Italians in New York City

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Race and ethnicity in New York City
Ethnicities
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New York City has the largest population of Italian Americans in the United States as well as North America, many of whom inhabit ethnic enclaves in Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. New York is home to the third largest Italian population outside of Italy, behind Buenos Aires, Argentina (first) and São Paulo, Brazil (second). Over 2.6 million[1] Italians and Italian-Americans live in the greater New York metro area, with about 800,000 living within one of the five New York City boroughs. This makes Italian Americans the largest ethnic group in the New York metro area.

Fiorello La Guardia was mayor of New York City 1934-1946 as a Republican. A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago saw La Guardia ranked as the best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.[2]

The first Italian to reside in New York was Pietro Cesare Alberti,[3] a Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam that would eventually become New York. A small wave of Protestants, known as Waldensians, who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically Piedmontese), occurred during the 17th century, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.[4] A 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the Duchy of Savoy near Turin, Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith.

The largest wave of Italian immigration to the United States took place in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Between 1820 and 1978, 5.3 million Italians immigrated to the United States, including over two million between 1900 and 1910. However, most planned a short stay to make money, and about half returned to Italy.

Occupations

The Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.[5]

In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a "padrone". For a fee this Italian businessman found jobs and negotiated wages.[6] The Italians earned well below average rates. Their weekly earnings in manufacturing and mining (for the entire national economy) in 1909 came to $9.61 (equal to $333.36 USD in 2024), compared to $13.63 for German immigrants and $11.06 for Poles. A goal of returning to Italy in two years with $200 thus meant saving $2 a week.[7]

Neighborhoods

The first New York neighborhood to be settled by large numbers of Italian immigrants – primarily from Southern Italy (mostly from Sicily) – was East Harlem, which became the first part of the city to be known as "Little Italy". The area, which lies east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets, featured people from different regions of Italy on each cross street, as immigrants from each area chose to live in close proximity to each other.[8]

"Italian Harlem" approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 100,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings.[9] The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second- generation Italian Americans. This was somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side’s Little Italy with 88 percent; Italian Harlem’s total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.[10] Remnants of the neighborhood's Italian heritage are kept alive by the Giglio Society of East Harlem. Every year on the second weekend of August, the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is celebrated and the "Dancing of the Giglio" is performed for thousands of visitors.

After World War II, the original Italian settlements such as East Harlem declined as Italian Americans moved to the North Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn's southern tier. The geographic shift coincided with a new wave of Italian immigration. An estimated 129,000 to 150,000 Italian immigrants entered New York City between 1945 and 1973. Bypassing Manhattan, they settled in Italian American neighborhoods in the outer boroughs and helped reinvigorate Italian culture and community institutions. With the influx of postwar immigrants, Bensonhurst became the largest Italian community in New York City, with 150,000 Italian Americans in the 1980 census.[11]

The best-known "Little Italy" in Manhattan is the area currently called that, which centers around Mulberry Street. This settlement, however, is rapidly becoming part of the adjacent Chinatown as the older Italian residents die and their children move elsewhere. As of the 2000 census, 692,739 New Yorkers reported Italian ancestry, making them the largest European ethnic group in the city.[12] In 2011, the American Community Survey found there were 49,075 persons of Italian birth in New York.[13]

Street vendors at the Feast of San Gennaro in Manhattan's Little Italy.

Italian-American neighborhoods in New York

See also: List of Italian-American neighborhoods

Education

The Italian international private school La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi, serving grades Pre-Kindergarten through 12, is located in Manhattan. It is the sole bilingual English-Italian day school in North America. Despite the large Italian American population, the vast majority of bilingual day schools in North America are French speaking.[14]

Institutions

The Consulate-General of Italy in New York is located in the Upper East Side of Manhattan.[15]

The John D. Calandra Italian American Institute, founded in 1979 and located in Midtown Manhattan, is an academic institute that studies matters pertaining to the history of Italians in the United States.

The Italian American Museum is located in Manhattan's Little Italy. Located in a former bank, Banca Stabile, its current building had a "soft opening" in September 2008,[16] and a formal opening in October.[17]

Churches

Recreation

Columbus Day and the San Gennaro Festival are celebrated in New York.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  2. ^ Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. University Park: PSU Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3.
  3. ^ "Peter Caesar Alberti". Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  4. ^ Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42
  5. ^ Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" American Historical Review 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.
  6. ^ Humbert S. Nelli, "The Italian padrone system in the United States." Labor History 5.2 (1964): 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566408583942
  7. ^ Robert Higgs, "Race, Skills, and Earnings: American Immigrants in 1909" Journal of Economic History 31#2 (1971), pp. 420-428, table on p. 426 online
  8. ^ Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Press, ISBN 141658997X, p.154
  9. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366., p.605 "Their number increased slightly during the 1930s, when as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets."
  10. ^ Meyer,Gerald. "Italian Harlem: America’s Largest and Most Italian Little Italy"
  11. ^ Joseph Sciorra (2015). Built with Faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. University of Tennessee Press. p. xxxii
  12. ^ New York City Department of City Planning (2000). "2000 Census" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  13. ^ New York City Department of City Planning, "The Newest New Yorkers - Characteristics of the City's Foreign Born Population" Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, 2013
  14. ^ "About la scuola Archived 2015-06-23 at the Wayback Machine." La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi. Retrieved on May 2, 2015.
  15. ^ Home Archived 2011-07-02 at the Wayback Machine. Consulate-General of Italy in New York. Retrieved on 15 January 2014. "690, Park Avenue New York, NY 10065"
  16. ^ Mallozzi, Vincent M. "In Little Italy, a Former Bank Will Now Hold Italian Immigrants’ Memories" (Archive). The New York Times. September 8, 2008. Print: September 9, 2008, page B3, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.
  17. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde. "A March Uptown and a Shrine Downtown for Italian Heritage" (Archive). The New York Times. October 14, 2008. Print: October 14, 2008, p. A25, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.

Further reading

  • Baily, Samuel L. "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914." American Historical Review 88.2 (1983): 281-305. online
  • Baily, Samuel L. Immigrants in the lands of promise: Italians in Buenos Aires and New York City, 1870-1914 (Cornell University Press, 1999). online
  • Bayor, Ronald H. Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929-1941 (1988). online
  • Bertellini, Giorgio. "Duce/Divo: Masculinity, Racial Identity, and Politics among Italian Americans in 1920s New York City." Journal of Urban History 31.5 (2005): 685-726. online
  • Binder, Frederick M., and David M. Reimers. All the nations under heaven: An ethnic and racial history of New York City (Columbia University Press, 1995), passim.
  • Cannisttato, Philip V. ed. The Italians of New York (New York Historical Society, 1999). online chapter on film, 13 articles by experts
  • Cinotto, Simone. The Italian American table: food, family, and community in New York City (U of Illinois Press, 2013) online.
  • Cohen, Miriam. "Changing education strategies among immigrant generations: New York Italians in comparative perspective." Journal of Social History 15.3 (1982): 443-466. online
  • Cohen, Miriam. Workshop to office: two generations of Italian women in New York City, 1900-1950 (Cornell UP, 1993) [1].
  • Critchley, David F. The origin of organized crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 (Routledge, 2008).
  • Dainotto, Roberto M. The Mafia: A Cultural History (2015)
  • Friedman-Kasaba, Kathie. Memories of migration: Gender, ethnicity, and work in the lives of Jewish and Italian women in New York, 1870-1924 (State University of New York Press, 2012) online.
  • Gabaccia, Donna R. From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930 (1984), New York
  • Gans, Herbert J. Urban Villagers (1982), sociological study online
  • Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (MIT Press, 1970). online
  • Guglielmo, Jennifer. Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945 (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2010) online.
  • Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale UP, 1995).
  • Kessner, Thomas, and Betty Boyd Caroli. "New immigrant women at work: Italians and Jews in New York City, 1880-1905." Journal of Ethnic Studies 5.4 (1978): 19.
  • Kessner, Thomas. The Golden Door: Italian and Jewish Immigrant Mobility in New York City, 1880-1915 (1977), on getting better jobs
  • Haiier, Hermann W. "Italian in New York" in The multilingual apple: languages in New York City (2011): 119+.
  • Mangano, Antonio. "The associated life of the Italians in New York City." International Migration Review 6.1_suppl (1972): 106-112. online
  • Mariano, John Horace. The second generation of Italians in New York City (1921) online
  • Marraro, Howard R. "Italians in New York during the first half of the nineteenth century." New York History 26.3 (1945): 278-306. online
  • Marraro, Howard R. "Italians in New York in the Eighteen Fifties: Part I." New York History 30.2 (1949): 181-203. online
  • Model, Suzanne. "A comparative perspective on the ethnic enclave: Blacks, Italians, and Jews in New York City." International Migration Review 19.1 (1985): 64-81. online
  • Model, Suzanne. "The effects of ethnicity in the workplace on Blacks, Italians, and Jews in 1910 New York." Journal of Urban History 16.1 (1989): 29-51.
  • Moses, Paul. An unlikely union: The love-hate story of New York's Irish and Italians (NYU Press, 2017) online.
  • Odencrantz, Louise Christine. Italian women in industry: A study of conditions in New York City (Russell Sage Foundation, 1919) online.
  • Orsi, Robert A. The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950. (Yale UP, 1985) online 3rd ed. 2010
  • Pozzetta, George Enrico. "The Italians of New York City, 1890-1914" (PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971)  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1971. 7210760.
  • Rieder, Jonathan. Canarsie: the Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against liberalism (Harvard UP, 1985) online.
  • Russo, Nicholas John. "Three generations of Italians in New York City: their religious acculturation." International Migration Digest 3.2 (1969): 3-17.
  • Sciorra, Joseph. Built with Faith: Italian American Immigration and Catholic Material Culture in New York City (U of Tennessee Press, 2015) [Sciorra, Joseph. Built with faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015. online]