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History
Ordination history of; James Aloysius Hickey
Ordained by
History
Priestly ordination
Ordained by	William Murphy
Date	June 15, 1946
Place	Cathedral of Mary of the Assumption, Saginaw, Michigan
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecrator	John Francis Dearden
Co-consecrators	Stephen Aloysius Leven, Stephen Stanislaus Woznicki
Date	April 14, 1967
Michael Joseph Murphy
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by James Aloysius Hickey as principal consecrator
Michael Joseph Murphy	June 11, 1976
Gilbert Ignatius Sheldon	June 11, 1976
Anthony Michael Pilla	August 1, 1979
James Anthony Griffin	August 1, 1979
James Patterson Lyke	August 1, 1979
Álvaro Corrada del Rio	August 4, 1985
Leonard James Olivier	December 20, 1988
William George Curlin	December 20, 1988
Elliot Griffin Thomas	December 12, 1993
William E. Lori	April 20, 1995

Styles of
**James Hickey**
Styles of; James Hickey
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal
See	Washington

His Eminence

James Aloysius Hickey
His Eminence; James Aloysius Hickey
Cardinal; Archbishop of Washington
Church	Roman Catholic Church
See	Archdiocese of Washington
Appointed	June 17, 1980
Installed	August 5, 1980
Term ended	November 21, 2000
Predecessor	William Baum
Successor	Theodore Edgar McCarrick
Other post(s)	Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria Madre del Redentore a Tor Bella Monaca
Previous post(s)	Bishop of Cleveland; (1974–1980) ; Auxiliary Bishop of Saginaw; (1967–1974);
Orders
Ordination	June 15, 1946; by William Murphy
Consecration	April 14, 1967; by John Francis Dearden
Created cardinal	June 28, 1988; by John Paul II
Rank	Cardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born	October 11, 1920; Midland, Michigan, USA
Died	October 24, 2004 (aged 84); Washington, D.C., USA
Buried	Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle
Motto	Veritatem in caritate; (Truth in charity)
Coat of arms

James Aloysius Hickey (October 11, 1920 – October 24, 2004) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Washington from 1980 to 2000, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1988. Hickey previously served as Bishop of Cleveland from 1974 to 1980.

Hickey presided over a significant expansion of social services for the poor and sick in the Washington region by the Archdiocese of Washington. He was also a strong critic of American foreign policy in Nicaragua and El Salvador, and an advocate for nuclear disarmament.

Biography

Early life

James Hickey was born on October 11, 1920, in Midland, Michigan, to James and Agnes (née Ryan) Hickey; he had an older sister, Marie.^[1] James Hickey was a dentist who, during the Great Depression, treated patients who could not pay for their dental care.^[2] At age 13, James Hickey entered St. Joseph Minor Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan.^[1] He graduated as valedictorian from Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit in 1942.^[1] While in the seminary, Hickey helped provide pastoral care to migrant workers.^[3] He then attended The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

Priesthood

Hickey was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Saginaw by Bishop William Murphy on June 15, 1946.^[2] He then served as an associate pastor at St. Joseph's Parish in Saginaw, Michigan until 1947.^[3] Hickey went to Rome in 1947 to further his studies. He earned a Doctor of Canon Law degree from the Pontifical Lateran University in 1950, and a Doctor of Theology degree from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in 1951.^[3]

After returning to Michigan, he served as secretary to Bishop Stephen Woznicki from 1951 to 1966.^[2] He was also the founding rector of St. Paul Seminary. From 1962 to 1965, Hickey attended the Second Vatican Council in Rome as a peritus for Bishop Woznicki.^[2] Hickey was raised to the rank of domestic prelate of his holiness on October 31, 1963.^[2]

Auxiliary Bishop of Saginaw

On February 18, 1967, Hickey was appointed as auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Saginaw and titular bishop of Taraqua by Pope Paul VI.^[4] He received his episcopal consecration on April 14 1957, from Archbishop John Dearden, with Bishops Woznicki and Stephen Leven serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of St. Mary.^[4] Hickey selected as his episcopal motto: Veritatem In Caritate, meaning, "Truth in Charity" (Ephesians 4:15).^[5]

Hickey served as chairman of priestly formation within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) from 1968 to 1969.^[3] In March 1969, he became rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome, where he would oversee the formation of American seminarians for the next five years.^[2]

Bishop of Cleveland

Hickey was named the eighth bishop of the Diocese of Cleveland on May 31, 1974 by Paul VI.^[2] Replacing Bishop Clarence Issenmann, he was installed on July 16 1974.^[4] During his tenure in Cleveland, Hickey was a advocate of racial unity and became active in justice issues involving El Salvador.^[3] In 1980, he traveled to El Salvador to attend the funeral of Archbishop Óscar Romero.^[3] Sister Dorothy Kazel and Jean Donovan, two women whom Hickey had commissioned to serve as missionaries in El Salvador, were later murdered there; he kept their photographs on the wall of his private chapel for the rest of his life.^[3]

Archbishop of Washington

Pope John Paul II appointed Hickey as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Washington on June 17, 1980. During the 1980's, Hickey lobbied members of the United States Congress to stop sending aid to the Contra insurgents in Nicaragua. He also pushed his fellow American bishops to take strong stands against increased military spending and in favor of nuclear disarmament. Hickey was one of the first American bishops to address the issue of sexual abuse by clergy, which would become a nationwide scandal in 2002.^[1]

During the Salvadoran Civil War, Hickey opposed the Reagan administration's support for the military government of El Salvador.^[6] In 1981, Hickey told the US House Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs: "Our position is to oppose military aid and intervention from all outside powers."^[6] He feared a Communist takeover in El Salvador but opposed sending military assistance, believing such weapons would strengthen repressive elements in security forces.^[6] In 1983, Hickey was dispatched by John Paul II on an apostolic visitation to investigate liturgical abuses in the Archdiocese of Seattle, then led by Archbishop Raymond Hunthausen.^[7] Commenting on the visitation, Hickey said, "It wasn't easy, you know."^[7]

Cardinal

John Paul II created Hickey as cardinal priest of Santa Maria Madre del Redentore a Tor Bella Monaca in the consistory of June 28, 1988. At that point, Hickey was one of thirteen Americans in the College of Cardinals. That same year, Hickey was invited to lead a retreat for the pope and his household.^[1] Within the USCCB, Hickey served as chairman of the Committee on Doctrine (1979–81), of the Committee on Human Values (1984–1987), and of the Committee on the Pontifical North American College (1989–1991; 1994–1997).^[3]

Hickey's tenure in Washington D.C. oversaw a significant expansion of Catholic Charities, which became the region's largest private social service agency. He also established:

The Archdiocesan Health Care Network
The Archdiocesan Legal Network, which provides pro bono care for the region's low income residents
Birthing and Care, which provides pre-natal, delivery and post-natal medical care to women in financial need
Faith in the City, an initiative to revitalize inner-city Catholic schools
Victory Housing, which develops assisted and independent living for senior citizens^[3]

In conjunction with Mother Teresa, Hickey also founded a Washington convent of the Missionaries of Charity for the care of the homeless and terminally ill.^[3] He once declared,

"We serve the homeless not because they are Catholic, but because we are Catholic. If we don't care for the sick, educate the young, care for the homeless, then we cannot call ourselves the church of Jesus Christ."^[1]

Hickey resigned as archbishop on November 21, 2000, after twenty years of service.^[4]

Views

In addition to his social activism, Hickey was known for his orthodox views regarding Catholic doctrine.

LBGT ministries

Hickey ordered New Ways Ministry, an unauthorized ministry for LGBT Catholics, to stop any operations on archdiocese property in the early 1980s. He also forced Georgetown University to stop DignityUSA, a national LBGT ministry organization, from celebrating Mass on campus in 1987.^[1]

Liturgical abuses

Hickey complained about liturgical abuses at Holy Trinity Church in Georgetown, even sending then auxiliary bishop William E. Lori to investigate the Jesuit-run parish.^[8]

Contraception and abortion

Hickey halted archdiocesan funding for a crisis pregnancy center in College Park, Maryland, after it declined to stop dispensing contraceptives.^[1]

Dissident clergy

As chancellor of The Catholic University of America, Hickey handled the ouster of theologian Charles Curran from the university's faculty in 1987. Curran had dissented from the church position on contraceptives^[9] In 1989, Hickey excommunicated African-American priest George Stallings, a one-time protégé, after Stallings formed the unauthorized Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation.^[10]

HIV/AIDS

Hickey and Rev. Michael Peterson, a gay psychiatrist dying from AIDS on whom Hickey had relied for advice in treating pedophile priests, wrote a joint letter in 1987 to the American bishops acknowledging Peterson's diagnosis; Hickey wrote,

"Father Peterson's illness reminds us in a personal way of the terrible human tragedy of AIDS in our midst. His suffering challenges us to reach out with renewed conviction and compassion to those with AIDS and their families and friends."

Capital punishment

In early 2000, following on the Pope's calls for Catholics to oppose capital punishment, Hickey appealed to Maryland Governor Parris Glendening to commute the death sentence of Eugene Colvin-El.^[1]

Labor

While Archbishop of Washington, Hickey ordered all large scale building projects in the archdiocese to be union jobs.^[11]

Death

Hickey died at the Jeanne Jugan Home of the Little Sisters of the Poor in Washington, D.C., at age 84.^[2] Following a funeral Mass at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, he was buried in St. Francis Chapel at St. Matthew's Cathedral.^[2] When asked by The Washington Post in 1989 what he would like people to say about him after his death, Hickey replied,

"First, I'd like them to say that he was always loyal to his Church. Second, that he was a friend to Catholic education. And third, if they don't want to say the first two, at least I hope they would chisel on the stone, 'He served the poor.'"^[1]

According to a 2020 Vatican report, Hickey failed to act on credible accusations of sexual abuse against then-Cardinal Theodore McCarrick and continued to offer his support and endorsement to McCarrick. While this assertion assumes the reader never read the 461-page document in which no such accusations were made, any reference to Hickey's supposed support was the following, "He (McCarrick) welcomed prominent prelates to the new Diocese, including Archbishop Laghi,124 Archbishop James A. Hickey,125 Sebastiano Cardinal Baggio,126 and Joseph Cardinal Bernardin ...While the Nunciature has been aware of these accusations, the Nuncio has affirmed that they have been investigated and not substantiated, and is basically convinced that they are not really credible. Nevertheless, this Dicastery would note that, in his letter of April 4, 1994, while Cardinal James Hickey mentions that [McCarrick] should be presumed innocent, he wrote: “All this does not completely eliminate the possibility of some wrongdoing; my counsel is to proceed very slowly and cautiously” ^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Murphy, Caryle (October 25, 2004). "A Steadfast Servant of D.C. Area's Needy". The Washington Post.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Miranda, Salvador. "HICKEY, James Aloysius". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "About Us: James Cardinal Hickey". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "James Aloysius Cardinal Hickey". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
^ "The Coat of Arms of James Cardinal Hickey". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The American Bishops Protest". TIME Magazine. March 8, 1982. Archived from the original on October 15, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Checking Up on "Dutch"". TIME Magazine. November 28, 1983. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
^ Hartford Courant: "Bishop 'Law And Order' Lori Takes The Point" November 13, 2002
^ "Papal Slate". TIME Magazine. June 13, 1988. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010.
^ Cramer, Jerome and Richard N. Ostling (May 14, 1990). "Catholicism's Black Maverick". TIME Magazine. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008.
^ Winters, Michael (November 30, 2020). "The inescapable politics of being Washington's cardinal". National Catholic Reporter.
^ "REPORT ON THE HOLY SEE'S INSTITUTIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND DECISION-MAKING RELATED TO FORMER CARDINAL THEODORE EDGAR MCCARRICK" (PDF). Vatican.va. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Clarence George Issenmann	Bishop of Cleveland 1974–1980	Succeeded by Anthony Michael Pilla
Preceded by William Wakefield Baum	Archbishop of Washington 1980–2000	Succeeded by Theodore Edgar McCarrick