James J. Braddock

James J. Braddock
Braddock in 1935
Born
James Walter Braddock

(1905-06-07)June 7, 1905
New York City, U.S.
DiedNovember 29, 1974(1974-11-29) (aged 69)
North Bergen, New Jersey, U.S.
Other namesBulldog of Bergen
Pride of the Irish
Pride of New Jersey
Cinderella Man
Statistics
Weight(s)Middleweight
Light heavyweight
Heavyweight
Height6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Reach75 in (191 cm)[1]
Boxing record
Total fights88
Wins52
Wins by KO27
Losses26
Draws7
No contests3

James Walter Braddock (June 7, 1905 – November 29, 1974) was an American[2][3] boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from 1935 to 1937.[4]

Fighting under the name James J. Braddock (ostensibly to follow the pattern set by two prior world boxing champions, James J. Corbett and James J. Jeffries), Braddock was known for his spoiling, counterpunching style, powerful right hand, and his iron chin. He had lost several bouts due to chronic hand injuries and was forced to work on the docks and collect social assistance to feed his family during the Great Depression. He made a comeback, and in 1935 he fought Max Baer for the world heavyweight championship and won. For this unlikely feat he was given the nickname "Cinderella Man" by Damon Runyon. Braddock was managed by Joe Gould.

Early life

Braddock was born on June 7, 1905[5] on West 48th Street in Manhattan's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood. He moved to North Bergen, New Jersey at an early age. He was one of seven children[6] being raised by immigrant parents; Irish mother Elizabeth O'Tool and Anglo-Irish father Joseph Braddock.[7]

He stated his life's early ambition was to play college football for Knute Rockne at the University of Notre Dame, though this did not come to pass, as he remarked that he had "more brawn than brains".[8][9]

Career

Braddock pursued boxing, fighting as a light heavyweight. His first fight in a ring occurred on November 27, 1923.[10] He turned pro at the age of 21. After three years, Braddock's record was 44–2–2 (.938), with 21 knockouts.

In 1928, Braddock pulled off a major upset by knocking out highly regarded Tuffy Griffiths. The following year he earned a chance to fight for the title, but he narrowly lost to Tommy Loughran in a 15-round decision. Braddock was greatly depressed by the loss and badly fractured his right hand in several places in the process.[2]

His next 33 fights were significantly less successful, with an 11–20–2 (.364) record. With his family in poverty during the Great Depression, Braddock was forced to give up boxing and work as a longshoreman. Due to frequent injuries to his right hand, Braddock compensated by using his left hand during his longshoreman work, and it gradually became stronger than his right.[11]

Braddock felt humiliated by having to accept government relief money, but he was inspired by the Catholic Worker Movement, a Christian social justice organization founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 to help the homeless and hungry. After his boxing comeback, Braddock returned the welfare money he had received and made frequent donations to various Catholic Worker Houses, and fed homeless people by inviting them to meals with his family.[12]

Max Baer fight

In 1934, Braddock was given a fight with the highly touted John "Corn" Griffin. Although Braddock was intended simply as a stepping stone in Griffin's career, he knocked out the "Ozark Cyclone" in the third round. Braddock then fought John Henry Lewis, a future light heavyweight champion. He won in one of the most important fights of his career. After defeating another highly regarded heavyweight contender, Art Lasky, whose nose he broke during the bout on March 22, 1935,[13] Braddock was given a title fight against the World Heavyweight Champion, Max Baer.[1][14]

Considered little more than a journeyman fighter, Braddock was hand-picked by Baer's handlers because he was seen as an easy payday for the champion, despite his recent impressive victories. Instead, on June 13, 1935, at Madison Square Garden Bowl, Braddock won the Heavyweight Championship of the World as the 10-to-1 underdog in what was called "the greatest fistic upset since the defeat of John L. Sullivan by Jim Corbett".[2]

During the fight, a dogged Braddock took a few heavy hits from the powerful younger champion (29 years versus 26 years for Baer), but Braddock kept coming, wearing down Baer, who seemed perplexed by Braddock's ability to take a punch. In the end, the judges gave Braddock the title with a unanimous decision.[14][15]

Heavyweight Champion

Braddock's first title defense was to be against German Max Schmeling on June 3, 1937, in the Madison Square Garden Bowl. However, Braddock backed out of the bout in favor of a fight with Joe Louis in Chicago.[16] Braddock argued he would have received only a US$25,000 purse against Schmeling, compared to $250,000 against rising star Louis. There was also concern that if Schmeling won, the Nazi government would deny American fighters opportunities to fight for the title.[17] Finally, American commentators had expressed opposition to the fight in light of the connections between Schmeling and Adolf Hitler, with whom the German fighter had been associated after his earlier victory over Louis.[17][18] In his only defense of the title, Braddock lost to Louis in the 8th round by a knockout, the only one of his career.

Braddock and Louis saw each other frequently over the years, and the Brown Bomber always greeted him the same way: “Hello, champ.” As Jeremy Schaap wrote, “[Louis] fought eight world heavyweight champions, more than any other fighter ever, but he never called anyone but Jim Braddock ‘champ.’” [19] On the other hand, shortly after winning the title, Louis was quoted as saying, "I don't want to be called champ until I whip Max Schmeling".

Seven months after the fight, Braddock had his next match with Tommy Farr and won in what turned out to be his last match.

Personal life

Braddock (left) and Joe Gould (center), training as officers at the Atlantic Coast Transportation Corps Officers Training School in Fort Slocum, New York

Braddock married Mae Fox in 1930, and the couple had three children, James (Jay) Jr., Howard and Rosemarie.[20][21] His granddaughter is the actress Rosemarie DeWitt.[22]

Braddock enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and became a first lieutenant. He served in the Pacific theater on the island of Saipan, where he trained enlisted men in hand-to-hand combat.[23][21]

Upon return, he worked as a marine equipment surplus supplier and helped construct the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge in the early 1960s.[24]

Braddock was a member of the Fairview Teeko Club, New Jersey, where he was regarded as one of the strongest teekoists.[25]

Death and legacy

James J. Braddock North Hudson Park in North Bergen, New Jersey

After his death in 1974 at the age of 69, James J. Braddock was interred in the Mount Carmel Cemetery in Tenafly, New Jersey. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001. James J. Braddock North Hudson County Park in North Bergen, New Jersey is named in his honor.[26] On September 16, 2008, a 10-foot, 1,500-pound bronze statue of Braddock was erected in the park named in his honor not far from where he lived and trained. The statue was created by internationally renowned sculptor Zenos Frudakis[27]

The 2005 biographical film Cinderella Man tells Braddock's story. Directed by Ron Howard, it stars Russell Crowe as Braddock and Renée Zellweger as his wife, Mae.[28] The film had an estimated budget of $88 million and grossed $108.5 million worldwide.[29] Crowe's performance earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor. Paul Giamatti, playing Braddock's manager Joe Gould, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The role of neighbor Sara Wilson was played by Rosemarie DeWitt, who is Braddock's real-life granddaughter. The film received mostly positive reviews.[30]

Professional boxing record

All information in this section is derived from BoxRec,[31] unless otherwise stated.

Official record

87 fights 47 wins 23 losses
By knockout 27 1
By decision 20 21
By disqualification 0 1
Draws 4
No contests 3
Newspaper decisions/draws 10

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
88 Win 47–24–4 (13) Tommy Farr SD 10 Jan 21, 1938 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
87 Loss 46–24–4 (13) Joe Louis KO 8 (15) Jun 22, 1937 Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Lost NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles
86 Win 46–23–4 (13) Max Baer UD 15 Jun 13, 1935 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S. Won NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles
85 Win 45–23–4 (13) Art Lasky UD 15 Mar 22, 1935 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
84 Win 44–23–4 (13) John Henry Lewis PTS 10 Nov 16, 1934 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
83 Win 43–23–4 (13) Corn Griffin TKO 3 (5), 2:37 Jun 14, 1934 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
82 NC 42–23–4 (13) Abe Feldman NC 6 (10) Sep 25, 1933 Memorial Field Stadium, Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.
81 Win 42–23–4 (12) Chester Matan PTS 10 Jul 21, 1933 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
80 Win 41–23–4 (12) Les Kennedy PTS 10 Jun 21, 1933 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
79 Loss 40–23–4 (12) Al Stillman UD 10 May 19, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
78 Loss 40–22–4 (12) Martin Levandowski MD 10 Apr 5, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
77 Win 40–21–4 (12) Al Stillman TKO 10 (10) Mar 21, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
76 Loss 39–21–4 (12) Al Ettore DQ 4 (8) Mar 1, 1933 Olympia A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
75 Loss 39–20–4 (12) Hans Birkie PTS 10 Jan 20, 1933 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
74 Win 39–19–4 (12) Martin Levandowski PTS 10 Jan 13, 1933 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S., U.S.
73 Loss 38–19–4 (12) Lou Scozza TKO 6 (10) Nov 9, 1932 Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California, U.S.
72 Loss 38–18–4 (12) Tom Patrick PTS 10 Oct 21, 1932 Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, U.S.
71 Win 38–17–4 (12) Dynamite Jackson PTS 10 Sep 30, 1932 Coliseum, San Diego, California, U.S.
70 Loss 37–17–4 (12) John Henry Lewis PTS 10 Sep 21, 1932 Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, U.S.
69 Loss 37–16–4 (12) Tony Shucco PTS 8 Jul 25, 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
68 Win 37–15–4 (12) Vicente Parrile PTS 5 Jun 21, 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
67 Loss 36–15–4 (12) Charley Retzlaff SD 10 May 13, 1932 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
66 Loss 36–14–4 (12) Baxter Calmes UD 10 Mar 18, 1932 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S., U.S.
65 Loss 36–13–4 (12) Al Gainer PTS 10 Dec 4, 1931 New Haven Arena, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
64 NC 36–12–4 (12) Maxie Rosenbloom NC 2 (10), 2:43 Nov 10, 1931 Minneapolis Auditorium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
63 Loss 36–12–4 (11) Joe Sekyra PTS 10 Oct 9, 1931 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
62 Draw 36–11–4 (11) Andy Mitchell PTS 10 Sep 3, 1931 Navin Field, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
61 Win 36–11–3 (11) Jack Kelly PTS 10 Mar 30, 1931 New Haven Arena, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
60 Win 35–11–3 (11) Jack Roper KO 1 (6), 1:08 Mar 5, 1931 Madison Square Garden Stadium, Miami, Florida, U.S.
59 Loss 34–11–3 (11) Ernie Schaaf SD 10 Jan 23, 1931 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
58 Win 34–10–3 (11) Phil Mercurio KO 2 (10) Sep 19, 1930 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
57 Loss 33–10–3 (11) Babe Hunt PTS 10 Aug 11, 1930 Braves Field, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
56 Win 33–9–3 (11) Joe Monte PTS 10 Jul 2, 1930 Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
55 Loss 32–9–3 (11) Harold Mays PTS 10 Jun 5, 1930 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
54 Loss 32–8–3 (11) Billy Jones UD 10 Apr 7, 1930 Philadelphia Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
53 Loss 32–7–3 (11) Leo Lomski SD 10 Jan 17, 1930 Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
52 Win 32–6–3 (11) Jake Warren KO 2 (6) Dec 7, 1929 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
51 Loss 31–6–3 (11) Maxie Rosenbloom PTS 10 Nov 15, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
50 Loss 31–5–3 (11) Yale Okun PTS 10 Aug 27, 1929 Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
49 Loss 31–4–3 (11) Tommy Loughran UD 15 Jul 18, 1929 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S. For NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring light-heavyweight titles
48 Win 31–3–3 (11) Eddie Benson KO 1 (10) Apr 22, 1929 Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S.
47 Win 30–3–3 (11) Jimmy Slattery TKO 9 (10) Mar 11, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
46 Win 29–3–3 (11) George Gemas KO 1 (10) Feb 4, 1929 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
45 Loss 28–3–3 (11) Leo Lomski MD 10 Jan 18, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
44 Win 28–2–3 (11) Tuffy Griffiths TKO 2 (10), 1:40 Nov 30, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
43 Win 27–2–3 (11) Pete Latzo PTS 10 Oct 17, 1928 Newark Armory, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
42 Loss 26–2–3 (11) Joe Sekyra PTS 10 Aug 8, 1928 Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
41 Draw 26–1–3 (11) Nando Tassi PTS 10 Jul 25, 1928 Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
40 Draw 26–1–2 (11) Billy Vidabeck NWS 10 Jun 27, 1928 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
39 Loss 26–1–2 (10) Joe Monte PTS 10 Jun 7, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
38 Win 26–0–2 (10) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 May 16, 1928 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
37 Win 26–0–2 (9) Jack Darnell KO 4 (10) May 7, 1928 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
36 Win 25–0–2 (9) Paul Swiderski PTS 8 Jan 6, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
35 Draw 24–0–2 (9) Joe Monte PTS 10 Oct 7, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
34 Loss 24–0–1 (9) Herman Heller NWS 10 Aug 31, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
33 Win 24–0–1 (8) Vic McLaughlin NWS 10 Aug 10, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
32 Win 24–0–1 (7) George LaRocco UD 6 Jul 21, 1927 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S.
31 Win 23–0–1 (7) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 Jul 13, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
30 Win 23–0–1 (6) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 Jun 8, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
29 Loss 23–0–1 (5) Paul Cavalier NWS 10 May 27, 1927 Arcola Park, Paramus, New Jersey, U.S.
28 Draw 23–0–1 (4) George LaRocco PTS 10 May 20, 1927 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S.
27 Win 23–0 (4) Jack Stone NWS 10 May 11, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
26 Win 23–0 (3) Stanley Simmons TKO 1 (6), 2:32 May 2, 1927 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
25 Win 22–0 (3) Frankie Lennon TKO 3 (6) Apr 19, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
24 Win 21–0 (3) Jack O'Day KO 3 (10) Mar 22, 1927 Union City, New Jersey, U.S.
23 Win 20–0 (3) Tom McKiernan KO 2 (10) Mar 15, 1927 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
22 Win 19–0 (3) Nick Fadil PTS 6 Mar 8, 1927 Pioneer Sporting Club, New York City, New York, U.S.
21 Win 18–0 (3) Lou Barba PTS 4 Mar 3, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
20 Win 17–0 (3) Jack Nelson UD 6 Feb 15, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
19 Win 16–0 (3) Johnny Alberts KO 4 (6) Feb 1, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
18 Win 15–0 (3) George LaRocco KO 1 (4), 1:12 Jan 28, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
17 Win 14–0 (3) Tom McKiernan TKO 3 (8) Jan 13, 1927 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
16 Draw 13–0 (3) Doc Conrad NWS 4 Dec 20, 1926 4th Regiment Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
15 Win 13–0 (2) Joe Hudson PTS 6 Dec 8, 1926 Manhattan A.C., New York City, New York, U.S.
14 Win 12–0 (2) Al Settle PTS 6 Dec 4, 1926 Walker A.C., New York City, New York, U.S.
13 NC 11–0 (2) Willie Daly NC 1 (6) Nov 18, 1926 Floral Park Arena, North Bergen, New Jersey, U.S.
12 Win 11–0 (1) Lou Barba PTS 6 Nov 12, 1926 Pioneer Sporting Club, New York City, New York, U.S.
11 Win 10–0 (1) Jack O'Day KO 1 (8) Oct 27, 1926 Stanley Theater, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
10 Win 9–0 (1) Carmine Caggiano KO 1 (6), 0:49 Sep 30, 1926 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
9 Win 8–0 (1) Ray Kennedy KO 1 (6) Sep 16, 1926 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
8 Win 7–0 (1) Mike Rock KO 1 (6), 1:05 Sep 13, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
7 Win 6–0 (1) Gene Travers KO 1 (6), 0:24 Sep 7, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
6 Win 5–0 (1) Walter Westman TKO 3 (6) Jul 9, 1926 Boyle's Thirty Acres, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
5 Win 4–0 (1) Jim Pearson TKO 2 (4) Jun 28, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
4 Win 3–0 (1) Lee Dobson KO 1 (4) Jun 18, 1926 Boyle's Thirty Acres, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
3 Win 2–0 (1) Phil Weisberger TKO 1 May 1, 1926 Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
2 Win 1–0 (1) George Deschner KO 2 (6) Apr 22, 1926 Knights of Columbus, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, U.S.
1 Draw 0–0 (1) Al Settle NWS 4 Apr 13, 1926 Amsterdam Hall, Union City, New Jersey, U.S.

Unofficial record

87 fights 52 wins 25 losses
By knockout 27 1
By decision 25 23
By disqualification 0 1
Draws 7
No contests 3

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
88 Win 52–26–7 (3) Tommy Farr SD 10 Jan 21, 1938 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
87 Loss 51–26–7 (3) Joe Louis KO 8 (15) Jun 22, 1937 Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Lost NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles
86 Win 51–25–7 (3) Max Baer UD 15 Jun 13, 1935 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S. Won NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring heavyweight titles
85 Win 50–25–7 (3) Art Lasky UD 15 Mar 22, 1935 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
84 Win 49–25–7 (3) John Henry Lewis PTS 10 Nov 16, 1934 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
83 Win 48–25–7 (3) Corn Griffin TKO 3 (5), 2:37 Jun 14, 1934 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
82 NC 47–25–7 (3) Abe Feldman NC 6 (10) Sep 25, 1933 Memorial Field Stadium, Mount Vernom, New York, U.S.
81 Win 47–25–7 (2) Chester Matan PTS 10 Jul 21, 1933 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
80 Win 46–25–7 (2) Les Kennedy PTS 10 Jun 21, 1933 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
79 Loss 45–25–7 (2) Al Stillman UD 10 May 19, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
78 Loss 45–24–7 (2) Martin Levandowski MD 10 Apr 5, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
77 Win 45–23–7 (2) Al Stillman TKO 10 (10) Mar 21, 1933 St. Louis Arena, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
76 Loss 44–23–7 (2) Al Ettore DQ 4 (8) Mar 1, 1933 Olympia A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
75 Loss 44–22–7 (2) Hans Birkie PTS 10 Jan 20, 1933 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
74 Win 44–21–7 (2) Martin Levandowski PTS 10 Jan 13, 1933 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S., U.S.
73 Loss 43–21–7 (2) Lou Scozza TKO 6 (10) Nov 9, 1932 Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California, U.S.
72 Loss 43–20–7 (2) Tom Patrick PTS 10 Oct 21, 1932 Legion Stadium, Hollywood, California, U.S.
71 Win 43–19–7 (2) Dynamite Jackson PTS 10 Sep 30, 1932 Coliseum, San Diego, California, U.S.
70 Loss 42–19–7 (2) John Henry Lewis PTS 10 Sep 21, 1932 Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, U.S.
69 Loss 42–18–7 (2) Tony Shucco PTS 8 Jul 25, 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
68 Win 42–17–7 (2) Vicente Parrile PTS 5 Jun 21, 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl, Queens, New York, U.S.
67 Loss 41–17–7 (2) Charley Retzlaff SD 10 May 13, 1932 Boston Garden, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
66 Loss 41–16–7 (2) Baxter Calmes UD 10 Mar 18, 1932 Chicago Stadium, Chicago, Illinois, U.S., U.S.
65 Loss 41–15–7 (2) Al Gainer PTS 10 Dec 4, 1931 New Haven Arena, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
64 NC 41–14–7 (2) Maxie Rosenbloom NC 2 (10), 2:43 Nov 10, 1931 Minneapolis Auditorium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
63 Loss 41–14–7 (1) Joe Sekyra PTS 10 Oct 9, 1931 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
62 Draw 41–13–7 (1) Andy Mitchell PTS 10 Sep 3, 1931 Navin Field, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
61 Win 41–13–6 (1) Jack Kelly PTS 10 Mar 30, 1931 New Haven Arena, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
60 Win 40–13–6 (1) Jack Roper KO 1 (6), 1:08 Mar 5, 1931 Madison Square Garden Stadium, Miami, Florida, U.S.
59 Loss 39–13–6 (1) Ernie Schaaf SD 10 Jan 23, 1931 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
58 Win 39–12–6 (1) Phil Mercurio KO 2 (10) Sep 19, 1930 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
57 Loss 38–12–6 (1) Babe Hunt PTS 10 Aug 11, 1930 Braves Field, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
56 Win 38–11–6 (1) Joe Monte PTS 10 Jul 2, 1930 Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
55 Loss 37–11–6 (1) Harold Mays PTS 10 Jun 5, 1930 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
54 Loss 37–10–6 (1) Billy Jones UD 10 Apr 7, 1930 Philadelphia Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
53 Loss 37–9–6 (1) Leo Lomski SD 10 Jan 17, 1930 Chicago Coliseum, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
52 Win 37–8–6 (1) Jake Warren KO 2 (6) Dec 7, 1929 Ridgewood Grove, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
51 Loss 36–8–6 (1) Maxie Rosenbloom PTS 10 Nov 15, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
50 Loss 36–7–6 (1) Yale Okun PTS 10 Aug 27, 1929 Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
49 Loss 36–6–6 (1) Tommy Loughran UD 15 Jul 18, 1929 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S. For NYSAC, NBA, and The Ring light-heavyweight titles
48 Win 36–5–6 (1) Eddie Benson KO 1 (10) Apr 22, 1929 Broadway Auditorium, Buffalo, New York, U.S.
47 Win 35–5–6 (1) Jimmy Slattery TKO 9 (10) Mar 11, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
46 Win 34–5–6 (1) George Gemas KO 1 (10) Feb 4, 1929 Laurel Garden, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
45 Loss 33–5–6 (1) Leo Lomski MD 10 Jan 18, 1929 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
44 Win 33–4–6 (1) Tuffy Griffiths TKO 2 (10), 1:40 Nov 30, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
43 Win 32–4–6 (1) Pete Latzo PTS 10 Oct 17, 1928 Newark Armory, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
42 Loss 31–4–6 (1) Joe Sekyra PTS 10 Aug 8, 1928 Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
41 Draw 31–3–6 (1) Nando Tassi PTS 10 Jul 25, 1928 Ebbets Field, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
40 Draw 31–3–5 (1) Billy Vidabeck NWS 10 Jun 27, 1928 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
39 Loss 31–3–4 (1) Joe Monte PTS 10 Jun 7, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
38 Win 31–2–4 (1) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 May 16, 1928 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
37 Win 30–2–4 (1) Jack Darnell KO 4 (10) May 7, 1928 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
36 Win 29–2–4 (1) Paul Swiderski PTS 8 Jan 6, 1928 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
35 Draw 28–2–4 (1) Joe Monte PTS 10 Oct 7, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
34 Loss 28–2–3 (1) Herman Heller NWS 10 Aug 31, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
33 Win 28–1–3 (1) Vic McLaughlin NWS 10 Aug 10, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
32 Win 27–1–3 (1) George LaRocco UD 6 Jul 21, 1927 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S.
31 Win 26–1–3 (1) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 Jul 13, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
30 Win 25–1–3 (1) Jimmy Francis NWS 10 Jun 8, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
29 Loss 24–1–3 (1) Paul Cavalier NWS 10 May 27, 1927 Arcola Park, Paramus, New Jersey, U.S.
28 Draw 24–0–3 (1) George LaRocco PTS 10 May 20, 1927 Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, U.S.
27 Win 24–0–2 (1) Jack Stone NWS 10 May 11, 1927 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
26 Win 23–0–2 (1) Stanley Simmons TKO 1 (6), 2:32 May 2, 1927 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
25 Win 22–0–2 (1) Frankie Lennon TKO 3 (6) Apr 19, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
24 Win 21–0–2 (1) Jack O'Day KO 3 (10) Mar 22, 1927 Union City, New Jersey, U.S.
23 Win 20–0–2 (1) Tom McKiernan KO 2 (10) Mar 15, 1927 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
22 Win 19–0–2 (1) Nick Fadil PTS 6 Mar 8, 1927 Pioneer Sporting Club, New York City, New York, U.S.
21 Win 18–0–2 (1) Lou Barba PTS 4 Mar 3, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
20 Win 17–0–2 (1) Jack Nelson UD 6 Feb 15, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
19 Win 16–0–2 (1) Johnny Alberts KO 4 (6) Feb 1, 1927 South Main Street Armory, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
18 Win 15–0–2 (1) George LaRocco KO 1 (4), 1:12 Jan 28, 1927 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, U.S.
17 Win 14–0–2 (1) Tom McKiernan TKO 3 (8) Jan 13, 1927 Grotto Auditorium, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
16 Draw 13–0–2 (1) Doc Conrad NWS 4 Dec 20, 1926 4th Regiment Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
15 Win 13–0–1 (1) Joe Hudson PTS 6 Dec 8, 1926 Manhattan A.C., New York City, New York, U.S.
14 Win 12–0–1 (1) Al Settle PTS 6 Dec 4, 1926 Walker A.C., New York City, New York, U.S.
13 NC 11–0–1 (1) Willie Daly NC 1 (6) Nov 18, 1926 Floral Park Arena, North Bergen, New Jersey, U.S.
12 Win 11–0–1 Lou Barba PTS 6 Nov 12, 1926 Pioneer Sporting Club, New York City, New York, U.S.
11 Win 10–0–1 Jack O'Day KO 1 (8) Oct 27, 1926 Stanley Theater, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
10 Win 9–0–1 Carmine Caggiano KO 1 (6), 0:49 Sep 30, 1926 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
9 Win 8–0–1 Ray Kennedy KO 1 (6) Sep 16, 1926 Playgrounds Stadium, West New York, New Jersey, U.S.
8 Win 7–0–1 Mike Rock KO 1 (6), 1:05 Sep 13, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
7 Win 6–0–1 Gene Travers KO 1 (6), 0:24 Sep 7, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
6 Win 5–0–1 Walter Westman TKO 3 (6) Jul 9, 1926 Boyle's Thirty Acres, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
5 Win 4–0–1 Jim Pearson TKO 2 (4) Jun 28, 1926 Oakland Arena, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
4 Win 3–0–1 Lee Dobson KO 1 (4) Jun 18, 1926 Boyle's Thirty Acres, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
3 Win 2–0–1 Phil Weisberger TKO 1 May 1, 1926 Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
2 Win 1–0–1 George Deschner KO 2 (6) Apr 22, 1926 Knights of Columbus, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey, U.S.
1 Draw 0–0–1 Al Settle NWS 4 Apr 13, 1926 Amsterdam Hall, Union City, New Jersey, U.S.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Max Baer 5 to 1 favorite to beat Jimmy Braddock tonight". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. June 13, 1935. p. 6, part 2.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b c "Cinderella Man – James J Braddock". Retrieved October 18, 2014.
  3. ^ Watson, William E.; Halus Jr., Eugene J. (November 25, 2014). Irish Americans: The History and Culture of a People: The History and Culture of a People. ABC-CLIO. p. 253. ISBN 9781610694674. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  4. ^ "Braddock's death recalls ups and downs of career". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 14.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Augustyn, Adam, ed. (June 3, 2020). "James J. Braddock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  6. ^ Schaap, Jeremy (2005). Cinderella Man: James J. Braddock, Max Baer, and the Greatest Upset in Boxing History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 4–6. ISBN 0-618-55117-4.
  7. ^ Brown, Ned (June 16, 1935). "Life's been no rose bed for new Heavy champ". Milwaukee Journal. p. 1, sports.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ Albeck Maurer, Ellen (2016). Snicklefritz: Winifred Elizabeth Manning Allbeck Tells Stories from an Earlier Time. Hillcrest Publishing Group. p. 305 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ Traynor, Jessica (December 5, 2018). "'Cinderella Man' James Braddock, the Irish-American boxer who became world champion". The Irish Times. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  10. ^ Schaap (2005), p. 12
  11. ^ Schaap (2005), p. 165
  12. ^ Demers, Daniel (September 27, 2019). "The Cinderella Man's Left Hook: Jim Braddock's Catholic Story". Catholic Stand. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  13. ^ Brietz, Eddie (March 23, 1935). "Braddock decisive victor over Lasky". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. p. 1, sports.[permanent dead link‍]
  14. ^ a b Rice, Grantland (June 14, 1935). "Braddock beats Baer; Max Schmeling to get title shot in 1936". Milwaukee Journal. p. 8, part 2.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ Neil, Edward J. (June 14, 1935). "Verdict for Braddock unanimous". Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. p. 13.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ "Commission Acts on Braddock Bout". The New York Times. May 27, 1937.
  17. ^ a b Walsh, Davis J. (January 14, 1937). "Proposed boycott of Braddock-Schmeling fight gains ground". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). INS. p. 12.
  18. ^ Pegler, Westbrook (January 14, 1937). "Fair Enough". St. Petersburg Evening Independent. (Florida). p. 3.
  19. ^ Schaap (2005), p. 455.
  20. ^ Schaap (2005), p. 35.
  21. ^ a b "Braddock, Who Beat Baer for Title Dies". The New York Times. November 30, 1974. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
  22. ^ St John, Allen (June 15, 2010). "The Star Next Door". New Jersey Monthly. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  23. ^ "James J. Braddock.com Bio". jamesjbraddock.com. Estate of James J. Braddock.
  24. ^ James J. Braddock. Vol. Supplement 9: 1971–1975. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1994. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Scarne, John (1955). Scarne on Teeko. Crown Publishers, New York. p. 227.
  26. ^ Rounds, Kate. "James J. Braddock Park—North Bergen" Palisade magazine; Summer 2010. p. 16
  27. ^ "'Cinderella Man' James J. Braddock honored during statue unveiling ceremony". The Jersey Journal. September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  28. ^ "Jimmy Braddock climbed fast: Hit top of fight ladder in three years". Border Cities Star. Windsor, Ontario. Associated Press. June 19, 1935. p. 1, sports.
  29. ^ Cinderella Man at The Numbers
  30. ^ "Cinderella Man (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  31. ^ "BoxRec: Jim Braddock".

References

Sporting positions
World boxing titles
Preceded by NYSAC heavyweight champion
June 13, 1935 – June 22, 1937 		Succeeded by
NBA heavyweight champion
June 13, 1935 – June 22, 1937
The Ring heavyweight champion
June 13, 1935 – June 22, 1937
Undisputed heavyweight champion
June 13, 1935 – June 22, 1937

Read other articles:

Bours, Pas-de-Calais

BoursBours Lokasi di Region Hauts-de-France Bours Koordinat: 50°27′19″N 2°24′21″E / 50.4553°N 2.4058°E / 50.4553; 2.4058NegaraPrancisRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartemenPas-de-CalaisArondisemenArrasKantonHeuchinAntarkomunePernoisPemerintahan • Wali kota (2008–2014) Bernadette NoeLuas • Land111,84 km2 (457 sq mi) • Populasi2571 • Kepadatan Populasi20,48/km2 (1,2/sq mi)Kode INSEE/pos62166 / ...

 

 

Daftar Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung

Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik IndonesiaMargono Djojohadikusumo, Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung pertama.Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik IndonesiaPejabat perdanaR. Margono DjojohadikusumoDibentuk25 September 1945Pejabat terakhirAchmad TirtosudiroJabatan dihapus31 Juli 2003SuksesiKetua Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden Republik Indonesia Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Agung Republik Indonesia adalah ketua salah satu lembaga tinggi negara berdasarkan Pasal 16 UUD 45 sebelum diamendemen. Dewan Per...

 

 

Tracy Northup

American physicist Tracy Eleanor NorthupNorthup speaks to the Quantum Internet Proposed Research Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force in 2019Born1978 (age 45–46)Alma materCalifornia Institute of Technology Harvard UniversityScientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of InnsbruckThesisCoherent control in cavity QED (2008) Tracy E. Northup (born 1978) is an American physicist who works at the Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Her res...

Mechelen (Pays-Bas)

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité néerlandaise. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Mechelen. Mechelen Malines Héraldique Centre de Mechelen (2008). Administration Pays Pays-Bas Commune Gulpen-Wittem Province Limbourg Code postal 6280-6281 Indicatif téléphonique international +(31) Démographie Population 1 490 hab. (2005) Géographi...

 

 

Человек прямоходящий

† Человек прямоходящий Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды�...

 

 

Irreligion in Russia

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (August 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikip...

أتراك

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

 

 

Dardanelos

Estrecho de los Dardanelos Çanakkale Boğazı' - Δαρδανέλλια Área importante para las aves Vista de satélite (NASA).Ubicación geográficaContinente Europa / Asia OccidentalOcéano Mar Egeo - Mar de MármaraCoordenadas 40°12′N 26°24′E / 40.2, 26.4Ubicación administrativaPaís Turquía TurquíaDivisión Región del MármaraSubdivisión Provincia de ÇanakkaleCuerpo de aguaLongitud 61 kmAncho máximo 1,6 km - 6,5 kmProfundidad Media: 50 mCiudades ribere...

 

 

2016年美國總統選舉

2016年美國總統選舉 ← 2012 2016年11月8日 2020 → 538個選舉人團席位獲勝需270票民意調查投票率55.7%[1][2] ▲ 0.8 %   获提名人 唐納·川普 希拉莉·克林頓 政党 共和黨 民主党 家鄉州 紐約州 紐約州 竞选搭档 迈克·彭斯 蒂姆·凱恩 选举人票 304[3][4][註 1] 227[5] 胜出州/省 30 + 緬-2 20 + DC 民選得票 62,984,828[6] 65,853,514[6]...

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

 

 

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

 

Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers 1901 2020-2021

Voce principale: Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers 1901. Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers 1901Stagione 2020-2021Sport calcio Squadra Kickers Offenbach Allenatore Angelo Barletta (1ª-12ª, 14ª, 19ª-20ª) Sreto Ristić (13ª, 15ª-18ª, 21ª-42ª) All. in seconda Ramon Berndroth Dennis Bochow Regionalliga3º posto Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Firat, Zieleniecki, Flauder (42)Totale: Firat, Zieleniecki, Flauder (42) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Fetsch (18)Totale: Fetsch (18) StadioKommt...

Sun Sports Watford F.C.

Association football club in England Football clubSun Sports WatfordFull nameSun Sports Watford Football ClubNickname(s)The SunFounded1901 (as Sun Sports)GroundThe Sun Postal Sports & Social ClubCapacity500 (35 seated)ChairmanJim KempsterLeagueHerts County League2021–22Did not compete Home colours Away colours Sun Sports Watford Football Club are a football club based in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. They were established in 1901 and joined the Herts Senior County League in 1947. The...

 

 

Future State

DC Comics comic book event Future StateThe cover of Future State: Justice League #1 (January 2021, DC Comics), featuring new characters introduced during the storyline. Art by Dan Mora.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFormatMultiple limited seriesGenre Superhero Publication dateJanuary – March 2021Creative teamWritten byMultipleArtist(s)Multiple Future State is a comic book storyline published by DC Comics in January and February 2021,[a] consisting of multiple limited ...

 

 

Katie Aselton

Katie AseltonAselton pada Maret 2015LahirKathryn Aselton1 Oktober 1978 (umur 45)Milbridge, Maine, ASPekerjaanAktris, sutradara/produser filmTahun aktif2001–sekarangSuami/istriMark Duplass ​(m. 2006)​Anak2 Kathryn Katie Aselton (lahir 1 Oktober 1978) adalah seorang aktris, sutradara dan produser film asal Amerika Serikat. Ia menggarap dan beradu peran dalam The Freebie, yang tampil dalam kategori non-kompetisi Next di Festival Film Sundance pada tahun ...

Red Foley

Untuk penulis olahraga, lihat Red Foley (penulis olahraga). Red FoleyInformasi latar belakangNama lahirClyde Julian FoleyNama lainMr. Country MusicLahir(1910-06-17)17 Juni 1910AsalBlue Lick, Kentucky, ASMeninggal19 September 1968(1968-09-19) (umur 58)Fort Wayne, Indiana, ASGenreCountrygospelrockabillyboogierhythm and bluesPekerjaanpenyanyi-penulis lagu, musisi, pembawa acara TV dan radio, aktorInstrumengitar, banjoTahun aktif1930–1968LabelConqueror, Melotone, DeccaArtis terkaitThe Cumb...

 

 

Tokopedia

PT TokopediaLogo TokopediaURLwww.tokopedia.comTipePerdaganganBersifat komersial?YaPendaftaranDiperlukan untuk menjual atau membeliBahasaIndonesia, InggrisPemilikGoTo (25%), TikTok (75%)PembuatWilliam Tanuwijaya dan Leontinus Alpha Edison Berdiri sejak17 Agustus 2009 NegaraIndonesia Peringkat Alexa144 (Dunia, September 2020[update])[1] 8 (Indonesia, September 2020[update])[1]StatusDaring PT Tokopedia merupakan perusahaan teknologi Indonesia dengan misi pemerataa...

 

 

Epicuticular wax

Wax coating on the plant cuticle For the whitish buildup on oil paint known as wax bloom, see efflorescence. Epicuticular wax is a waxy coating which covers the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants. It may form a whitish film or bloom on leaves, fruits and other plant organs. Chemically, it consists of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons with or without a variety of substituted functional groups. The main functions of the epicuticular wax a...

Vin doux naturel

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Vin moelleux, Vin liquoreux ou Vin de liqueur. Maturation du banyuls en dame-jeanne. Le vin doux naturel (parfois désigné par l'abréviation VDN) est un vin muté obtenu par mutage lors de la fermentation alcoolique, le moût en cours de fermentation étant additionné d'alcool éthylique (eau-de-vie de vin essentiellement) pour arrêter sa fermentation afin de conserver sucre résiduel et fruité, tout en augmentant plus ou moins fortement le titre alcoomé...

 

 

鉄筋コンクリート

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。 出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: 鉄筋コンクリート – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL (2012年1月) コンクリートの中に配された鉄筋 鉄筋コ...