Schouten made his professional debut in the Eredivisie for ADO Den Haag on 10 December 2016 in a game against N.E.C.[1] Ahead of the 2017–18 season, he joined Eerste Divisie club SC Telstar where he became a regular starter in central midfield.[2]
On 4 July 2019, Schouten signed for Serie A club Bologna.[5] He spent four seasons in Italy, making 109 appearances for the Rossoblù in all competitions.[6]
On 16 August 2023, Schouten signed a five-year contract with PSV Eindhoven after the Dutch club agreed a fee with Bologna for Schouten's transfer.[7] He made 38 appearances in his first season with PSV as the club won the Eredivisie title for the first time in six seasons.[8]