Joko Widodo's presidential campaign in 2014 was announced on 14 March 2014, when his political party PDI-P declared him as the party's candidate for the upcoming election in 2014. He was then the Governor of Jakarta, and previously the Mayor of Surakarta. With former vice president Jusuf Kalla as his running mate, he was elected as President of Indonesia following election on 9 July and official KPU announcement on 22 July.
Being backed by four political parties, Widodo officially began his campaign in May, followed by two months of social media and physical campaigning. After a series of debates and attacks, the vote on 9 July came out in his victory, with him securing over 53% of the vote. Following a failed lawsuit from his opponent Prabowo Subianto and Hatta Rajasa, he was officially inaugurated on 20 October 2014, becoming the seventh President of Indonesia.
In 2012, Joko Widodo (popularly known as Jokowi) was elected as the Governor of Jakarta after defeating incumbent Fauzi Bowo in the 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election. Having only entered politics in 2005 as the mayor of his hometown Surakarta, many national and international media outlets described him as a "rising star",[4][5] with Bloomberg describing him as "Indonesia's most-promising politician".[6] During the aforementioned gubernatorial election, his campaigning portrayed him as a reformer in contrast to other candidates and adopted a non-formal approach appealing directly to the voters. He was also described as a "media darling" due to his close relations with journalists and a social media pioneer, with his campaign team uploading all campaign materials to YouTube.[7]
With incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono hitting term limits in 2014, Jokowi was seen as a major contender for the position due to his popularity and he topped initial polls.[8] Initially, Jokowi himself did not directly respond to media inquiries regarding his possible candidacy.[5][9] During his governorship, his blusukan (impromptu visits) habit which he started doing during his mayoral term, became a center of attention outside his programs.[10]
Timeline
Declaration
On 14 March 2014, leader of PDI-PMegawati Soekarnoputri announced that her party would be endorsing Jokowi's candidacy in the 2014 presidential elections on July that year.[11] The day before that, Jokowi accompanied Megawati in visiting the grave of the latter's father and first president of Indonesia Sukarno.[12] Following the announcement, he did not immediately resign as governor, with the Ministry of Home Affairs noting that he was not required to.[13] His official candidacy still required a support from the parliament to be elected in the legislative elections later that year. In order to put forth a candidate, a party of a coalition thereof required 20 percent of DPR seats (112) or 25 percent of the popular vote in accordance to Law 15 of 2014.[14][15]
Following this declaration, both the IDX Composite and the Rupiah appreciated in value, which was attributed to positive investor sentiments to the news.[16] His candidacy received criticism particularly from the side of Prabowo Subianto, who also was running for presidency and had previously supported Jokowi in the 2012 gubernatorial election.[17] Others noted his 2012 campaign promise that he would serve as governor for a full five-year term.[18]
After the legislative election was held on 9 April 2014, with the results being announced on 10 May, Jokowi's political party PDI-P gained the most votes with 18.95% of the popular vote.[19] It secured 109 seats in the People's Representative Council, 3 short from what's needed to run its own ticket and hence must form a coalition to do so.[20] Following the announcement, Jokowi requested a leave from his position as governor on 12 May.[21] Once approved, his deputy Basuki Tjahaja Purnama took over his position and became acting governor for the capital.[22]
Ballot numbers were assigned on 1 June, with rival ticket Prabowo-Hatta getting 1 and Jokowi-JK getting 2.[27] The campaigning period officially commenced on 4 June, to last for a month and ended on 5 July.[28] Both pairs submitted their campaigning itinerary to KPU by 7 June.[29]
Campaigning
Widodo began his campaigning tour in Papua on early June 2014.[30] His tour covered a multitude of provinces, in total visiting 31 provinces (all except for Jambi and Yogyakarta Special Region).[31] In the last day of the campaigning period, he returned to Papua, visiting Jayapura and Sorong.[32]
The serial number 2 assigned to him resulted in rock band Slank creating a song for his campaign, which was called "Salam Dua Jari" (two-finger salute).[33] Later in the campaign, a concert of the same name was held in the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, which Widodo attended.[34] Other concerts of the same name and smaller scale were also held before in various cities in West Java.[35]
During the campaign, a slanderous campaign against him was launched, accusing him of being secretly Christian and Chinese before further accusing him of having sympathies towards communism, namely the banned Indonesian Communist Party. The team denied all the allegations.[36][37] Close to the voting date, Jokowi travelled to Mecca in a pilgrimage.[38]
Social media
Elected lawmaker and vice chairman of GerindraFadli Zon claimed that his candidate and party received a flood of attacks on social media, and posted a poem on Twitter calling the attackers "Pasukan Nasi Bungkus" (panasbung, lit. "packaged rice army").[39] The term became commonly used in social media as a derogatory for supporters of either side or the large number of fake accounts.[40]
The volunteers and staffs in the campaign's social media team were divided into "supportive" (posting positive news regarding Widodo-Kalla), "defensive" (defending the Widodo-Kalla pair) and "offensive" (attacking the Prabowo-Hatta pair).[41] Compared to the Prabowo-Hatta campaign team, the volunteers and staffs were described as "more sporadic".[42]
Debates
Five televised debates were held by the KPU.[43] The debates were the first in Indonesia's electoral history to be broadcast live on television and the first one, held on 9 June, covered topics such as democracy, legal certainty and government transparency, in addition to human rights.[44] In the second debate (15 June), which focused on economic development and social welfare, Widodo endorsed the nation's creative economy and went for an empowerment of "small economies".[45][46] The third debate on 22 June focused on national security and international relations. During the debate, he was questioned regarding the varying Australia-Indonesia relations, in which he replied that "the two countries have a distrust problem, which needs to be solved through democracy". He also supported improving the welfare of soldiers in addition to modernizing the armed forces and defense industry.[47]
The fourth debate on 29 June centered around human development in addition to science and technology, with the debates being held between the running mates,[48] the presidential candidates watching from the audience.[49] Kalla during the debate stated that free public education was "a given" and should no longer be up for debate.[50] The fifth and final round of debates, which covered agriculture, energy and the environment, was held on 5 July.[51] Jokowi-JK promised the opening of 1,000,000 hectares (2,500,000 acres) of new farmland (compared to 2 million promised by Prabowo-Hatta), a one map policy, establishment of value-adding industries for agricultural products and integrated cattle farms.[52]
Voting
For the voting process, the Widodo campaign team deployed about witnesses to the individual polling stations across the country. In South Sulawesi alone, both sides deployed around 24,000 witnesses and each witness was provided Rp 200,000 (USD 15) as compensation.[53]
Following the voting, immediate quick count results generally favored Widodo's victory. However, Prabowo claimed victory based on some pollsters.[56] Several hours before the official announcement by the KPU on 22 July 2014, Prabowo withdrew from the election, claiming "massive systemic fraud" and declaring that he would challenge the results in court.[57] Regardless, the KPU announced Widodo's victory, with him having won 53.15% of the votes.[58] Widodo won 70,997,833 votes; gaining victory in 23 out of 33 provinces in addition winning amongst the overseas voters.[59]
Widodo meeting his predecessor Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in August, discussing transition of power
Following the announcement, Widodo received congratulations from heads of state across the world, including Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Japan and the United Kingdom among others.[60] According to Widodo, Barack Obama called him in Indonesian, giving his congratulations and saying that he looked forward to meeting him in the APEC conference in China.[61] He was sworn in on 20 October 2014, followed by a ceremonial parade from the Hotel Indonesia roundabout to Istana Merdeka.[62]
Lawsuit
Prabowo-Hatta campaign's legal team sued the election results in the Constitutional Court.[63] After about a month of proceedings, all judges unanimously rejected the appeal, noting that the requests were "not reasonable". Throughout the proceedings, thousands of his supporters protested near the court with around 50,000 police and military personnel being deployed to secure the perimeter.[64]
Finances
The campaign reported total earnings of Rp 312,376,119,823 (USD 27.2 million) and expenditures of Rp 311,899,377,825 (USD 27.15 million). Largest expenditures originated from advertising, which costed the team Rp 151,280,157,963 (USD 13.2 million) in total.[3] Initial audit reports of campaign finances from both sides were checked by the Indonesia Corruption Watch, which noted that the discrepancy between earnings and expenditures of the Widodo team was irregular. However, they also noted that the nominal value was more realistic compared to Subianto's.[65] Later, this was clarified by the campaigning team as meeting expenditures and the spending value was revised from around Rp 294 billion to the Rp 312 billion figure.[66]
Endorsements
Politicians are noted with their party origin or political affiliation should they come from parties not part of the candidate's coalition.
