James Whitney
The Hon. Sir James Pliny Whitney
6th Premier of Ontario
In office February 8, 1905 – September 25, 1914
Monarchs	Edward VII George V
Lieutenant Governor	William Mortimer Clark John Morison Gibson John Strathearn Hendrie
Preceded by	George William Ross
Succeeded by	William Howard Hearst
Member of the Legislative Assembly
In office January 31, 1888 – September 25, 1914[1]
Preceded by	Theodore F. Chamberlain
Succeeded by	Irwin Foster Hilliard
Constituency	Dundas
Personal details
Born	(1843-10-02)October 2, 1843 Williamsburgh Township, Upper Canada
Died	September 25, 1914(1914-09-25) (aged 70) Toronto, Ontario
Resting place	Holy Trinity Anglican Cemetery, Morrisburg, Ontario
Political party	Ontario Conservative Party
Spouse	Alice Park
Awards	Canada General Service Medal
Military service
Allegiance	Canadian Militia
Branch/service	Cornwall Volunteer Infantry Dundas Reserve Militia
Rank	Sergeant Lieutenant-Colonel
Battles/wars	Trent Affair (1862) Fenian Raids (1866)

Sir James Pliny Whitney KCMG KC (October 2, 1843 – September 25, 1914) was a Canadian politician and lawyer in the province of Ontario. He served as Conservative member of the legislature for Dundas in Eastern Ontario from 1888 and as the sixth premier of Ontario from 1905 until his death in 1914. He is the only premier of Ontario to have died while in office.

Whitney was born in Williamsburgh Township in 1843 and attended Cornwall Grammar School before articling at the law office of John Sandfield Macdonald in the 1860s, but did not resume his legal studies until 1871. He was called to the bar in 1875, and practised law in Morrisburg.^[2]

Whitney was active in the Militia at Cornwall, serving as a Private in a volunteer company during the Trent Affair and then a Sergeant with the Cornwall Volunteer Infantry during the Fenian Raids. He continued to serve in the militia, being appointed a Lieutenant Colonel in the Dundas Reserve Militia, an appointment he held until his death.

Whitney was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1888.^[2] He became leader of Ontario's Conservative Party in 1896. His mentor was William Ralph Meredith, who deeply influenced many of Whitney's later measures as premier like worker's compensation and dealing with the University of Toronto.

In the 1905 election, he led his party to victory for the first time in 33 years by defeating the tired Liberal government of George William Ross.^[3]

Whitney's government laid the basis for Ontario's industrial development by creating the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario,^[4] with Sir Adam Beck as its chairman and driving force. His government created the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board in 1906 and also passed significant temperance^[5] and workmen's compensation^[6] legislation.

Early in his premiership, Whitney sought to remedy the troubled University of Toronto by improving its finances and finding a successor to its unpopular president James Loudon. According to his biographer, "The legislation for the University of Toronto has to be ranked as one of the major achievements of Whitney's entire period as Premier of Ontario. It provided the institution with a foundation for growth in the twentieth century and it represented a complete break with almost every aspect of Liberal policy towards the University of Toronto."^[7]

He also supported the anti-Catholic and anti-French-Canadian sentiments of supporters of the Orange Order in his caucus (such as George Howard Ferguson) by passing Regulation 17, which banned the teaching of French in schools beyond the first three years of school. The measure inflamed French-Canadian opinion across Canada, particularly in Quebec, and divided the country as it entered World War I.

Whitney died in office shortly after he had won the 1914 election. Whitney had a suspected heart attack during his convalescence in New York City in 1913 and returned to Toronto staying at Toronto General Hospital.^[8]

A 1920s government building across from Queen's Park is named the Whitney Block after him. A statue of him stands on the Queen's Park grounds. Whitney Hall, a residential building at nearby University College, of the University of Toronto, is also named after him.^[9]

• Charles W. Humphries, 'Honest Enough to be Bold': the Life and Times of Sir James Pliny Whitney. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985. ISBN 9781487590369.
• Charles W. Humphries, "James P. Whitney and the University of Toronto," in Profiles of a Province: Studies in the History of Ontario, (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1967), 118-125.

• James Pliny Whitney – Ontario Legislative Assembly parliamentary history (archive)
• Humphries, Charles W. (1998). "Whitney, Sir James Pliny". In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XIV (1911–1920) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
• Ontario Plaques - Sir James Pliny Whitney
• Sir James Whitney fonds, Archives of Ontario