2. Sir Walter Grindlay Simpson, 2nd Baronet
Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet, FRSE FRCPE FSA Scot (7 June 1811 – 6 May 1870), was a Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in humans and helped to popularize its use in medicine.[1][2]
Simpson's intellectual interests ranged from archaeology to an almost taboo subject at the time: hermaphroditism. He was an early advocate of the use of midwives in the hospital environment. Many prominent women also consulted him for their gynaecological problems. Simpson wrote Homœopathy, its Tenets and Tendencies, refuting the ideas put forward by Hahnemann.[3]
His services as an early founder of gynaecology and proponent of hospital reform were rewarded with a knighthood, and by 1847 he had been appointed as physician to the Queen in Scotland.[4] Queen Victoria also used anaesthesia for her childbirth, resulting in a significant increase of popularity in anaesthesia.
Simpson was a close friend of Sir David Brewster, and was present at his deathbed. His contribution to the understanding of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform had a major impact on surgery.
James Simpson was born in Bathgate, a younger son of Mary Jervais and David Simpson, a baker. He attended the local school, and in 1825, at the age of 14, entered the University of Edinburgh to study for an arts degree.[5] Two years later he began his medical studies at the university,[5] graduating with an MBChB. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1830[5] and received his MD in 1832.[6] While at University he took additional classes including those delivered by the surgeon Robert Liston. As a result of the quality of his MD thesis on inflammation, Professor of Pathology John Thomson took him on as his assistant.[7]
As a student he became a member and then Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, initiating a lifelong interest in the Society's advancement.[8] His first role was as a general practitioner in the Stockbridge district based at 2 Deanhaugh Street,[9] and at the age of 28, he succeeded James Hamilton as Professor of Medicine and Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh.[10][11]
Simpson's most significant contribution to medicine was the introduction of anaesthesia to childbirth,[11] however he also improved the design of obstetric forceps that to this day are known in obstetric circles as "Simpson's Forceps", as well as designing the Air Tractor in 1838. The Air Tractor was the earliest known vacuum extractor to assist childbirth, however the method did not become popular until the invention of the ventouse over a century later.[12]
With regards to religion Simpson was a devout adherent of the Free Church of Scotland, but he refused to sign the Westminster Confession of Faith, because of what he believed to be its literal interpretation of the book of Genesis.[7]
Simpson's principal residence was Strathavon Lodge,[13] but he also kept a town house at 52 Queen Street, Edinburgh, and a country house near Bathgate.[14] The family seat was Strathavon, Linlithgow.[2]
Sir Humphry Davy used the first anaesthetic in 1799: nitrous oxide (laughing gas). William T. G. Morton's demonstration of ether as an anaesthetic in 1846 was initially dismissed because it irritated the lungs of the patients. Chloroform had been invented in 1831, but its uses had not been greatly investigated. Dr Robert Mortimer Glover had first described the anaesthetic properties of chloroform upon animals in 1842 in a thesis which won the Harveian Society's Gold Medal that year, but had not thought to use it on humans (fearing its safety).[15][16]
In 1847, Simpson first demonstrated the properties of chloroform upon humans, during an experiment with friends in which he confirmed that it could be used to put one to sleep. Dr Simpson and two of his assistants, Dr George Skene Keith (1819–1910) and James Matthews Duncan (1826–1890), used to sit every evening in Dr Simpson's dining room to try new chemicals to see if they had any anaesthetic effect. Following a visit to Linlithgow, where Simpson was recommended to trial a sample of chloroform from a local pharmacist, David Waldie, Simpson then returned to Edinburgh.[17][18][19] On 4 November 1847, Simpson and his friends decided to try chloroform themselves, which Simpson had obtained from local pharmacist William Flockhart of Duncan and Flockhart of North Bridge, Edinburgh.[20] On inhaling the chemical they found that a general mood of cheer and humour had set in, but suddenly all of them collapsed only to regain consciousness the next morning. Simpson knew, as soon as he woke up, that he had found something that could be used as an anaesthetic. They soon had Miss Petrie, Simpson's niece, try it. She fell asleep soon after inhaling it while singing the words, "I am an angel!".[21] There is a prevalent myth that the mother of the first child delivered under chloroform christened her child "Anaesthesia"; the story is retailed in Simpson's biography as written by his daughter Eve. However, the son of the first baby delivered by chloroform explained that Simpson's parturient had been one Jane Carstairs, and her child was baptised Wilhelmina. "Anaesthesia" was a nickname Simpson had given the baby.[22]
It was much by chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much and died, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance, which in fact it is.[23] Conversely, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that set him on the road to a career as a pioneer in the field of medicine. Subsequently, organising supplies to Florence Nightingale and Queen Victoria,[24] led to its use in obstetrics and for the military, and according to the British Medical Journal changed the face of medicine for a century.[25]
An account of some of Simpson's early uses of ether in childbirth are related by Manchester-based doctor Edmund Lund who visited him in 1847 and can be found in a manuscript held by special collections at the University of Manchester with the reference MMM/12/2.[26]
Simpson joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1849, and became its vice-president in 1860.[27] He made contributions to both the history of medicine and to archaeology.[28][29] He published several papers on leprosy and syphilis. In both cases he was concerned with the symptoms of the diseases and the relation between historical reports and contemporary cases, and also with the institutions that were set up to care for and segregate the patients.[30][31] Another area he worked on was medicine in Roman Britain.[32][33]
Simpson published an early and important work on prehistoric rock art Archaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c. Upon Stones and Rocks in Scotland, England, & Other Countries.[34] Simpson listed and categorized examples of sculpturings from many parts of the British Isles, often from personal examination, and also included examples from other countries for comparison. Many illustrations are provided. After Simpson's death, a collection of his antiquarian essays was published in two volumes.[35]
The Simpson and Grindlay families of Edinburgh were closely interrelated, forming a single extended family.[11]
In 1839, Simpson married Janet Grindlay (later Lady Janet Grindlay Simpson), daughter of the Edinburgh and Liverpool shipping grandee Walter Grindlay, a member of the Scottish branch of the landed gentry Grindlay family. Simpson and Walter were cousins, sharing grandparents in Alexander Simpson and his wife Isabella Grindlay, and Walter's daughter Janet or 'Jessie', was Simpson's first cousin once removed. Simpson's son, Walter Grindlay Simpson, 2nd Baronet was Walter Grindlay's nephew and godson.[2][11][36]
Simpson relied on Walter Grindlay and his estate for financial support a number of times during his career.[11]
In 1840 Simpson was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as president in 1848.[37] He was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1850[38] and an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1863.[39] In 1850 he was also elected a member of the Aesculapian Club.[40] He was created a Baronet of Strathavon in the County of Linlithgow, and of the City of Edinburgh, in 1866.[41] He died at his home in Edinburgh in May 1870 at the age of 58. A burial spot in Westminster Abbey was offered to his family, but they declined and instead buried him closer to home in Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh.[42] However, a memorial bust of Simpson can be found in a niche at Westminster Abbey in London.[43] On the day of Simpson's funeral, a Scottish holiday was declared, including the banks and stock markets, with over 100,000 citizens lining the funeral cortege on its way to the cemetery,[44] while over 1,700 colleagues and business leaders took part in the procession itself. A year later, chloroform supplier, William Flockhart was buried nearby.[20]
Dr Alexander Russell Simpson, his nephew, inherited his town house at 52 Queen Street[45] and lived there until his death in 1916, when it was then bequeathed to the Church of Scotland. Since then the building has been through many uses including being requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and being used as a centre for training Sunday School teachers in the 1950s. Today, the town house is the premises of a charity called Simpson House, which provides a counselling service for adults and children affected by alcohol and drug use.[46] There is a plaque on the wall outside to mark the house as having been the home of James Young Simpson from 1845 to 1870.
In 1879 the Edinburgh Royal Maternity and Simpson Memorial Hospital and in 1939 the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion were named in his honour, as is the current Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The Quartermile development, which consists of the Old Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, named its main residential street Simpson Loan in his honour.
The coat of arms of the Simpson Baronets, award to James Young Simpson on 3 February 1866, are influenced by his work in medicine and anaesthesia.
Ambrose Parry's historical novels of the Raven, Fisher, and Simpson series (2018-) feature Simpson as a key protagonist.
Town in Lower Saxony, Germany Town in Lower Saxony, GermanyBad Nenndorf TownTrain station Coat of armsLocation of Bad Nenndorf within Schaumburg district Bad Nenndorf Show map of GermanyBad Nenndorf Show map of Lower SaxonyCoordinates: 52°20′13″N 09°22′43″E / 52.33694°N 9.37861°E / 52.33694; 9.37861CountryGermanyStateLower SaxonyDistrictSchaumburg Municipal assoc.NenndorfSubdivisions4Government • MayorMarlies Matthias (CDU)Area • Total2…
Species of freshwater turtle Not to be confused with other species with similar common names at Indian softshell turtle (disambiguation). Indian peacock softshell turtle Conservation status Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Family: Trionychidae Genus: Nilssonia Species: N. hurum Binomial name Nilssonia hurum(Gray, …
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة عن القفل بمحافظة صنعاء. لأماكن أخرى لها نفس الاسم، طالع القفل (توضيح). القفل - قرية…
Ви́нахід, що стано́вить держа́вну таємни́цю — це винахід людини, який згідно 6 статті Закону України «Про державну таємницю», що входить до державної таємниці. Ступінь секретності винаходу, як правило, пропонує сам заявник, виходячи з вимог законодавства та відомчих ін
Верховна Рада Казахської РСРказ. Қазақ КСР Жоғарғы Кеңесі Загальна інформація: Юрисдикція: Казахська РСР Тип: однопалатний парламент Дата заснування: 1937 Дата ліквідації: 1993 Наступник: Верховна Рада Республіки Казахстан Структура: Депутатів: 360 Політичнігрупи: КПРС …
Dominicaines de l'Immaculée Conception Ordre de droit pontifical Approbation pontificale 7 mars 1899par Léon XIII Institut congrégation religieuse Type apostolique Spiritualité dominicaine But enseignement, soins des personnes âgées et des malades Structure et histoire Fondation 1869Toulouse Fondateur Hyacinthe-Marie CormierMère Marie-Hedwige Abréviation D.I.C Patron Immaculée Conception Site web (es) site des sœurs du Pérou Liste des ordres religieux Les Dominicaines de l'Immaculée …
Victor NinovNama asalВиктор НиновLahir27 Juni 1959 (umur 64)Sofia, Republik Rakyat BulgariaAlmamaterTechnische Universität DarmstadtKarier ilmiahBidangFisika nuklir, Etika keilmuanInstitusiUniversity of California, Berkeley Victor Ninov (Bulgaria: Виктор Нинов, lahir 27 Juni 1959) adalah seorang mantan peneliti di kelompok kimia nuklir di Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) yang diduga telah membuat bukti yang digunakan untuk mengklaim penciptaan elemen …
British basketball player This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2020) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is u…
Philippine television show QuickfireTitle cardGenreCooking showPresented byRosebud BenitezCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languages Tagalog English ProductionCamera setupMultiple-camera setupRunning time15 minutesProduction companyGMA Entertainment TVOriginal releaseNetwork Q (2008–11) GMA News TV (2011–12) ReleaseMay 5, 2008 (2008-05-05) –June 29, 2012 (2012-06-29) Quickfire: 10-Minute Kitchen Wonders is a Philippine television cooking show television program broadcast…
3rd government of Adolfo SuárezGovernment of Spain1979–1981The government in May 1980 (top) and September 1980 (bottom).Date formed6 April 1979Date dissolved27 February 1981People and organisationsMonarchJuan Carlos IPrime MinisterAdolfo SuárezDeputy Prime MinistersManuel Gutiérrez Mellado1st, Fernando Abril Martorell2nd (1979–1980)Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado1st, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo2nd (1980–1981)No. of ministers23[a] (1979–1980)22[a] (1980–1981)Total no. of members3…
Russian politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Ukrainian. (February 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appea…
Pembagian administratif Malaysia Tingkat I Negara bagian • Wilayah persekutuan Tingkat II Distrik • Jajahan (Kelantan) • Divisi (Sabah dan Sarawak) Tingkat III Mukim • Daerah penggawa (Kelantan) • Precinct (Putrajaya) • Distrik (Sabah dan Sarawak) Tingkat IV Kampung • Seksyen Jajahan (negara bagian lain di Malaysia menyebut Daerah) adalah nomenklatur pembagian administratif yang setingkat lebih rendah daripada negara bagian. Nomenklatur jajahan digunakan…
Neighbourhood in Karachi, Karachi EastP.E.C.H.S Block 6NeighbourhoodDistrictKarachi EastCityKarachiCountryPakistanTime zoneUTC+5 (PST) Pakistan Employees Cooperative Housing Society (PECHS), Block 6 is a neighborhood in Karachi East district of Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded Mehmood Ahmad Nizami in the year 1950, three years after Pakistan was founded by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Mehmood Ahmad Nizami lived in this same society and also created the first house in PECHS, Block II where …
Indigenous peoples of Europe Europeans redirects here. For other uses, see Europeans (disambiguation) and The Europeans (disambiguation). Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common genetic ancestry, common language, or both. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans in 2002. …
Chemical compound This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Butamben – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) ButambenClinical dataOther namesn-butyl p-aminobenzoateAHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consu…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Orthetrum angustiventre Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN59949 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumArthropodaKelasInsectaOrdoOdonataFamiliLibellulidaeGenusOrthetrumSpesiesOrthetrum angustiventre Rambur, 1842 lbs Orthetrum angustiventre adalah sebuah spesies c…
مركز جيوغوان لإطلاق الأقمار الصناعيةلحظة إطلاق الصاروخ لونغ مارش 2 دي من مركز جيوغوان لإطلاق الأقمار الصناعيةالتسميةأسماء بديلة مدينة دونغفنغ الفضائيةنسبة الاسم إلى جيوغوان معلومات عامةنوع المبنى ميناء فضائي المنطقة الإدارية إيجين البلد الصين الإدارة الإدارة الصيني…
Neva Gerber Neva Gerber Nome completo Genevieve Dolores Gerber Outros nomes Jean DoloresGenevieve Millett Nascimento 3 de abril de 1894Chicago, Illinois, EUA Nacionalidade Norte-americana Morte 2 de janeiro de 1974 (79 anos)Palm Springs, Califórnia, EUA Ocupação Atriz Atividade 1912-1930 Cônjuge Arthur Nelson Millett (1913–1914)Edward Dana Nolan (1923–?)W. A. Booth (?–?)William Munchoff (?–1960)[1] Neva Gerber em The Spindle of Life (1917), ao lado de Ben F. Wilson. Neva Ge…
Для улучшения этой статьи желательно: Найти и оформить в виде сносок ссылки на независимые авторитетные источники, подтверждающие написанное.После исправления проблемы исключите её из списка. Удалите шаблон, если устранены все недостатки. КорнейльCorneille Корнейль, 2002 Имя п…
Penerapan api di hutan pinus ponderosa di timur Washington, Amerika Serikat, untuk memulihkan kesehatan ekosistem. Membakar hutan di South Carolina dengan driptorch buatan khusus yang dipasang di ATV. Perangkat memuntahkan bahan bakar minyak yang menyala dari samping, dan langsung menyulut serasah daun. Pembakaran terkendali di habitat Pinus nigra di Portugal Pembakaran ladang yang terkendali di luar Statesboro, Georgia, Amerika Serikat, dalam rangka persiapan penanaman musim semi Pemandangan ud…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 18.227.190.194