Jolly was also a wealthy planter. He dressed in buckskin hunting shirts, leggings, and moccasins".[3][4] He was a friendly and low-key person who was dedicated to providing the Cherokee people opportunities to thrive, including the use of technology and formal education. Jolly did not speak English, but likely understood it as well as other tribal languages and French. He led the plantation group of Cherokee originating in Tennessee[3] after his brother Tahlonteeskee's departure for 'the west' in 1809. His brother, one of the first 'Old Settlers' of the western Cherokee, moved after the United States' acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase.[2]
Sam Houston first met Jolly when he was a teenager. He had left his family in Maryville, Tennessee and come to live with the Cherokee on Hiwassee Island in 1809. He was taken in by Jolly, who treated him like a son. Jolly adopted him and acted as his father in the Cherokee Nation. Jolly gave Houston the Cherokee name of Ka'lanu, meaning 'the Raven'. He became an emissary for the Cherokee and helped negotiate treaties, and—eventually—their removal to the west. Houston later returned to his family in Maryville, Tennessee,[5] but he lived once again with the Cherokee in the west in 1829.[6] Jolly was a source of refuge for Houston after his ill-fated marriage to Eliza Allen.
His brother settled with tribe members in what was then southern Missouri Territory. After a treaty in 1817, Tahlonteeskee (or Talontiski) and his followers moved to western Arkansas, along the Arkansas River at the mouth of the Poteau River. They were given an equal amount of land to what they had owned east of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee lands were located north of the Arkansas River, in the area designated as Lovely's Purchase. The rights of the Cherokee people, however, were not clearly spelled out in the treaty.[2] Houston was subagent to the Cherokee during the negotiations.[7]
The Cherokee treaty delegates were bribed by Governor Joseph McMinn and John C. Calhoun to ensure a successful removal from Tennessee. Jolly's brother, Tahlonteeskee, received $1,000 and other delegates received $500 each.[8][a] In February 1818, Jolly and his followers left Tennessee with sixteen riverboats, provisions for 70 days, and rifles that they received from the government.[9] They moved to the Arkansas District, living along the Arkansas River near Spadra, Arkansas in Johnson County.[2] When they began to settle on their land, they learned that they were historic hunting grounds of the Quapaw and Osage people, who fought with them. Fort Gibson was established to protect the Cherokee, who had not been at war for some time. They also had pressure from pioneering white people.[9]
Jolly saw that native tribes were being pushed west within the United States. He believed that the tribes should unite and become the United Tribes of America to "...preserve the sinking race of Native Americans from extinction."[10]
Planter and businessman
The Dwight Mission was run by missionary Cephas Washburn and was supported by Jolly. The mission was near Jolly's residence.
Jolly had a large plantation, with a network of fields and peach orchards, worked by up to twelve slaves.[11][2] He had more than 500 head of cattle. He was a generous host to whoever visited his large, fine house.[11][b] His visitors included naturalist Thomas Nuttall. He stayed in contact with Indian agents. Near his house was the Dwight Mission run by missionary Cephas Washburn and was supported by Jolly.[2] Jolly was popular with the planter class, who were often of Cherokee and European descent and whose lives were similar to Southern planters, as well as the full-blooded Cherokee, who did not trust whites and wanted to maintain their culture and heritage.[12]
There are ways in which the Cherokee Nation lived like southern planters. Their labor was supplied by enslaved black people. They had nice goods, clothing, and furnishings that they purchased from Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. They copied the fine mansions of the South when they built their homes. But they did not approve of the way that whites lived, and they had their own cultural traditions. For instance, Houston and Jolly followed an ancient tradition among friends where they fed one another from a common spoon.[11]
Jolly was elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation—West upon the death of his brother Tahlonteeskee in the spring of 1819. He was responsible for managing the affairs of the Cherokee within the Cherokee settlements and with governmental officials over diplomatic issues, particularly the treaties between the Cherokee and the United States government.[2]
President
Jolly was elected president of the Arkansas Cherokee after the tribal government was reorganized in 1824.[2] He worked with Arkansas territorial authorities and government officials in Washington D.C. regarding treaty rights and security. There was pressure on the Cherokees to relinquish land as Americans settled in the western lands of the United States. He wrote to George Izard, the governor of Arkansas to squelch a rumor that Cherokees were interested in selling any of their land. He also conveyed that the U.S. government had not met the financial terms of the treaty of 1817.[2]
Oklahoma
In 1828, most of the western Cherokee were moved from Indian reserve areas in the Arkansas Territory to the newly established Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma). Jolly established a plantation at the confluence of the Arkansas and Illinois Rivers,[2] near present-day Webbers Falls, Oklahoma.[13] During Jolly's term of office, the Cherokee Nation—West adopted a constitution establishing a tripartite government, much like that previously adopted by the Cherokee Nation—East (1827). Jolly established a capital city, Tahlonteeskee, named in honor of his brother.
One writer states that much of Jolly's success "was due to the counsel and support of John Rogers", his brother-in-law and Cherokee headman.[14]
In 1829, Sam Houston sought refuge with Jolly after his brief marriage to Eliza Allen, which sparked many rumors and theories, and led to his resignation as governor of Tennessee.[15] Jolly met Houston when the steamboat arrived at Fort Gibson with a number of his enslaved men bearing torches.[16] Jolly was grateful for Houston's return, both because he was happy to be a place of refuge and because the Nation could use his assistance in ensuring that the Cherokee people's voices were heard by the government.[17][c]
George Catlin painted his portrait in 1834. He described him as "...a dignified chief … a mixture of white and red blood, of which … the first seems decidedly to predominate". Of his visit to the Cherokee, he mentioned that there were six or seven thousand members of the tribe under Jolly who had removed with him from Tennessee.[3]
Black Coat, who served with Jolly as second chief, died in the spring of 1835, and was succeeded by Joseph Vann.[18]
Jolly served until his death near present-day Webbers Falls, Oklahoma in December 1838.[2] He was succeeded by John Looney, who had been his assistant principal chief.
Legacy
Hiwassee Island, at the mouth of the Hiwassee River where it meets the Tennessee, used to be commonly known as "Jolly's Island" after the Cherokee leader. Residents in the area sometimes still call it that.
^The bribing of the treaty negotiators may have been unknown to Houston.[8]
^While many Native American tribes ranged over land to hunt and gather food, Cherokees were among the first agrarians.[11]
^Jolly said to Houston: "My home is yours—my people are yours—rest with us."[17]
References
^Williams, Alfred M. (July–December 1883). "General Houston's Indian Life". The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries. Vol. 10. New York, New York: Historical Publication Company. pp. 401–408. ISSN0361-6185. OCLC15296273. Retrieved 13 August 2024. He [John Jolly] is described as a man of uncommon force and courage, which would be natural in his position, and as at that time [1829] about sixty years of age, of massive frame, although not tall, and a rotund but commanding countenance, with his long locks plentifully sprinkled with gray.
^ abcdefghijkEarly, Ann M. (October 29, 2013). "Jolly, John". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
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