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José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez (20 November 1737 – 2 February 1799^[1]) was a priest in New Spain, scientist, historian, and cartographer.^[2]

Life and career

He was born in Ozumba in 1737, the child of Felipe de Alzate and María Josefa Ramírez, a descendant of Juana Inés de la Cruz. He studied in the Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City, graduating with a bachelor in theology in 1756.^[3] He was ordained a Catholic priest at the age of 20.^[4]

Inaugurated in 1768, his Diario literario de Méjico [Literary Newspaper of Mexico] was suspended after only three months. He later created, in 1788, the Gaceta de Literatura [Newspaper of Literature], that was published until 1795 (115 issues).^[4] This periodical inspired many of his countrymen to follow his example.^[5]

Alzate was a controversial figure, frequently meeting with local opposition.^[6] Nevertheless, the French^[6] and Spanish Academies of Sciences^{[citation needed]} made him a corresponding member. The viceroys of Mexico and the archbishops entrusted him with sundry scientific missions.^[6]

He was a member of the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid.^[4] He died in Mexico City in 1799.^[1]

Works

Alzate wrote more than thirty treatises, on subjects including astronomy, physics, meteorology, antiquities, mathematics, and metallurgy. These include:^[4]^[6]

Observaciones meteorológicas ("Weather observations"), 1769
Observación del paso de Venus por el disco del Sol ("Observation of the passage of Venus by the disc of the Sun"), 1770
Modelo y descripción de los hornos de Almadén ("Model and description of the furnaces of Almadén")
Notes, additions and maps for Francisco Javier Clavijero's Historia Antigua de México ("Ancient History of Mexico")
Mapa de la América del Norte ("Map of North America")
La limite des niéges perpetuelles en Volcan Popocatepetl

Alzate attained a high reputation as a zoologist and botanist. He conducted several scientific experiments, and wrote numerous articles that were published in science journals.^[4] Several of his papers discuss the growing of silk in Mexico. He also wrote a dissertation on the use of ammonia in combating mephitic gases in abandoned mines.^[6]

In 1772, he published work that showed that the well-known psychedelic effects of pipiltzintzintli were due to natural causes and not the work of the devil (Memoria del uso que hacen los indios de los pipiltzintzintlis; México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).^[7] A study from 2020 confirms that he actively fought for the legislation of medical cannabis.^[8]

Alzate's account of Xochicalco was the first published description of the ruins.^[6] His research led the way for modern exploration of Mexican antiquities.

Legacy

In his honor, the Sociedad Científica Antonio Alzate (Antonio Alzate Scientific Society) was created in 1884. In 1935, this society became the National Academy of Sciences.^[4] A dam and reservoir are named in his honor in the State of Mexico, north of Toluca.^[9] Plant genus Alzatea (the only genus in Alzateaceae) is named after him.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b "José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez". Enciclopedia de la literatura en México (in Spanish). Secretary of Culture, Government of Mexico.
^ J. Benedict Warren, "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503-1818, item 97, "José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez, (1737-96)" in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 13. Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Howard F. Cline, volume editor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p.90.
^ "José Antonio Alzate" (in Spanish). Government of the State of Mexico. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Jose Antonio de Alzate and Ramirez Archived 2006-01-17 at the Wayback Machine". Biblioteca Virtual Ignacio Larramendi: Colección de Polígrafos Hispanoamericanos. Fundación Ignacio Larramendi. URL accessed 2006-09-27. (in Spanish)
^ Rose, Hugh James (1857). "Alzate y Ramirez, José Antonio". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. p. 373.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse (1907). "José Antonio Alzate". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Brad Richard Huber, Alan R. Sandstrom. Mesoamerican Healers. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73456-5. p 62.
^ Dierksmeier, Laura (July 7, 2020). "Forbidden herbs: Alzate's defense of pipiltzintzintlis". Colonial Latin American Review. 29 (2): 292–315. doi:10.1080/10609164.2020.1755941. S2CID 221064432. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ "Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Mexico City Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine. LEAD Case Study. URL accessed 2006-09-28.
^ Ruiz Lopez H, Pavon JA (1794) Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis Prodromus. Madrid: Imprenta de Sancha