Parker was born at the Macclesfield Estate in Isle of Wight County in the Colony of Virginia. The property was obtained by his family as a land grant from King Charles the I in 1638.[1] In 1773, he married the widow Mary Pierce Bridger. They had one child, Anne Pierce Parker, (ca 1775, Isle of Wight Co., VA - March 21, 1849).[2] who received a legislative divorce from her abusive husband after the father's death, though her son Leopold Copeland Parker Cowper would follow his maternal grandfather's path into politics.
Revolutionary War
In 1775, a year after the Fairfax Resolves and Virginia's first revolutionary convention, Parker won election to his first legislative office, as one of Isle of Wight county's two part-time representatives (alongside John Scarsbrook Wills) to the Second Virginia Convention, which met at St. John's Church in Richmond in March 1775, then both men also represented their county in the Third Virginia Convention that met in July and August (also in Richmond and which established the Virginia Committee of Safety to act as an executive body between sessions), and at the Fourth Virginia Convention of December 1775 and January 1776.[3] Isaac Fulgham represented the county alongside John Scarsbrook Wills during the Fifth Virginia Convention.
Parker resigned from the army on July 12, 1778 and Isle of Wight voters elected as one of Isle of Wight county's two (part-time) representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates (again alongside John Sarsbrook Wills.) However the legislative session was in two parts, and fellow legislators refused to seat him at the first session because he was a colonel of the 5th Virginia Regiment on election days, and thus ineligible to serve as a legislator, so Samuel Hardy was elected to replace him on October 3, 1778 and sat in the December session.[6] Voters elected Parker to the Assembly of 1779, and he again served alongside John Scarsbrook Wills, although again replaced by Samuel Hardy for the Assembly of 1780-1781.[7] During Cornwallis's Virginia campaign in 1781, the notorious Colonel Tarleton ransacked Parker's home.[8]
In August 1781, Lafayette sent Parker to Portsmouth, Virginia on a reconnaissance. He found the British had embarked for Yorktown. Parker recovered 25 cannons the British had thrown into the sea to prevent their capture.[9]
Isle of Wight voters again elected Parker and Wills as their delegates to the General Assembly sessions of 1782, and re-elected both men to the part-time delegate position in 1783 assembly session.[10]
Post-war
In 1786, Parker accepted an officer's commission in the US Navy officer at Portsmouth, Virginia. He ran to become a delegate to the 1788 Virginia Convention, since he opposed surrendering Virginia's hard won independence by ratifying the United States Constitution.[11]
However, after Virginia ratified the new federal constitution, he accepted election to the First United States Congress. He also won reelection to the Second and Third Congresses. He successfully ran as a Federalist and won election to the Fourth through Sixth United States Congress. Declaring it was time to "wipe off the stigma" of slavery that stained America, Parker became the first national legislator in American history to formally introduce an antislavery motion in Congress, and was one of seven representatives to vote against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.[12][13] Parker then returned home and farmed on his plantation back in Isle of Wight county.
Death and legacy
Parker died in 1810, and was buried in the family cemetery on his plantation, "Macclesfield", in Isle of Wight County, Virginia.[14]
^Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619-1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library pp. 112, 115, 118)
^Ward, Harry M. (2011). "Josiah Parker". For Virginia and for Independence: Twenty-Eight Revolutionary War Soldiers from the Old Dominion. pp. 60–61. ISBN9780786486014.
