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	Akitsu Maru in 1944
History
Empire of Japan
Name	Akitsu Maru
Builder	Harima, Harima
Launched	24 September 1941
Completed	30 January 1942
Fate	Sunk 15 November 1944
General characteristics
Type	Escort carrier
Displacement	11,800 tons (standard)
Length	471 ft 7 in (143.74 m) (pp)
Beam	64 ft (20 m)
Draft	25 ft 9 in (7.85 m) (maximum)
Installed power	4 boilers, driving ; 7,500 shp (5,600 kW);
Propulsion	2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines
Speed	20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Armament	2 × single 75 mm (3 in) AA guns; 10 × single 75 mm (3 in) field guns; 6 × single 25 mm (1 in) AA guns;
Aircraft carried	8 (as aircraft carrier); 30 (as aircraft ferry);

Akitsu Maru (あきつ丸) was a Japanese "Type C" landing craft depot ship and escort aircraft carrier operated by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). In some sources Akitsu Maru and Nigitsu Maru are also considered to be the first amphibious assault ships,^[1] although, this title can be disputed with Shinshū Maru that served a similar role, and being a template for Akitsu Maru.

Design features

Akitsu Maru was a passenger liner taken over before completion by the Imperial Japanese Army. The ship was fitted with a flight deck above the hull, but had no hangar so the aircraft were stored below the flight deck on the original main deck. Conventional aircraft were able to fly off from her deck but could not land aboard due to lack of landing mechanisms, although in July 1944 KX arresting gear was fitted on the flight deck. The Kokusai Ki-76 and Kayaba Ka-1 were flown off Akitsu Maru, as the former was a small, slow aircraft that could land on its short deck and the latter was an autogyro which could even more easily land on a short deck without assistance. She could also carry 27 Daihatsu-class landing craft.

Akitsu Maru's planned role was to provide aircover during amphibious and landing operations; in practice the ship was essentially an aircraft ferry.^[2]

With the deployment of the 8,000-tonne (7,900-long-ton) Shinshū Maru and a further refinement, the larger Akitsu Maru, the Japanese amphibious forces had in hand prototypes for all-purpose amphibious ships. In 1937, British and American observers watched Shinshū Maru at work off Shanghai and immediately recognized a significant development in amphibious warfare. The ship carried landing craft in a well deck that could be flooded, which allowed the landing craft to float free from an open stern gate. The ship could also hold additional craft on davits, but its next-most impressive function was an ability to discharge vehicles from a deck-level parking garage directly onto a pier. It also carried two catapults for aircraft but did not embark operational seaplanes. It could, however, transport and unload aircraft if necessary, a capability further developed in the Akitsu Maru, which even had a short take-off flight deck.^[1]

Fate

Ki-76 spotter planes on deck of *Akitsu Maru*

While a part of Convoy HI-81 Akitsu Maru was torpedoed by USS Queenfish. One of the torpedoes set off her aft magazine holding depth charges, the explosion shattering the aft portion of the ship. As the seas hit her boilers, they exploded and she sank in the Korean Strait (33°17′N 128°11′E / 33.283°N 128.183°E / 33.283; 128.183) on 15 November 1944.^[3] 2,046 men, mainly of the Imperial Japanese Army's 64th Infantry Regiment, including the commander, were killed. Also 104 Maru-ni explosive motor boats (EMB) went down with the ship. The escorts rescued 310 survivors.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Murray, Williamson; Millet, Alan R. (1998). Military innovation in the interwar period (1st paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-107-26688-9. OCLC 852896224.^{[page needed]}
^ Worth. Fleets of World War II. p. 176.
^ Roscoe and Voge. United States Submarine Operations in World War II. p. 416.
^ "Japanese Landing Craft Depot Ships". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.

Sources

Brooks, Peter W. (1988). Cierva Autogiros: The Development of Rotary-Wing Flight. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-268-4.
Cressman, Robert (2000). The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-149-1.
Lengerer, Hans (2023). The Aircraft Carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army: Technical and Operational History. Vol. II. Katowice, Poland: Model Hobby. ISBN 978-83-60041-71-0.
Roscoe, Theodore & Voge, R. G. (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-731-3.
Sturton, Ian (1980). "Japan". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 167–217. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
Worth, Richard (2002). Fleets of World War II. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81116-2.