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Jerdon's babbler
	Jerdon's babbler in Roing, Grassland Arunachal Pradesh
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Paradoxornithidae
Genus:	Chrysomma
Species:	C. altirostre
Binomial name
	Chrysomma altirostre; Jerdon, 1862
Synonyms
	Moupinia altirostris; Pyctorhis altirostris; Pyctorhis griseigularis; Timalia altirostris

Jerdon's babbler (Chrysomma altirostre) is a passerine bird native to wetlands and grasslands of the Indian sub-continent. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1994.^[1] It is a member of the genus Chrysomma of the family Paradoxornithidae.^[2]^[3]

The common name commemorates the surgeon-naturalist Thomas C. Jerdon.^[4]

Description

Measuring 16–17 cm in length, it is quite intermediate in habitus between certain typical warblers (Sylvia) and the parrotbills (Paradoxornis). Like these, it is a drab bird with a long tail used to balance when creeping through the vegetation; its bill is thicker than in Sylvia but not as heavy as in Paradoxornis. Buffy chestnut brown above and a slightly lighter yellowish-brown on the belly, its lores are pale greyish, as are the throat and breast. The tail and a wing patch are redder than the rest of the upperside. The legs and feet are dark, the bill is greyish-horn colored above and pale below; the eyes' irides are yellowish-brown and a thin nude ring of greenish-yellow skin surrounds the eye. The sexes are alike; young birds have a more orange hue to the upperside plumage, and the lower bill is pink. Differences between subspecies are slight, with the central population essentially having richer chestnut brown and darker grey colours.^[3]

Its relative, the yellow-eyed babbler (C. sinense), looks like a brighter version of the same but has somewhat more vivid colors, with white replacing grey in the plumage, an additional white supercilium, yellowish legs, feet and irides, and an orange-yellow eye-ring.^[5]

Taxonomy

Chrysomma altirostre was the scientific name proposed by Thomas C. Jerdon in 1862 for a pale reddish brown babbler collected near Thayetmyo in northern Myanmar.^[6] Pyctorhis griseigularis proposed by Allan Octavian Hume in 1877 was a ferruginous red babbler collected in the Dooars of Bhutan.^[7] Pyctorhis altirostris scindicus proposed by Herbert Hastings Harington in 1915 was an earthy brown babbler from Sukkur in Sindh, Pakistan.^[8]

Three subspecies are recognized, based mainly on their allopatric ranges:^[3]

C. a. altirostre occurs in the floodplains of the Ayeyarwady River from Bhamo to Bago and up the Sittaung River nearly to Taungoo in Myanmar
C. a. griseigularis occurs in the Terai from western Nepal to northeastern India
C. a. scindicum occurs in the Indus River basin

Distribution and habitat

Jerdon's babbler lives all-year-round near river courses, where it inhabits dense reedbeds and tall grasslands consisting of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), common reed (Phragmites) and reedmace (Typha) species.^[1] In Pakistan, it occurs along the Indus and its tributaries.^[9] In Punjab, India, it was recorded in Harike Wildlife Sanctuary.^[10] In the Terai, it was recorded in Shuklaphanta National Park and Dudhwa National Park.^[11]^[12] In northeast India, it was sighted in Kaziranga, Orang, Manas and Dibru-Saikhowa National Parks, Majuli, and D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary.^[1] In Myanmar, it was thought to be extinct, but rediscovered in May 2014 in the lower Ayeyarwady floodplain near Yangon.^[13]

Plants dominating its favorite habitat are typically tall reeds several meters in height. In the Indus River basin, it is associated with hardy sugarcane (Tripidium arundinaceum) and kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum). In the dooars, it also lives in stands of ravennagrass (Tripidium ravennae). On the other hand, sugarcane plantings or other single-species reedbeds as well as lower growth are not very attractive to the species. Other plants, typically grasses, are found to a lesser extent in the bird's haunts, including satintails, giant cane (Arundo donax), vetiver or khus (Chrysopogon zizanioides), Desmostachya bipinnata and Themeda arundinacea.^{[citation needed]}

Behaviour and ecology

Its song is a weak 4- to 8-note warbling chi-chi-chi-chew-chew-chew, tew-tew-tew-tew chew or ih-ih-ih-ih chew chitit chew i'wwiuu, with a drawn-out end note and sometimes starting with a chatter of itch, itit or tchew. Birds sing usually in the early morning and in the evening, perching upright on a reed, with the head slightly elevated. Calls include a short tic or tsik, sometimes extended into a series ts-ts-tsik which may end in a plaintive tew.^[3] Pairs or families, occasionally small flocks of 1-2 dozen, move about quietly in dense stands of grasses and reeds that grow several meters high, usually avoiding lower growth and shrubland. A typical foraging technique involves perching nearly horizontally on a reed stem, picking up a leaf sheath with the bill, and quickly tearing off the leaf and its base sheet to expose small arthropods and other invertebrates. The tearing of dry leaves produces a subdued crackling sound that can sometimes be heard from some dozens of meters away.^{[citation needed]}

Conservation status

Jerdon's babbler is nowhere common and thought to be declining. Its continuing existence in Bangladesh is uncertain. The subspecies scindicum is known to be rare and has been declining throughout recent decades. Altogether, less than 10,000 adult birds are thought to remain.^[1] This means that its population has declined by an estimated 30% and is expected to continue to do so for another decade at least. The reasons are not fully understood, but the population reduction is probably related to habitat destruction by drainage and damming of wetlands for agriculture and flood control, and these threats are not expected to cease anytime soon. Presently, such habitat is extremely rare. Sustainable cutting of reedbeds, which yield material for human use, is apparently tolerated by C. altirostre. In Pakistan, it is often sighted in the Rohri Canal south of Khairpur. Large flocks are found in partially cut or burned reedbeds, thus if large-scale clear-cutting is avoided, human use of reeds may in fact improve habitat quality by preventing the simultaneous aging and decay of wide stretches of habitat. As a rule-of-thumb, as long as a healthy population of Phragmites reeds persists, the birds are likely to persist too.^[9] In 2019, it was rediscovered in the wetlands of Wakema Township, Myanmar during a conservation study after being last sighted in Myanmar in 1941.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e BirdLife International (2017). "Chrysomma altirostre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22716326A111106627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22716326A111106627.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Jønsson, K. A.; Fjeldså, J. (2006). "A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x. S2CID 85317440.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Collar, N. J.; Robson, C.; Sharpe, C. J. (2019). "Jerdon's Babbler (Chrysomma altirostre)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
^ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M. (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 180–181.
^ Baral, H. S.; Eames, J. C. (1991). "Jerdon's Babbler Moupinia altirostris: a new species for Nepal" (PDF). Forktail. 6: 85–87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11.
^ Jerdon, T. C. (1862). "Notice of some New Species of Birds from Upper Burmah". Ibis. 4 (13): 19–23. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1862.tb07470.x.
^ Hume, A. O. (1877). "Novelties?". Stray Feathers. Journal of Ornithology for India and Its Dependencies. 5: 100–117.
^ Harington, H. H. (1915). "Notes on the Indian Timeliides and their allies (laughing thrushes, babblers, &c.) Part III. Family — Timeliidæ". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 23: 417–453.
^ ^a ^b Showler, D. A.; Davidson, P. (1999). "Observations of Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre and Rufous-vented Prinia Prinia burnesii in Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces, Pakistan" (PDF). Forktail. 15: 66–76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10.
^ Sawant, S. and Sudhagar, M. (2013). "Notes on the newly discovered population of Sind Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre scindicum in Harike Wildlife Sanctuary, Punjab, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 110 (3): 187–192.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Baral, H. S.; Inskipp, C. (2009). "The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal". Our Nature. 7: 56–81. doi:10.3126/on.v7i1.2554.
^ Bhardwaj, G. S.; Mohan, D. (2011). "Record of Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre from Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh, India". BirdingASIA. 16: 109.
^ Rheindt, F.; Tizard, R.; Pwint, N.; Lin, N. (2014). "The rediscovery of Myanmar's Jerdon's Babbler Chrysomma altirostre altirostre" (PDF). BirdingASIA. 22: 13–15.
^ Myo Sandar Win; Ah Mar Yi; Theingyi Soe Myint; Kaythi Khine; Hele Swe Po (2019). "Status of Globally Threatened and Near-threatened Bird species in Wetland areas of Wakema Township, Ayeyarwady Region" (PDF). Universities Research Journal. 12 (1). University of Yangon.