Jack of plate

Jack of plate, English or Scottish, c1590
Jack of plate, English, c1580-90

A jack of plate is a type of armour made up of small iron plates sewn between layers of felt and canvas. They were commonly referred to simply as a "jack" (although this could also refer to any outer garment). This type of armour was used by common Medieval European soldiers as well as by the rebel peasants known as Jacquerie.[1] The present day equivalent is perhaps a bullet-proof vest.[2]

Making a reproduction jack of plate

Similarities with the brigandine

The jack is similar to the brigandine. The main difference is in the method of construction: a brigandine is riveted whereas a jack is sewn. Jacks of plate were created by stitching as many as 1000 small overlapping squares of iron between two canvases.[3] The garments weighed about 17 pounds (7.7 kg), which made them much more acceptable to the wearer than solid breastplates. They also offered a tactical advantage: they allowed soldiers to rest the butts of weapons firmly against their shoulders, which wasn't feasible with smooth-surfaced plate armours. Unlike plate they made no attempt to be bulletproof.[4] Jacks were often made from recycled pieces of older plate armor, including damaged brigandines and cuirasses cut into small squares.[5]

The image opposite shows the internal construction of a reproduction jack being made by a member of The Tudor Group.

Use in Scotland

The jack was particularly favoured in Scotland. After the death of James V of Scotland in December 1542, Cardinal Beaton ordered the keeper of the royal wardrobe John Tennent to give the king's jack of plate to his lawyer Adam Otterburn.[6] In July 1547, James Hamilton, the Regent of Scotland, had a new jack covered with purple taffeta, then changed his mind, choosing purple velvet.[7] During the rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots known as the Chaseabout Raid, it was said in September 1565 that while her husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley wore a gilt corslet or breastplate, the rest of the lords "after their country fashion" wore jacks.[8]

Use in Jamestown

Jacks remained in use as late as the 16th century and were often worn by Scottish border reivers along the Anglo-Scottish border. Although they were obsolete in Britain by the time of the English Civil War, many were taken to the New World by settlers like the Pilgrims because they provided excellent protection from the arrows used by Native Americans. One dating back to 1607 was found on Jamestown Island, the first settlement of the Colony of Virginia, in 2005.[3]

References

  1. ^ Barbara Tuchman. A Distant Mirror. Alfred A. Knopf, NY (1978). p. 155ff.
  2. ^ Jack of Plate | "Archaeologists Uncover Jack of Plate Armor--Historic Jamestowne". Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "Jamestown Rediscovery". historicjamestowne.org. December 2013. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  4. ^ Impey, Edward, ed. (2022). Treasures of the Royal Armouries A Panoply of Arms. Royal Armouries Museum. p. 138. ISBN 9781913013400.
  5. ^ "Jack of plates: Evidence of recycling". Archived from the original on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
  6. ^ Harrison, John G., Wardrobe Inventories of James V (Kirkdale Archaeology/Historic Scotland, 2008), pp. 6, 45 citing BL MC Royal 18 C f.210
  7. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 97-8.
  8. ^ Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 202.
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