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There are two main holidays in Islam that are celebrated by Muslims worldwide: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The timing of both holidays are set by the lunar Islamic calendar, which is based upon the cycle of the moon, and so is different from the more common, European, solar-based Gregorian calendar. Every year, the Gregorian dates of the Islamic holidays change.

Both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha follow a period of 10 holy days or nights: the last 10 nights of Ramadan for Eid al-Fitr, and the first 10 days of Dhu al-Hijjah for Eid al-Adha. The Night of Power (Arabic: لیلة القدر, romanized: Laylat al-Qadr), one of the last 10 nights of Ramadan, is the holiest night of the year.^{[citation needed]} Conversely, the Day of Arafah, the day before Eid al-Adha, is the holiest day of the Islamic year.^{[citation needed]}

There are a number of other days of note as well as festivals, some common to all Muslims, others specific to Shia Islam or branches thereof.

Additionally, Friday is considered the holiest day of the week, and in Islamic tradition, is considered a celebration in itself. Friday Prayers (Juma) are congregational prayers held in mosques, and Muslims are encouraged to wear clean and refined clothes, perfume, and bathe. It is customary to eat special meals with family on this day.

Holidays

Eid al-Fitr is celebrated at the end of Ramadan (a month of fasting during daylight hours), and Muslims may perform acts of zakat (charity) on the occasion, which begins after the new moon is sighted for the beginning of the month of Shawwal. Celebration begins with prayers on the morning of 1 Shawwal, followed by breakfast, and often celebratory meals throughout the day.

Eid al-Adha is celebrated on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, when the Hajj pilgrimage takes place which lasts for four days. Muslims may perform an act of zakat and friendship by slaughtering a sheep or cow and distributing the meat to family, friends, and the poor. Muslims are also encouraged to be especially friendly and reach out to one another during this period.^[1]

Religious practices

Fasting

Muslims celebrate when they believe the Quran was first revealed to Muhammed by fasting from dawn to sunset during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.^[2] Fasting is considered a purifying experience so that Muslims can gain compassion and deepen their faith in God.^[3] Those with certain health conditions such as diabetes, and children are exempt from fasting. Travelers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby, are exempt from fasting but are required to fast later.^{[citation needed]}

Pilgrimage

Hajj

Umrah

Eid

Dates of holidays and other days of note

The Islamic calendar is based on the synodic period of the Moon's revolution around the Earth, approximately 291⁄2 days. The Islamic calendar alternates months of 29 and 30 days (which begin with the new moon). Twelve of these months make up an Islamic year, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year. Some Gregorian dates may vary slightly from those given, and may also vary by country. See Islamic calendar.^[4]^[5]

Holiday name	Hijri date	1446 AH
Islamic New Year	1 Muḥarram	7 July 2024
Ashura	10 Muḥarram	17 July 2024
Arbaʽeen^[a]	20 or 21 Ṣafar^[b]	26 Aug. 2024
Akhiri Chahar Shambah^[c]	Last Wednesday of Ṣafar
Eid-e-Shuja' (Eid-e-Zahra)^[d]	9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal
Mawlid an-Nabī (Birthday of Muhammad)^[e]	12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal	15 Sep. 2024
Baptism of Muhammad^[f]	19 Rabī‘ al-Awwal	22 Sep. 2024
Beginning the Three Holy Months	1 Rajab
Laylat al-Raghaib	2 Rajab
Birthday of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib^[a]	13 Rajab
Laylat al-Mi'raj	26 Rajab or 27 Rajab^[g]
Laylat al-Bara'at	15 Sha‘bān
Birthday of Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī^[d]	15 Sha‘bān
First day of Ramaḍān	1 Ramaḍān
Laylat al-Qadr	21, 23, 25, 27, or 29 Ramaḍān^[h]
Chaand Raat^[i]	29 or 30 Ramaḍān^[j]
Eid al-Fitr	1 Shawwāl	30 March 2025
Hajj	8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja
Day of Arafah	9 Dhū al-Ḥijja	5 June 2025
Eid al-Adha	10 Dhū al-Ḥijja	6 June 2025
Eid al-Ghadeer^[a]	18 Dhū al-Ḥijja
Eid al-Mubahalah^[a]	24 Dhū al-Ḥijja

Notes to table

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Primarily observed by Shias.
^ Observed 40 days after Ashura.
^ Primarily observed by Muslims in Iran and Indian subcontinent.
^ ^a ^b Primarily observed by Twelver Shias.
^ Not observed by Wahhabis, Deobandis and Ahl-i-Hadith
^ Mostly observed in the Sahel
^ There is some disagreement about this date; see Isra and Mi'raj.
^ Most often observed on 23 Ramaḍān by Shias and 27 Ramaḍān by Sunnis; see Laylat al-Qadr.
^ Primarily observed in South Asia.
^ Observed on the last evening of Ramaḍān; see Chaand Raat.

References

^ الشحيمي, محمد (2014). العيد فرحة وآداب. دبي، الامارات العربية المتحدة: دائرة الشؤون الإسلامية والعمل الخيري. ISBN 978-9948-499-99-2.
^ Reza, Aslan (2011). No god but God : the origins and evolution of Islam (1st ed.). New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 9780385739757. OCLC 614990718.
^ Molly., Aloian (2009). Ramadan. New York: Crabtree. ISBN 978-0778742852. OCLC 227911610.
^ "Islamic Calendar". IslamicFinder. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^ "Special Islamic Days". IslamicFinder. Retrieved 12 September 2020.