Iryna Farion

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Dmytrivna and the family name is Farion.

Iryna Farion
Ірина Фаріон
Farion in 2015
People's Deputy of Ukraine
In office
12 December 2012[1] – 27 November 2014[2]
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byIryna Podoliak
ConstituencyLviv Oblast, No. 116
Personal details
Born(1964-04-29)29 April 1964
Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Died19 July 2024(2024-07-19) (aged 60)
Lviv, Ukraine
Manner of deathAssassination by gunshot
Political partySvoboda
Children1
Alma materLviv University
OccupationProfessor, politician, philologist
Awards
  • Oleksa Hirnyk Prize
  • Borys Hrinchenko Prize
WebsiteOfficial website

Iryna Dmytrivna Farion (Ukrainian: Ірина Дмитрівна Фаріон, pronounced [iˈrɪnɐ ˈdmɪtrʲiu̯nɐ fɐrʲiˈɔn]; 29 April 1964 – 19 July 2024) was a Ukrainian linguist and nationalist politician who served as a deputy in the Verkhovna Rada from 2012 to 2014 as a member of Svoboda.[3][4] She was a professor at the Department of Ukrainian Language at Lviv Polytechnic's Institute of Humanitarian and Social Sciences.[5]

She was known for her campaigns to promote the Ukrainian heritage language learning as a part of decolonisation,[6][7] and for her vocal criticism of Ukrainians who spoke Russian.[8]

Farion was assassinated outside of her home on 19 July 2024.[9]

Early life and education

Iryna Dmytrivna Farion was born 29 April 1964 in Lviv.[10] Her mother was a teacher and her father was a plumber.[11]

Farion graduated from the philology department of Lviv University in 1987. Until 1991, she was head of the center of Ukrainian studies at Lviv University.[11] In 1996, she defended her doctoral thesis in philology at Lviv University.[10][a][12]

Academic career

Farion has been noted by Ukrainian academics for her efforts to promote the use of the Ukrainian language.[6] Among her scientific works are at least four monographs and 200 articles.[13] From 1990 to 1995 Farion worked as an hourly teacher at the Department of Languages of the Lviv State Institute of Applied Arts (now the Lviv National Academy of Arts), where she taught Ukrainian as a foreign language, language culture, and Ukrainian literature from the 11th to the 20th centuries. Then, in 1998 – 2004, Farion headed the language commission of Prosvita. From 1998, she initiated and organized the annual student competition "Language is a foundation of your life" (Ukrainian: Мова – твого життя основа, romanized: Mova – tvoho zhyttya osnova).[13] In 2004, she received the Oleksa Hirnyk Literature Award.[14] From 1990 to 1995 she taught Ukrainian literature and Ukrainian at the Lviv National Academy of Arts. She defended her higher doctoral dissertation in 2015.[b][11] Farion was awarded numerous awards for her academic and educational activities, including the All-Ukrainian Borys Grinchenko Prize.[11]

Farion wrote about the present state and oppression of the Ukrainian language, her most significant work being Language Norm: Destruction, Search, Restoration (Culture of Speech of Public Figures),[15] a monograph that had three editions, dedicated to the evolution of language norms and the reasons for the distortion of the Ukrainian language norm in the 20th century.[6]

Farion also wrote extensively about the history of the Ukrainian language, one of her main works being The Social Status of the Old Ukrainian (Russian) Language in the 14th-17th Centuries: Linguistic Consciousness, Linguistic Reality, Linguistic Perspective, where she rehabilitated the term Old Ukrainian language and argued that the mission of the language is to create a nation and a state.[16][6][17][18]

She dedicated monographs and essays to important figures in the history of the Ukrainian language, among which are Father Markian Shashkevich - Ukrainian Language Creator[19] (2007)[6] and Linguistic Portrait of Ivan Pulyui (According to the Letters of the Thinker)[20] (2017).[6]

She was involved in several educational projects about the Ukrainian language and culture during her lifetime. One of them, the project "From the book to the goal" that she started in 2011 was aimed at youth with the aim of popularizing Ukrainian books.[21][22][23]

Political career

Communist party

During Farion's college years, she was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the only student of Lviv University being in the Communist Party. Farion at first denied membership within the Communist Party,[24] but later, she claimed that she could not have such a career without joining the party; Farion also stated that she joined the party to "destroy it from within".[25][11] Having joined the party, she published the newspaper dedicated to Ukrainian USSR political prisoner Vasyl Stus, and was accused of nationalism by a party group.[6]

As a People's Deputy

Farion was a member of the Ukrainian nationalist far-right Svoboda party since 2005.[26]

In 2006, Farion balloted for People's Deputy of Ukraine mandate from the Svoboda party of which she was a member of.[27] At the same time she also successfully balloted to the Lviv regional council, where Farion was a deputy chairperson of the commission on education and science.[10] In 2010, she won in a majoritarian electoral district of Lviv.[citation needed]

Official parliamentary photograph of Farion in 2012

In the 2012 parliamentary election, Farion was elected into parliament after winning a constituency in Lviv Oblast.[28] From 2013, she served as the head of the parliamentary subcommittee on higher education in science and education.[10] In 2014, Farion became the first deputy chairperson of the committee on science and education.[10]

In the 2014 parliamentary election, Farion again tried to win a constituency seat in Lviv, but failed this time having finished third in her constituency with approximately 16% of the vote.[29]

In July 2015, the Investigative Committee of Russia filed a criminal case against Farion on the charges of "incitement to murder" and "extremist statements" that she allegedly made on a public rally on 15 October 2014.[30]

In the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Farion again failed to return to parliament after finishing fifth with 10.35% of the vote in electoral district 116 in Lviv Oblast.[31]

Lviv Polytechnic scandal

In November 2023, Farion stated in an interview that "there is no Russian-speaking population, there are Ukrainians, and there are Katsaps";[32] she also said that she would not consider Russian-speaking fighters of the Azov Brigade to be Ukrainian.[33][34] Farion also published a letter by a supporter in the occupied Crimean Peninsula;[34] she did not blur his name, causing him to be detained by Russian authorities.[35] This caused public outrage, including criticism from politician Tamila Tasheva,[36][37] and student protests at Lviv Polytechnic, but the institute refused to fire her.[5] Farion later appealed to the president and defence minister to "take measures" against Azov fighters who criticized her.[38] The incident led to Ukraine's human rights ombudsman to say that he had asked the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) to open an investigation.[34] On 15 November, the SBU opened an investigation against her on the counts of discrimination, insulting the dignity of a serviceman, violation of confidentiality of correspondence, and breach of inviolability of private life,[39][36] and she was relieved of her position at Lviv Polytechnic.[5][40] She was reinstated at Lviv Polytechnic in May 2024.[41]

Assassination

On 19 July 2024, at around 19:30 (EEST), Farion was shot in Lviv.[9] The attacker was described to be a young man of about 20–25 years of age; according to Farion's neighbours, they had noticed him in the morning, waiting near her home.[42][43] She was immediately admitted to the hospital in the emergency department with a gunshot wound to the head in an "extremely serious" condition.[44][45] At around 23:00 EEST on the same day, doctors at the hospital announced that she was comatose and on life support. She died around 23:20,[46] at the age of 60.[42][47][48]

Ukraine's interior minister Ihor Klymenko stated that the murder was premeditated and the main motives the investigators were considering were either her political and social activity or a personal dislike.[49][4][50]

Suspect

On 25 July 2024, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced the arrest of the suspected gunman in Dnipro, Vyacheslav Zinchenko, an 18-year-old male.[51][52][53] The suspect was following several far-right and neo-Nazi Telegram channels including Yevhen Karas' S14 and Right Sector, and was trying to enlist in the 3rd Assault Brigade.[54] Zinchenko denied any responsibility in the murder of Farion.[55] The suspect's father, who was fighting on the Ukrainian front line, said his son did not have anti-Ukrainian views and was a patriot who was preparing to join the army.[56] The father also stated that his son is a supporter of a mono-ethnic Ukrainian state, and that in 2022 he became a member of the "Right Youth" movement, the youth organization of Right Sector.[57] According to the suspect's mother, her son is an admirer of Stepan Bandera, speaks good Ukrainian, and therefore the accusations against him are just a "political game".[58]

Earlier that day, the Russian National Socialism / White Power group, considered a terrorist group in Russia, allegedly claimed responsibility for the murder.[59] The video of the murder claim contains the recording of the alleged moment of the shooting and is embedded at the end of a long video entitled "Manifesto of a Ukrainian Autonomous Revolutionary Racist".[60]

Investigation

In July 2024, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine reported that the investigation in the case of the murder found a shell of a sports bullet at the scene. It also reported that the police headed out to the scene of the crime right after being informed about the shooting. Klymenko was present at the crime scene at night himself.[61]

Funeral

Farion's memorial service was held in Lviv on 21 July.[62] Reports on the number of mourners varied from several hundred to over five thousand. She was buried in the Lychakiv Cemetery, near singer-songwriter Volodymyr Ivasyuk.[63][64][65][66]

Reactions

Zelenskyy expressed his condolences to her family.[67] The head of the Lviv regional administration and the mayor of Lviv, Maksym Kozytskyi and Andriy Sadovyi, also expressed their condolences to her family.[68] Mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko called her murder "a provocation and a challenge to the law enforcement system, democracy and stability in the country", while former president Viktor Yushchenko called Farion's murder "a calculated special operation of the enemy."[69][70]

Farion's political party, Svoboda, accused the Russian government of organizing her death.[71] Journalist Ostap Drozdov called her murder "a bullet for every [Ukrainian] patriot".[72] Politician Yaroslav Yurchyshyn called for the banning of Russian-affiliated religious organizations, stating it would be the "best immediate tribute to Iryna Farion's memory."[23]

Multiple public figures, including rapper Oleksandr Yarmak, singers Maria Burmaka, Iryna Fedyshyn and Khrystyna Soloviy, TV presenter Olha Freimut, actor Rymma Zyubina and writer Oksana Zabuzhko wrote tributes to Farion.[73] Farion's daughter called for a monument to be placed on Masaryk Street where she was shot, and to rename the street to "Iryna Farion Street".[74][75]

Political views

Farion in 2015 at Bandera Readings [uk]

According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, "Iryna Farion's extreme nationalist views have long made the Lviv linguist and Svoboda [Freedom] Party politician a controversial figure."[34] Farion has been characterized as far-right.[8][76][77]

From 2014 to 2019, Farion hosted the historical programme "The Greatness of the Individual", with the aim of popularising Stepan Bandera in Ukraine.[78]

Farion welcomed the murder of journalist Oles Buzina in April 2015, calling him a "degenerate" and "scumbag".[79][80]

In 2017 she accused Ukrainian TV presenter Dmitry Gordon on air of being an FSB agent.[78] In March 2019, in response to journalist Dmitry Gordon's criticism of Stepan Bandera, Farion called Gordon an enemy and wished him a "torturous death". For this, she was harshly criticized by the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine.[81]

In October of 2018, Farion called ethnic Hungarians in Zakarpattia Oblast "retards" and suggested that they "go back to Hungary",[82][83] while comparing them to "dogs who cannot learn the language of Bandera".[83]

Opposition to Russian language in Ukraine

In February 2010, on International Mother Language Day, Farion was filmed instructing kindergartners to avoid using Russian names.[84][85] In one instance, she tells them to "go where the Mashas live" if they wanted to be called Masha; a video of the incident was aired on Russian state television and was widely criticized.[86][87] The incident was also widely discussed and criticized in the Ukrainian media.[88] One deputy from the Party of Regions asked the Prosecutor General of Ukraine to file a criminal case against her on the grounds of language-based and nationality-based discrimination.[11]

In June 2010, Farion stated: "We have 14% of Ukrainians who indicated that their native language is Russian, that is, the language of the occupier. This indicates a terrible mutation of their consciousness. These are 5 million Ukrainian degenerates. And they need to be saved". Farion also suggested that Ukrainians who do not know the Ukrainian language should be imprisoned.[89] That year she also called for a campaign to "punch every Russian-speaking person in the jaw".[4]

In 2017, she urged against giving jobs and education to those who do not speak Ukrainian.[78]

In April 2018, Farion called Russian-speaking Ukrainians "mentally retarded" and claimed that they had caused the Russo-Ukrainian War.[90] Later in 2019 she emphasized that the Russian-speaking population of Eastern Ukraine are the "authors of the war" because "if there were no such [Russian speakers], Putin would have no one to protect",[91] referring to Russian propaganda narrative of protecting Russian speakers in Ukraine.[92]

Personal life

Farion was married to Ostap Semchyshyn; they had a daughter and were divorced.[93] As of 2022, her daughter was a member of the Lviv City Council.[94] Farion had two grandchildren.[46]

Awards and nominations

  • 2001: Certificate of honor named after the president of the NTSH Mykhailo Hrushevskyi from the Board of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in America for "tireless academic activity in the field of Ukrainian studies".
  • 2004: laureate of the "Oleksa Hirnyk International League of Ukrainian Patrons Award" for "national and patriotic education of youth".
  • 2008: Borys Hrinchenko Prize [uk].[95]
  • 2010: diploma from the UOC KP for scientific activity, in particular for the monograph "Father Markian Shashkevych — ukrainian languagemaker".[96]
  • 2013: laureate of the International award of the League of Ukrainian Patrons named after Dmytro Nytchenko "For an unerring position in life, for fighting qualities and for rank", for the project "From the book to the goal"[97]
  • 2014: Certificate of Honor of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for a "significant contribution to the development of national education, improvement of the modern legal framework of education and science" (Decree No. 362 dated 19 June 2014).
  • 2016: laureate of the Ivan Ohiyenko Prize for "scientific advancements" for the monograph "The social status of the Old Ukrainian (Rusyn) language in the 14th – 17th centuries: linguistic consciousness, linguistic validity, linguistic perspective".
  • 2021: laureate of the "Regional award for employees of scientific institutions and institutions of higher education" from the Lviv Regional State Administration.[98]
  • 2022: «Certificate of honor for special merits» from the Lviv Polytechnic University.[99]
  • 2023: laureate of the Borys Hrinchenko Prize [uk]  for educational activities.[100]

Publications

Monographs

  • Українські прізвищеві назви Прикарпатської Львівщини наприкінці XVIII — початку XIX століття (з етимологічним словником)[Ukrainian family names of the Carpathian Lviv Region at the end of 18th – beginning of 19th centuries (with etymological dictionary)]. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of folklore studies. "Litopys". Lviv, 2001.[101]
  • Антропонімійна система Верхньої Наддністрянщини кінця XVIII — початку XIX ст. (прізвищеві назви)[Antroponymy system of the Upper Dniester region at the end of 18th – beginning of 19th centuries (family names)]. Franko State University. Lviv, 1996 (Ph.D. thesis).[102]
  • Мова — краса і сила: Суспільно-креативна роль української мови в ХІ — середині XIX ст[Language — beauty and force; societally-creative role of the Ukrainian language in 11th – middle of 19th centuries]. 168 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2007 ISBN 978-966-553-586-7
  • Отець Маркіян Шашкевич — український мовотворець. Лінгвістичний феномен на тлі світового романтизму[Father Markian Shashkevych — ukrainian languagemaker. Linguistic phenomen in the background of worldwide romantism]. 136 pages, "Svichado" publishing, 2007 ISBN 978-966-395-121-8
  • Правопис — корсет мови?: Український правопис як культурно-політичний вибір[Spelling — the language's corset?: Ukrainian spelling as a cultural and a political choice]. 115 pages, St. John's Lavra Monastery, "Svichado" publishing, 2004 ISBN 966-561-328-6
  • Степан Бандера — практик, теоретик, містик націоналістичного руху. Лекція Ірини Фаріон з нагоди столітнього ювілею Провідника[Stepan Bandera — practitioner, theoretician, mystician of the nationalist movement. Lecture by Iryna Farion on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Guide]. 32 pages + CD-disk, Ivano-Frankivsk "Місто НВ", 2009 ISBN 978-966-428-123-9
  • Мовна норма: знищення, пошук, віднова[Language Norm: Destruction, Search, Restoration (Culture of Speech of Public Figures)]. 336 pages + CD-disk, Ivano-Frankivsk "Місто НВ", 2010 ISBN 978-966-428-138-3
  • Афоризми та сентенції Юрія Іллєнка Криниця для спраглих[Aphorisms and maxims of Yuri Illenko, A fountain for the thirsty](Author of the idea, compiler and literary editor Iryna Farion, along with Lyudmyla Illyenko, Pylyp Illyenko, Andrii Illyenko), 160 pages, Ivano-Frankivsk "Місто НВ", 2010 ISBN 978-966-428-169-7
  • Суспільний статус староукраїнської (руської) мови у ХIV—ХVII століттях: мовна свідомість, мовна дійсність, мовна перспектива[The social status of the Old Ukrainian (Rusyn) language in the 14th – 17th centuries: linguistic consciousness, linguistic validity, linguistic perspective]. 656 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-617-607-718-3
  • Мовний портрет Івана Пулюя (за листами мислителя)[Language portrait of Ivan Pulyuy (based on the thinker's letters)]. 215 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2017 ISBN 978-966-941-076-4
  • Мовна норма: пошук істини. Посібник[Language norm: the search for truth. Manual]. 255 pages, Ivano-Frankivsk "Місто НВ", 2017 ISBN 978-966-428-517-6[103]

Monographs with other authors

  • Slovo v kultuře a kultura ve slově: Kolektivni monografie / prof. Alla Arkhanhelska, DrSc. Vydala a vytiskla Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci[The word in culture and culture in the word]. Collective monograph prof. Alla Arkhanhelska, DrSc. Published and printed by Palacký University in Olomouc, 2014. (pages 215—229)
  • Українознавство в персоналіях — у системі вищої медичної освіти[Ukrainian studies in personalities - in the system of higher medical education. Monograph. The third book]. (pages 316—335) Ivano-Frankivsk, 2019 ISBN 978-966-428-498-8
  • Український науковий термін: діахронний контекст. Монографія[Ukrainian scientific term: diachronic context. Monograph]. (pages 50—71) Halytska Publishing Union, Lviv, 2019 ISBN 978-617-7809-05-9
  • Українська реальність крізь призму терміна: монографія[Ukrainian reality through the prism of the term: monograph]. (pages 47–93) Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2019 ISBN 978-966-941-414-4
  • Термінологічна актуалізація української мовної дійсности: монографія[Terminological actualization of the Ukrainian linguistic reality: a monograph]. (pages 5–59) Halytska Publishing Union, Lviv, 2020 ISBN 978-617-7809-53-0
  • Українознавство в персоналіях — у системі вищої медичної освіти. Монографія. Книга п'ята. Івано-Франківськ[Ukrainian studies in personalities - in the system of higher medical education. Monograph. Book five]. (pages 185—215) Ivano-Frankivsk, 2022
  • Полігранна філологія без кордонів: колективна монографія[Multifaceted philology without borders: a collective monograph]. (pages 127—141) Ivanchenka publishing, Kharkiv, 2022
  • Wrocławska Ukrainistyka. Lingua — Litterae — Sermo[Wroclaw Ukrainian Studies. Lingua — Litterae — Sermo. Collective monograph]. (pages 79—90) Atut Publishing House — Oświatwe publishing, Wrocław, 2022
  • Мовознавча комісія НТШ. З історії людей та ідей[Linguistic Commission of the National Academy of Sciences. From the history of people and ideas]. Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2023.[104]
  • Англізми і протианглізми: 100 історій слів у соціоконтексті[Englishisms and anti-Englishisms: 100 stories of words in social context]. 714 pages, Iryna Farion, Halyna Pomyluyko-Nedashkivska, Anna Bordovska, "Svichado" publishing, Lviv, 2023 ISBN 978-617-7809-53-0[105]

Published under scientific editorship and others

  • Петро Билина. Війна кличе. Стань переможцем! Нотатки на полях російсько-української війни. Iryna Farion as a foreword author and editor. 168 pages, Kyiv: Ukrainian Priority, 2017.
  • Проблеми української термінології: зб. наук. пр. учасників XV Міжнар. наук. конф. «Проблеми укр. термінології СловоСвіт 2018», 83 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing. ISBN 978-966-941-210-2
  • Добірка студій професора Михайла Худаша: історична ономастика, мовні портрети, спогади. За науковою редакцією І. Д. Фаріон. 440 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-966-941-336-9.
  • Наука своєю мовою — нездоланна твердиня. Збірник матеріялів відкритих Пулюївських читань / науковий редактор: І. Д. Фаріон. 215 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-966-941-300-0.
  • Фаріон Ірина Дмитрівна: Біобібліографічний показник: / Упор. О. Микитюк, Л. Харчук, І. Ментинська. 168 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2019. ISBN 978-966-941-319-2.
  • Щастя бути сильним. Афоризми та сентенції Дмитра Донцова. Автор ідеї та укладач: Оксана Микитюк. Науковий консультант: Ірина Фаріон. 392 pages, Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2021.
  • Проблеми української термінології: зб. наук. праць учасників XVII Наук. онлайн-конф. СловоСвіт 2022, 6–8 жовт. 2022 р. / Головний редактор: Ірина Фаріон. — Lviv Polytechnic publishing, 2022. ISBN 978-966-941-755-8

Notes

  1. ^ Candidate of Sciences.
  2. ^ Doctor of Sciences.

References

  1. ^ You Scratch My Back, and I'll Scratch Yours Archived 12 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Ukrainian Week (26 September 2012)
  2. ^ CEC registers 357 newly elected deputies of 422 Archived 4 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, National Radio Company of Ukraine (25 November 2014)
    Parliament to form leadership and coalition on November 27 Archived 1 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (26 November 2014)
  3. ^ "Controversial ex-MP fired from her university post". The Kyiv Independent. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Popeski, Ron; Kozhukhar, Olexander (19 July 2024). "Gunman wounds nationalist former parliamentarian in Ukraine's Lviv". Reuters. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "Ірину Фаріон звільнили з "Львівської політехніки": що відомо" (in Ukrainian). Suspilne. 15 November 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Микитюк, Оксана Романівна; Харчук, Лілія Валеріївна; Ментинська, Ірина Богданівна (2019). Фаріон Ірина Дмитрівна: доктор філологічних наук, професор : біобібліографічний показник (in Ukrainian). Vydavnyctvo Lʹvivsʹkoï politechniky. pp. 6–10. ISBN 978-966-941-319-2.
  7. ^ ""Загинула за українську мову в Україні": спогади колег та львів'ян про Ірину Фаріон". Суспільне Мовлення.
  8. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (20 July 2024). "Divisive Far-Right Politician in Ukraine Is Fatally Shot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. A gunman shot and killed a far-right Ukrainian politician who stirred controversy with campaigns to promote the Ukrainian language and discredit Russian-speaking compatriots, the authorities say.
  9. ^ a b Denisova, Kateryna (19 July 2024). "Former Ukrainian MP Iryna Farion dies in Lviv after assassination attempt". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Большая патриотка или "агент Кремля"? Кто такая Ирина Фарион и почему вокруг нее постоянно скандалы". РБК-Украина (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Kobzar, Yuri (20 July 2024). "От КПСС до радикального национализма: какой была Ирина Фарион" [From the Communist Party to radical nationalism: who was Iryna Farion]. UNIAN (in Russian). Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  12. ^ "Фаріон, Ірина Дмитрівна in library catalog". Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  13. ^ a b Kopytko, Vasilina (19 July 2024). "Кто такая Ирина Фарион: от коммунистки 80-х до националистки и борца за украинский язык" [Who is Iryna Farion: from a communist of the 80s to a nationalist and fighter for the Ukrainian language]. RBC-Ukraine (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
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