaurus D. torosus Coal Ridge Maxilla[36] and a partial skeleton [37] A large tyrannosaurid.
D. wilsoni[38] Jack’s B2 lower Coal Ridge[39] Partial skull, cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, and a rib, chevron, and first metatarsal Originally considered to be a transitional species between D. torosus and D. horneri, though the validity of this claim has been questioned [40]
D. sp. Coal Ridge[40] Partial skeleton[41] Not referrable to D. torosus[39]

Deinodon

D. falculus

Teeth

Isolated tyrannosaur teeth classified in the dubious genus Deinodon

D. hazenianus

Teeth

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

D. horridus

"Teeth,"[10] type specimen

Isolated tyrannosaur teeth that formed the basis of the dubious genus Deinodon

D. incrassatus

Teeth

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

D. lateralis

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

Gorgosaurus G. libratus Postorbital[36] A large tyrannosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation and possibly the Two Medicine Formation.
?Tyrannosaurus T. sp. Fergus County Montana Group A Lacrimal May not be from the Judith River Formation, found alongside a specimen of Deinosuchus but this cannot be confirmed due to poor field notes.[42]

Other Theropods

Theropods reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Hesperornis

H. altus

Partial tibiotarsus

One of the only known freshwater occurrences of a hesperornithid.[43]

Hesperornis

Ornithomimus

O. tenuis

"Fragmentary metatarsal."[44]

A possible troodontid or juvenile tyrannosaurid

Paronychodon

P. lacustris

Teeth, type specimen

An indeterminate maniraptoran, also found in the Dinosaur Park, Milk River, and Kirtland Formations

Richardoestesia R. gilmorei Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[31] 12 teeth[31] A coelurosaur

Turtles

Turtles of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Adocus A. sp.

Basilemys

B. sp.

A Mesoamerican river turtle.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. "Judith River Formation". Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  2. ^ Hayden, F.V., 1871. Geology of the Missouri Valley: Preliminary report (4th annual) of the Geol. Surv. of Wyoming and portions of contiguous territories.
  3. ^ Meek, Fielding Bradford, 1876. A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri country, Hayden, F.V., Geologist in Charge; United States Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Territories, vol. 9, page 629
  4. ^ a b Ramezani, Jahandar; Beveridge, Tegan L.; Rogers, Raymond R.; Eberth, David A.; Roberts, Eric M. (2022-09-26). "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 16026. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9512893. PMID 36163377.
  5. ^ Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S. G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age"–faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America." Pp. 7-29 in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R.M. (eds.), Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35.
  6. ^ Eberth, David A. (1997). "Judith River Wedge". In Currie, Philip J.; Padian Kevin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 379–380. ISBN 0-12-226810-5.
  7. ^ Rogers, Raymond R.; Kidwell, Susan M.; Deino, Alan L.; Mitchell, James P.; Nelson, Kenneth; Thole, Jeffrey T. (2016-01-01). "Age, Correlation, and Lithostratigraphic Revision of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation in Its Type Area (North-Central Montana), with a Comparison of Low- and High-Accommodation Alluvial Records". The Journal of Geology. 124 (1): 99–135. Bibcode:2016JG....124...99R. doi:10.1086/684289. ISSN 0022-1376. S2CID 130555911.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Sahni, A. (1972). "The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana." Bulletin of the AMNH, v. 147 article 6: 321-415.
  9. ^ Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1998-04-10). "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (sup1): 1–696. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114. ISSN 0272-4634.
  10. ^ a b c d e Leidy, J. (1856-12-31). "Notice of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. FV Hayden in the Bad Lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8: 72–73. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1038128.
  11. ^ a b c d Grande, Lance; Hilton, Eric J. (July 2006). "An Exquisitely Preserved Skeleton Representing a Primitive Sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae: N. Gen. and Sp.)". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (S65): 1–39. doi:10.1666/05032.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131689748.
  12. ^ Grande, Lance; Hilton, Eric J. (March 2009). "A replacement name for †Psammorhynchus Grande & Hilton, 2006 (Actinopterygii, Acipenseriformes, Acipenseridae)". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (2): 317–318. doi:10.1666/08-137.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 85233540.
  13. ^ Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1991). "Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 1: ii–121. doi:10.2307/3889328. ISSN 1062-161X.
  14. ^ Schwimmer, David (2002). King of the Crocodylians: The Paleobiology of Deinosuchus. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 200.
  15. ^ Sahni, Ashok (1972). "The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana". Bulletin of the AMNH. 147 (6). hdl:2246/1099.
  16. ^ Trexler, David; Murphy, Nate; Thompson, Mark (June 2007). ""Leonardo," a Mummified Brachylophosaurus (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Judith River Formation of Montana". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). Horns and Beaks. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–133.
  17. ^ Takasaki, Ryuji; Chiba, Kentaro; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Brink, Kirstin S.; Evans, David C.; Fanti, Federico; Saneyoshi, Mototaka; Maltese, Anthony; Ishigaki, Shinobu (2022-10-23). "Description of the first definitive Corythosaurus (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) specimens from the Judith River Formation in Montana, USA and their paleobiogeographical significance". The Anatomical Record. 306 (7): 1918–1938. doi:10.1002/ar.25097. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 36273398. S2CID 253081338.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 442.
  19. ^ Prieto-Márquez, Alberto; Weishampel, David B.; Horner, John R. (2006). "The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (1): 77–98.
  20. ^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 443.
  21. ^ a b c Ryan and Evans, 2005
  22. ^ a b "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 495.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
  24. ^ a b c Ishikawa, Hiroki; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Manabe, Makoto (2023-07-20). "Furcatoceratops elucidans, a new centrosaurine (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the upper Campanian Judith River Formation, Montana, USA". Cretaceous Research. 151: 105660. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105660. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 260046917.
  25. ^ a b Nicholas R. Longrich (2013). "Judiceratops tigris, a New Horned Dinosaur from the Middle Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 54 (1): 51–65. doi:10.3374/014.054.0103. S2CID 129801786.
  26. ^ a b Loewen, Mark A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Sampson, Scott; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Carpenter, Savhannah; Sisson, Brock; Øhlenschlæger, Anna; Farke, Andrew A.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Longrich, Nick; Evans, David C. (2024-06-20). "Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs". PeerJ. 12: e17224. doi:10.7717/peerj.17224. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 11193970.
  27. ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Russell, Anthony P., and Hartman, Scott. (2010). "A New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid from the Judith River Formation, Montana", In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, and David A. Eberth (eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium, Indiana University Press, 656 pp. ISBN 0-253-35358-0.
  28. ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Evans, David C.; Currie, Phillip J.; Loewen, Mark A. (2014). "A New chasmosaurine from northern Laramidia expands frill disparity in ceratopsid dinosaurs". Naturwissenschaften. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1183-1
  29. ^ Fowler, Denver Warwick (2017-11-22). "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0188426. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288426F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188426. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5699823. PMID 29166406.
  30. ^ Schott, Ryan K.; Evans, David C.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Carr, Thomas D.; Goodwin, Mark B. (2009-09-12). "The anatomy and systematics of Colepiocephale lambei (Dinosauria: Pachycephalosauridae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 771–786. doi:10.1671/039.029.0329. ISSN 0272-4634.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Currie, Philip J. (1994-03-31). "Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (1): 74–80. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011539. ISSN 0272-4634.
  32. ^ a b c "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 186.
  33. ^ Larson, D. W.; Currie, P. J. (2013). "Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time". In Evans, Alistair Robert. PLoS ONE 8: e54329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054329. edit
  34. ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
  35. ^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 114.
  36. ^ a b Carr, Thomas D. (2018). "Significant geographic range extension for the sympatric tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus libratus and Daspletosaurus torosus from the Judith River Formation (Late Campanian) of northern Montana" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (Supplement 1): 102.
  37. ^ Stein, Walter W., and Michael Triebold. "Preliminary Analysis of a Sub-adult Tyrannosaurid Skeleton from the Judith River Formation of Petroleum County, Montana." Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (2013): 55-77.
  38. ^ Warshaw, Elías A.; Fowler, Denver W. (2022). "A transitional species of Daspletosaurus Russell, 1970 from the Judith River Formation of eastern Montana". PeerJ. 10. e14461. doi:10.7717/peerj.14461. PMC 9703990. PMID 36452080.
  39. ^ a b Warshaw, Elías A.; Guevara, Daniela Barrera; Fowler, Denver W. (November 2024). "Anagenesis and the tyrant pedigree: A response to "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within Tyrannosaurus-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)"". Cretaceous Research. 163: 105957. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105957. ISSN 0195-6671.
  40. ^ a b Scherer, Charlie Roger; Voiculescu-Holvad, Christian (November 28, 2023). "Re-analysis of a dataset refutes claims of anagenesis within Tyrannosaurus-line tyrannosaurines (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae)". Cretaceous Research (In press): 105780. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105780. ISSN 0195-6671.
  41. ^ Maltese, Anthony E. "DIFFICULT EXCAVATION AND PREPARATION OF A LARGE DASPLETOSAURUS SPECIMEN." Methods in Preparation: 63.
  42. ^ Urban, Michael A.; Lamanna, Matthew C. (December 2006). "Evidence of a Giant Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (?Campanian) of Montana". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 75 (4): 231–235. doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2006)75[231:EOAGTD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0097-4463.
  43. ^ Fox, R.C. (1974). "A middle Campanian, nonmarine occurrence of the Cretaceous toothed bird Hesperornis Marsh." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 11: 1335-1338.
  44. ^ "Table 6.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 139.

Read other articles:

République centrafricaine

Centrafrique Ne doit pas être confondu avec Afrique centrale. Pour les articles homonymes, voir CF. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. La typographie de cet article ou de cette section ne respecte pas les conventions de Wikipédia (décembre 2022). Vous pouvez corriger, en discuter sur l’Atelier typographique ou créer la discussion. République centrafricaine(sg) Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka Drapeau de la République centrafricaine Armo...

 

Altar Chamseong

Altar Chamseong Altar Chamseong (강화 참성단) adalah tempat suci Dangun (pendiri Korea) yang terletak di Pulau Ganghwa, Incheon. Sejarah Menurut legenda Dangun mempersembahkan korban ke surga di altar ini. Kisah Dangun tersebut menjelaskan bahwa dia berkorban lebih dari 4000 tahun yang lalu dan menjadikan tempat peninggalan ini menjadi harta sejarah. Secara simbolis tempat ini sangat penting, karena pada masa lalu, raja-raja Goguryeo, Baekje, dan Kerajaan Silla semuanya mempersembahkan k...

 

Zach Curlin

American football and basketball player and coach (1890–1970) Zach CurlinCurlin c. 1912Biographical detailsBorn(1890-01-31)January 31, 1890Luxora, Arkansas, U.S.DiedJune 3, 1970(1970-06-03) (aged 80)Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.Playing careerFootball1910–1913VanderbiltBasketball1910–1913Vanderbilt Position(s)Quarterback (football)Coaching career (HC unless noted)Football1924–1936West TennesseeBasketball1924–1948West Tennessee / Memphis StateBaseball1927West Tennessee1934West Tenness...

Djibouti

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Djibouti (homonymie). République de Djibouti(ar) جمهورية جيبوتي (so) Jamahuuriyada Jabuuti (aa) Gabuutih Ummuuno Drapeau de Djibouti Emblème de Djibouti Devise Unité, Égalité, Paix Hymne Djibouti Fête nationale 27 juin · Événement commémoré Indépendance vis-à-vis de la France (1977) Administration Forme de l'État République Président de la République Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Premier ministre Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed ...

 

Pembajakan klik

Dalam serangan pembajakan klik, pengguna disajikan dengan antarmuka palsu, di mana masukan mereka diterapkan pada sesuatu yang tidak dapat mereka lihat Pembajakan klik atau penyemuan klik (Inggris: clickjacking) (diklasifikasikan sebagai serangan ganti rugi antarmuka pengguna atau ganti rugi UI ) adalah teknik berbahaya untuk mengelabui pengguna agar mengklik sesuatu yang berbeda dari apa yang dirasakan pengguna, sehingga berpotensi mengungkapkan informasi rahasia atau membiarkan orang la...

 

Djeseretnebti

Djeseretnebti dalam hieroglif Djeseret-ankh-Nebti Ḏsr.t-ˁnḫ-Nb.tj Djeseretnebti (atau Djeseret-Ankh-Nebti) diduga adalah nama seorang ratu Mesir Kuno. Karena nama ini muncul tanpa gelar ratu, para ahli Mesir membantah arti sebenarnya dan pembacaan nama ini.[1] Bukti Label kain gading dari kompleks Sekhemkhet dengan nama Nebti yang kontroversial (kanan)[2] Nama Djeseret-Nebti atau Djeseret-Ankh-Nebti muncul pada label kain gading, ditemukan di galeria bawah tanah di bawah ...

Navarrete, La Rioja

Municipality in La Rioja, SpainNavarreteMunicipality SealLocation within La Rioja.NavarreteLocation in La RiojaShow map of La Rioja, SpainNavarreteLocation in SpainShow map of SpainCoordinates: 42°25′45″N 2°33′40″W / 42.42917°N 2.56111°W / 42.42917; -2.56111Country SpainAutonomouscommunity La RiojaRegionRioja MediaDistrictComarca de LogroñoGovernment • MayorMaría Luisa Corzana Calvo (PSOE)Area • Total28.49 km2 (11.00...

 

Kevin Krawietz

Kevin KrawietzLahir24 Januari 1992 (umur 32)Coburg, JermanTinggi190 m (623 ft 4+1⁄2 in)Memulai pro2009Tipe pemainTangan kanan (backhand dua tangan)Total hadiah$23,566Situs web resmihttp://www.kevin-krawietz.comTunggalRekor (M–K)0-2Gelar0Peringkat tertinggi758 (7 Maret 2011)Peringkat saat ini759 (4 April 2011)Hasil terbaik di Grand Slam (tunggal)Australia Terbuka-Prancis Terbuka-Wimbledon-AS Terbuka-GandaRekor (M–K)0-2Gelar0Peringkat tertinggi328 (28 Februari...

 

I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)

I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)Singel oleh Pitbulldari album Pitbull Starring in RebelutionBahasaInggrisSpanyolDirilis24 Februari 2009[1]Direkam2008GenreHip hopDurasi3:57LabelThe OrchardUltraJPolo GroundsMr. 305PenciptaArmando PerézEdward BelloDaniel SeraphineDavid WolinskiNicola FasanoPatrick GonellaStefano BoscoProduserFasanoPitbullKronologi singel Pitbull Shooting Star (Party Rock Remix) (2009) I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho) (2009) Blanco (2009) Video musikI Know You Want Me (Cal...

Axios (situs web)

AxiosURLwww.axios.comTipeBeritaBersifat komersial?YaBahasaInggrisPemilikAxios Media Inc.PembuatJim VandeHei (en) dan Michael Allen (en) Berdiri sejak2017; 7 tahun lalu (2017)Lokasi kantor pusatArlington County NegaraAmerika Serikat Peringkat Alexa6.339 (30 November 2017) StatusAktif Axios adalah sebuah situs web berita Amerika Serikat yang berbasis di Arlington County, Virginia. Situs web tersebut dibentuk pada 2016 dan diluncurkan pada tahun berikutnya oleh mantan wartawan Politico Jim ...

 

كأس الدرجة الثانية القطري

هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (مارس 2020) كأس الدرجة الثانية القطري تاريخ الإنشاء 2018 البلد  قطر عدد الفرق 8 الكأس ال�...

 

Clayton Square Shopping Centre

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for geographic features. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Clayton Square Shopping Centre – news · newspapers · books · sch...

Zahra Kazemi

Zahra KazemiBiographieNaissance 1949ChirazDécès 11 juillet 2003Baqiyatallah Hospital (en)Nationalités canadienne (à partir des années 1990)iranienneFormation Université de ParisActivités Photographe, reportrice, journaliste, photojournalistemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Ziba Kazemi, ou Zahra Kazemi, née en 1948 à Chiraz et morte le 11 juillet 2003 à Téhéran (Iran), est une journaliste et photographe irano-canadienne morte en détention en Iran. (Message aux contr...

 

維多利亞州

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2019年12月15日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 維多利亞州聯邦州 旗幟徽章格言：英語：Peace and Prosperity 中文：和平與繁榮維多利亞州在澳大利亞的位置其...

 

مقاطعة كوس (نيوهامشير)

مقاطعة كوس     الإحداثيات 44°36′50″N 71°20′24″W / 44.613773°N 71.339943°W / 44.613773; -71.339943 [1]  [2] تاريخ التأسيس 1803  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[3][4]  التقسيم الأعلى نيوهامبشير[1]  العاصمة لانكاستر  التقسيمات الإدارية برلينكارولكلا�...

板橋競馬場

板橋競馬場 施設情報通称・愛称 板橋競馬場所在地 東京府北豊島郡板橋町座標 北緯35度45分12秒 東経139度42分11秒 / 北緯35.75333度 東経139.70306度 / 35.75333; 139.70306座標: 北緯35度45分12秒 東経139度42分11秒 / 北緯35.75333度 東経139.70306度 / 35.75333; 139.70306開場 1908年 (明治41年) 3月28日閉場 1910年 (明治43年)所有者 日本産馬株式会社管理・運用者 東京...

 

James Laughlin (industrialist)

American businessman James LaughlinBornMarch 1, 1806County Down, IrelandDiedDecember 18, 1882 (1882-12-19) (aged 76)OccupationfinancierKnown forJones and Laughlin SteelSpouse Ann Irwin ​ ​(m. 1837; died 1882)​ChildrenHenry Alexander LaughlinIrwin Boyle LaughlinGeorge McCully LaughlinEliza Irwin PhillipsJames LaughlinParent(s)James LaughlinEliza BoydRelativesIrwin B. Laughlin (grandson)Duncan Phillips (grandson)James Laughlin IV (g...

 

Degree matrix

Type of matrix in algebraic graph theory In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex.[1] It is used together with the adjacency matrix to construct the Laplacian matrix of a graph: the Laplacian matrix is the difference of the degree matrix and the adjacency matrix.[2] Definition Given a graph G...

طوسون باشا

تعتمد هذه المقالة اعتماداً كاملاً أو شبه كامل على مصدر وحيد. فضلاً، ساهم في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة مصادر إضافية لضمان وجهة النظر المحايدة.   ميّز عن محمد طوسون باشا. سمو الأمير محمد طوسون بن محمد علي پاشا معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1794مألبانيا الوفاة 1816م مصر سبب الوفاة الإ...

 

MLS 2012

Чемпионат MLS 20122012 Major League Soccer season Подробности турнира Время проведения 10 марта — 1 декабря 2012 года Число участников 19 Стадионы 18[1] Призовые места Победитель Лос-Анджелес Гэлакси (4-й раз) Финалист Хьюстон Динамо Статистика турнира Сыграно матчей 323 Забито голов ...