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Iranian plateau

Persian plateau
Iranian plateau Persian plateau
Plateau
	Topographic map of the Iranian plateau, connected to the Armenian highlands and Anatolia in the west, and to the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas in the east
Location	Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia (including the South Caucasus)
Part of	Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Baluchistan), and Turkmenistan
Geology	Eurasian plate
Area
• Total	3,700,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)
Dimensions
• Length	2,000 km (1,200 mi)
Highest elevation	7,492 m (24,580 ft) (Noshaq)

The Iranian plateau^[1] or Persian plateau^[2]^[3] is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian plate, and is wedged between the Arabian plate and the Indian plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the southeast.

As a historical region, it includes Parthia, Media, Persis, and some of the previous territories of Greater Iran.^[4] The Zagros form the plateau's western boundary, and its eastern slopes may also be included in the term. The Encyclopædia Britannica excludes "lowland Khuzestan" explicitly^[5] and characterizes Elam as spanning "the region from the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian Plateau".^[6]

From the Caspian in the northwest to the Suleiman mountains in the southeast, the Iranian Plateau extends for close to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). It encompasses a large part of Iran, all of Afghanistan, and the parts of Pakistan that are situated to the west of the Indus River,^{[note 2]} covering an area of some 3,700,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi) In spite of being called a plateau, it is far from flat, and contains several mountain ranges; its highest point is Noshaq in the Hindu Kush at 7,492 metres (24,580 ft), and its lowest point is the Lut Desert to the east of Kerman, Iran, at below 300 metres (980 ft).

Geology

In geology, the plateau region of Iran primarily formed from the accretionary Gondwanan terranes between the Turan platform to the north and the Main Zagros Thrust; the suture zone between the northward moving Arabian plate and the Eurasian continent is the Iranian plateau. It is a geologically well-studied area because of general interest in continental collision zones, and because of Iran's long history of research in geology, particularly in economic geology.

Geography

The Iranian plateau in geology refers to a geographical area north of the great folded mountain belts resulting from the collision of the Arabian plate with the Eurasian plate. In this definition, the Iranian plateau does not cover southwestern Iran.

The plateau extends from East Azerbaijan province in northwest of Iran (Persia) all the way to Afghanistan and Pakistan west of the Indus River. It also includes smaller parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Iraqi Kurdistan, and Turkmenistan.

The northwestern Iranian plateau, where the Pontic and Taurus Mountains converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian sub-plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Mount Ararat, at 5,137 meters (16,854 ft) the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Lake Van is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters (5,072 ft).

The headwaters of major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras River flows into the Caspian Sea, and the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before flowing into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that flow into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains. The Indus River begins in the highlands of Tibet and flows the length of Pakistan almost tracing the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau.

Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 meters (2,600 ft) in the north to about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley are the main crops of the region.

Mountain ranges

The plateau's mountain ranges can be divided into five major subregions:^[7]

Northwest Iranian Ranges

Alborz
- Damavand 5,610 m (18,410 ft)

Southwest Iranian Ranges

Zagros
- Dena 4,409 m (14,465 ft)

Central Iranian plateau

- Kūh-e Hazār 4,500 m (14,800 ft)
- Kuh-e Jebal Barez

Eastern Iranian Ranges

- Kopet Dag
  - Kuh-e Siah Khvani 3,314 m (10,873 ft) 36°17′N 59°3′E / 36.283°N 59.050°E / 36.283; 59.050
- Eshdeger Range
  - 2,920 m (9,580 ft) 33°32′N 57°14′E / 33.533°N 57.233°E / 33.533; 57.233
Balochistan
- Sikaram 4,755 m (15,600 ft) 34°2′N 69°54′E / 34.033°N 69.900°E / 34.033; 69.900
- Kuh-e Taftan 3,941 m (12,930 ft) 28°36′N 61°8′E / 28.600°N 61.133°E / 28.600; 61.133
- Zargun 3,578 m (11,739 ft) 30°16′N 67°18′E / 30.267°N 67.300°E / 30.267; 67.300

Rivers and plains

History

The Iranian plateau may have played a major role in the expansion of modern humans after the Out of Africa migration, serving as 'population hub' for 'Common Eurasians', where they subsequently diverged into 'Ancient East Eurasians' and 'Ancient West Eurasians' at c. 50,000 years ago, and from where they expanded in two waves during the Initial Upper Paleolithic (c. 45kya) and Upper Paleolithic (c. 38kya) periods respectively. Ancient and modern populations in the Iranian plateau have a similar genetic component to the Ancient West Eurasian lineage which stayed in the 'population hub' (WEC2), but also display some ancestry from Basal Eurasians and Ancient East Eurasians via contact events starting in the Paleolithic.^[8]

In the Bronze Age, Elam stretched across the Zagros mountains, connecting Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau. The kingdoms of Aratta, known from cuneiform sources, may have been located in the central Iranian plateau. In classical antiquity the region was known as Persia, due to the Persian Achaemenid dynasty originating in Fars. The Middle Persian Erān (whence Modern Persian Irān) began to be used in reference to the state (rather than as an ethnic designator) from the Sassanid period (see Etymology of Iran).

Archaeology

Archaeological sites and cultures of the Iranian plateau include:

Central Iranian plateau ("Jiroft culture")
Zayandeh River Civilization
Tappeh Sialk
Paleolithic sites
- Niasar
- Sefid-Ab
- Kaftar Khoun
- Qaleh Bozi Caves
- Mirak
- Delazian
- Tabas
- Masileh

Flora

The plateau has historical oak and poplar forests. Oak forests are found around Shiraz. Aspen, elm, ash, willow, walnut, pine, and cypress are also found, though the latter two are rare. As of 1920, poplar was harvested for making doors. Elm was used for ploughs. Other trees like acacia, cypress, and Turkestan elm were used for decorative purposes. Flower wise, the plateau can grow lilac, jasmine, and roses. Hawthorn and Cercis siliquastrum are common, which are both used for basket weaving.^[9]

Fauna

The plateau is abundant with wildlife including leopards, bears, hyenas, wild boars, ibex, gazelles, and mouflons. These animals are mostly found in the wooded mountains of the plateau. The shores of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf house aquatic birds such as seagulls, ducks, and geese. Deer, hedgehogs, foxes, and 22 species of rodents are found in semidesert, and palm squirrels and Asiatic black bears live in Baluchistan.

Wide variety of amphibians and reptiles such as toads, frogs, tortoises, lizards, salamanders, racers, rat snakes (Ptyas), cat snakes (Tarbophis fallax), and vipers live the Baluchistan region and along the slopes of the Elburz and Zagros mountains. 200 varieties of fish live in the Persian Gulf. Thirty species of the most important commercial fish Sturgeon is found in the Caspian Sea.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Economy

The Iranian plateau harvests trees for making doors, ploughs, and baskets. Fruit is grown also. Pears, apples, apricots, quince, plums, nectarines, cherries, mulberries, and peaches were commonly seen in the 20th century. Almonds and pistachios are common in warmer areas. Dates, oranges, grapes, melon, and limes are also grown. Other edibles include potatoes and cauliflower, which were hard to grow until European settlement brought irrigation improvements. Other vegetables include cabbage, tomatoes, artichokes, cucumbers, spinach, radishes, lettuce, and eggplants.^[9]

The plateau also produces wheat, barley, millet, beans, opium, cotton, lucerne, and tobacco. The barley is fed mainly to horses. Sesame is grown and made into sesame oil. Mushrooms and manna were also seen in the plateau area as of 1920. Caraway is grown in the Kerman province.^[9]

Notes

^ Geographically, the Iranian plateau only covers western Pakistan (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as it is situated on the Eurasian plate. It does not cover eastern Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit–Baltistan), which is situated on the Indian plate, thus bringing it under the Indian subcontinent.
^ Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

References

^ The Iranian Plateau from Paleolithic Times to the Rise of the Achaemenid Empire
^ Robert H. Dyson (2 June 1968). The archaeological evidence of the second millennium B.C. on the Persian plateau. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07098-8.
^ James Bell (1832). A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific. Archibald Fullarton. pp. 7, 284, 287, 288.
^ "Old Iranian Online" Archived 24 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, University of Texas College of Liberal Arts (retrieved 10 February 2007)
^ "Ancient Iran". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 July 2024.
^ "Elamite language". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "Iranian Plateau". Peakbagger.com.
^ Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano; Barausse, Alberto; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Petraglia, Michael D.; Pagani, Luca (25 March 2024). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1882. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1882V. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10963722. PMID 38528002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sykes, Percy (1921). A History of Persia. London: Macmillan and Company. pp. 75–76.
^ "Iran – Plant and animal life". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Zarubezhnaia Aziia: Fizicheskaia geografiia. Moscow, 1956.
^ Petrov, M. P. Iran: Fiziko-geograficheskii ocherk. Moscow, 1955.

Y. Majidzadeh, Sialk III and the Pottery Sequence at Tepe Ghabristan. The Coherence of the Cultures of the Central Iranian Plateau, Iran 19, 1981, 141–46.